Lend-Lease ntawm Pravda

Cov txheej txheem:

Lend-Lease ntawm Pravda
Lend-Lease ntawm Pravda

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Video: Lend-Lease ntawm Pravda
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Kev sib tham ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm USSR nrog Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Great Britain thaum Tsov Rog Loj Patriotic ntawm 1941-1945. Hauv 2 phau ntawv. Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1958

Lend-Lease ntawm Pravda
Lend-Lease ntawm Pravda

Qiv-Lees tus lej. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm Qiv-Lease xa khoom ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm "VO" zoo li tau txais qhov kev xav tau zoo, tab sis tsis yog, tsis yog, yog, ntawm cov lus muaj hais txog "them nyiaj hauv kub", Mongolian nqaij (tseem ceeb dua li Asmeskas stew) thiab txhua yam ntawm lwm cov lus hais txog dab neeg, qhia tsuas yog ib yam - tsis muaj ntaub ntawv. Ntawd yog, tib neeg sau cov lus tsis yog tawm ntawm kev ua phem thiab tsis yog vim lawv qhov kev txawj ntse tsis zoo, tab sis los ntawm kev tsis paub. Zoo, lawv siv cov peev txheej tsis raug … Tab sis cov peev txheej twg yog "cov" no?

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg ntawm no tias txhua tus neeg tau sau txog Qiv -Lease hauv Soviet lub sijhawm - los ntawm Marshal Zhukov mus rau tus kws tsim qauv dav hlau Yakovlev. Sau txog nws thiab TSB, thiab yim-ntim SVE (Phau ntawv qhia txog tub rog Soviet). Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj saib cov ntaub ntawv twg uas lawv xa mus, koj yuav tsis pom qhov hais txog, thiab tsis muaj leej twg (!) Feem ntau, tej zaum, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ncauj lus no, uas yog cov lus ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet " Ntawm kev muab riam phom rau Soviet Union, cov khoom siv raw khoom, cov cuab yeej tsim khoom thiab khoom noj khoom haus los ntawm Asmeskas, Great Britain thiab Canada ", tshaj tawm los ntawm kev tshaj xov xwm nruab nrab ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm All-Union Communist Party ntawm Bolsheviks, Pravda ntawv xov xwm nyob rau lub rau hli ntuj 11, 1944. Thiab ntawm no cov lus nug tshwm sim tam sim: vim li cas txhua tus neeg no tsis xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv raug cai no? Vim li cas ho tsis tib Zhukov xa? Tsis tau paub txog nws (nws lom zem txawm tias xav txog qhov ntawd) lossis nws ntshai? Tab sis tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj nto moo ntshai dab tsi: lub hauv paus yog tus thawj coj? Muaj tseeb, hauv kev sib tham nrog tib tus kws sau ntawv K. M. Nws hais rau Simonov qee yam txawv. Tab sis cov lus, txawm tias lawv tau kaw rau kab xev, yog lo lus, tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv.

Nws yog qhov txaus siab uas nyob hauv phau ntawv NA Voznesensky "Kev ua tub rog kev lag luam ntawm USSR thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog" txog cov khoom siv rau Qiv-Lease los ntawm Western cov phoojywg, nws tau hais tsuas yog tias lawv tsuas yog 4% ntawm Soviet kev tsim khoom. Tab sis tsis ntev los no cov phooj ywg hauv kev tawm tsam Hitler kev koom tes tau muaj npe zoo li no: "Kev tswj hwm kev lag luam ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, rog rog ntawm cov tib neeg cov ntshav thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob," uas "tam sim no sawv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj zog. thiab tawm tsam kev tawm tsam kev ywj pheej thiab tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev nthuav tawm kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb. " Txawm li cas los xij, Voznesensky nws tus kheej raug tua thiab nws phau ntawv raug rho tawm ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv, tab sis daim duab no tseem nyob hauv peb cov keeb kwm yav dhau los!

Zoo - tsis paub yog ib txwm kho nrog dab tsi? Paub! Thiab txij li cov neeg nyeem "VO", rau feem ntau, tsis muaj sijhawm txaus los tig mus rau cov ntawv xov xwm Pravda (ntxiv rau cov ntawv xov xwm Rodina, Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, Voprosy istorii magazine, Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias Lub Xeev thiab Txoj Cai Lij Choj) thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Canada "), uas yog, nws tsim nyog muab cov ntaub ntawv no.

Yog li, npaj tau: peb muaj cov ntaub ntawv nthuav nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm peb!

Kev xa los ntawm Asmeskas

Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias hauv cov lus "Ntawm kev xa khoom …" peb lub tebchaws tau hais sib cais: Tebchaws Meskas, Tebchaws Askiv thiab Canada. Nws tau hais txog tias kev xa khoom los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv tau ua raws lub hauv paus ntawm "Kev Pom Zoo ntawm kev sib koom khoom siv, credit thiab txheej txheem kev them nyiaj" ntawm Lub Yim Hli 16, 1941, nrog rau lub hauv paus ntawm "Kev Pom Zoo ntawm kev siv nyiaj txiag" ntawm cov khoom siv tub rog thiab lwm yam kev pab tub rog "ntawm Lub Rau Hli 27, 1942, thiab lawv tau los ntawm tebchaws Canada raws li Txoj Cai Pabcuam Canada Sib Koom Tes ntawm United Nations.

Thawj feem ntawm cov lus tau muab rau, tau kawg, mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, thiab nws tau hais qhia tias nyob rau lub sijhawm txij li Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1941 txog rau Plaub Hlis 30, 1944 hauv USSR raws li Qiv-Lease (tom qab ntawd "Lend-Lease" tau sau nrog tsab ntawv loj) tau xa 8.5 lab tonsriam phom, nrog rau cov phiaj xwm raw khoom, khoom noj khoom haus thiab cov cuab yeej tsim khoom hauv tus nqi $ 5.357 lab. Tab sis nws tau hais meej tam sim ntawd ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj no, tsuas yog 7.4 lab tons tau tuaj txog hauv USSR, thiab cov nyiaj nws tus kheej tau dhau los tsawg dua - 4 612 lab daus las. Lub zog ntawm kev xa khoom kuj tau muab: 1941 - 42. - 1.2 lab tons, 1943 - 4.1 lab tons thiab rau 4 lub hlis xyoo 1944 - 2.1 lab tons. Ntxiv mus, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov khoom xa tuaj tsis nres thaum Lub Rau Hli 11, 1945, thiab tias lawv tseem txuas ntxiv thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 8, 1945 thiab tsuas yog xaus tom qab kev ua tsov rog nrog Nyij Pooj …

Thaum lub sijhawm tshaj tawm cov lus hais hauv Pravda, 6,430 lub dav hlau tau txais los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab, ntxiv rau, 2,442 lub dav hlau ntxiv tau txais los ntawm Great Britain lub luag haujlwm; tso tsheb hlau luam - 3,734; minesweepers - 10; cov neeg yos hav zoov loj hauv nkoj - 12; thiab tsheb - 206,771. Ntawm no hauv kab ntawv "Cov lus …" daim ntawv yuav tsum tau nkag mus raws li hauv qab no: "thaum lub xyoo ua tsov rog, kev lag luam hauv Soviet tau muab rau pem hauv ntej 265.6 txhiab lub tsheb, thiab kwv yees li 340 txhiab tau sib sau los ntawm cov khoom siv qiv. Zoo, qhov no yog qhov qiv-xaum xa tag nrho 427.5 txhiab lub tsheb. " Txhua yam yog kawm los ntawm kev sib piv, puas yog? Txawm li cas los xij, lwm txoj hauv kev ntawm kev siv tub rog thauj mus los kuj tau muab (hauv cov ntawv "Cov lus …" nws tsis tau hais meej tias nws yog dab tsi, tab sis ntawm "VO" muaj cov ntawv zoo heev txog qhov no los ntawm Roman Skomorokhov) - 5 397 chav nyob; maus taus - 17,017; phom tiv thaiv dav hlau - 3,168; Oerlikon cannons - 1,111 (thiab rov hais dua, nco qab tias Oerlikons tau mus rau huab cua tiv thaiv cov nkoj, tias nws tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb nrog lawv cov khoom siv); plhaub taum pauv - 22, 4 lab daim; cartridges - 991, 4 lab daim; rab phom - 87,9 txhiab daim; toluene, trinitrotoluene thiab ammonite - 130 txhiab tons; xov tooj hauv xov tooj - 1229 txhiab km; xov tooj - 245 txhiab chav nyob; cov tub rog khau - 5.5 lab khub; daim ntaub tub rog - 22.8 lab yoj; log tsheb - 2 073 txhiab pcs. Ntawd yog, peb txawm tau txais daim ntaub tub rog los ntawm Asmeskas, thiab peb xav tau nws, tau kawg. Thiab khau? Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, USSR tau txais 15,417,000 khub ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv Qiv-Lease. Xav txog daim duab no thiab nco txog qhov loj ntawm pab tub rog liab … Koj yuav tawm tsam me ntsis nrog ko taw liab qab …

Ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom tau muab: cov roj av siab aviation (aviation roj av thiab isooctane) - 476 txhiab tons: txhuas thiab duralumin - 99 txhiab tons: tooj liab thiab nws cov khoom - 184 txhiab tons: zinc - 42 txhiab tons; npib tsib xee - 6.5 txhiab tons; cov khoom siv hlau thiab cov hlau - 1 160,000 tons: ntawm cov kab uas txuas nrog - 246 txhiab tons.

Txawm li cas los xij, yuav luag qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov cuab yeej siv tshuab, yam uas peb tus kheej yuav tsis tuaj yeem npaj tsim cov khoom siv tub rog zoo tshaj plaws. "Xov Xwm …" qhia txog pes tsawg ntawm lawv tau xa: - 20 380 daim. hlau txiav tshuab; ntau yam khoom lag luam - suav nrog $ 257.2 lab, suav nrog cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob uas muaj peev xwm tag nrho ntawm 288 txhiab kW, suav nrog tseem muaj 263 lub zog siv hluav taws xob txawb uas muaj peev xwm ntawm 39 txhiab kW; cov cuab yeej siv rau 4 lub chaw ua roj av thiab rau cov kuav los tiag txhuas cog; 4,138 lub cav dej hiav txwv nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 1,768.7 txhiab l / s; 2,718 nias thiab cov khoom siv rauj; 524 crane ua. 209 cov neeg khawb av thiab rau qhov xav tau kev thauj tsheb nqaj hlau - 241 lub tshuab tsheb ciav hlau, cov khoom thauj khoom thauj khoom - 1,154, tso tsheb hlau luam rau thauj cov kua qaub - 80 pcs. Nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv ntawm no tias cov cuab yeej siv rau kev kho cov roj ntawm USSR yog qhov tsim nyog heev, vim tias peb muaj roj, tab sis kev muaj peev xwm ntau lawm rau nws cov dej haus tau tas li tsis txaus. Nws yog tib yam nrog txhuas. Tsuas yog cog rau nws cov khoom tsim tawm, txawm hais tias nws txuas ntxiv nce nws cov txiaj ntsig, tsis muaj ib zaug thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog tag nrho 100% tsis ua tiav nws cov phiaj xwm tsim khoom thiab cov nroj tsuag dav hlau tsis muaj txhuas txaus txhua lub sijhawm. Kuj tseem muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov ntawv txhuas. Yog li kev muab cov cuab yeej siv rau kev tsim txhua yam ntawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.

Cov zaub mov tau xa hauv qhov nyiaj ntawm 2,119 txhiab tons. Los ntawm txoj kev, dab tsi yog cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau? Yog, qhov tseeb tias nws yog … txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los sau! Qhov tseeb yog txhua yam uas tau ploj thaum lub sijhawm ua rog vim yog kev ua phem tsis raug rau kev them nyiaj raws li daim ntawv cog lus. Tab sis … nws yuav tsum tau sau cov ntaub ntawv "nws" tau ploj mus li cas. Thiab nrog zaub mov nws yooj yim heev - "noj" thiab qhov ntawd yog nws!

UK cov khoom xa tuaj

Tom qab ntawd los txog ntu thib ob, uas tau muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xa khoom los ntawm UK. Thiab nws tau hais qhia tias kev xa khoom los ntawm Great Britain mus rau USSR tau pib thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941. Thiab txij hnub ntawd mus txog rau Plaub Hlis 30, 1944, Tebchaws Askiv tau xa mus rau USSR 1,150 txhiab tons ntawm riam phom, nrog rau cov khoom siv raw, cov cuab yeej siv ua khoom siv thiab zaub mov. Nws tau hais qhia meej tias qhov nyiaj ntawm 319 txhiab tons ntawm riam phom raug muag raws li kev pab tub rog, uas yog, nws tsis raug them nyiaj; 815 txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom siv raw, cov cuab yeej tsim khoom thiab khoom noj rau tus nqi ntawm 83.7 lab phaus. ua sg. tau xa los ntawm "Kev Pom Zoo ntawm USSR thiab Great Britain ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, credit thiab txheej txheem them nyiaj ntawm Lub Yim Hli 16, 1941" (ib feem ntawm credit, ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj ntsuab); thiab kev xa khoom me me (2 txhiab tons rau 0.5 lab phaus) tau xaj nyiaj ntsuab thaum pib ua tsov rog. Ntawm tag nrho cov no, USSR tau txais 1,044 txhiab tons, suav nrog 158 txhiab tons hauv 1941, 375 txhiab tons hauv 1942, 364 txhiab tons hauv 1943, thiab 4 lub hlis xyoo 1944 - 144 txhiab tons. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1, 1944, 44 txhiab tons Cov khoom thauj tau taug kev mus rau USSR. Yog li cov tib neeg uas lees paub tias lub ntim loj ntawm cov khoom siv tuaj thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, thiab "thaum pib, tsis muaj dab tsi" tsis yog lawm. Nws yog! Txawm hais tias, tau kawg, qhov ntim tau nce ntxiv nyob rau lub sijhawm.

Cov lej tshwj xeeb uas tau muab hauv "Kev Sib Txuas Lus …" muaj raws li hauv qab no: 3 384 lub dav hlau thiab, ntxiv rau, lwm 2 442 lub dav hlau tau xa los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tawm tsam lub luag haujlwm ntawm Great Britain; 4,292 tso tsheb hlau luam; 12 tus neeg tua hluav taws; 5,239 lub tsheb thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv tub rog; 562 phom tiv thaiv dav hlau; 548 phom tiv thaiv lub tank; phom 17 lab daim, daim cartridges 290 lab daim, rab phom 17, 3 txhiab tons; 214 kev teeb tsa xov tooj cua rau kev tswj cov phom loj; 116 cov cuab yeej siv txhawm rau txhawm rau tshawb pom cov nkoj loj.

Cov txheej txheem raw khoom tau muab rau hauv cov ntim hauv qab no: roj hmab - 103.5 txhiab tons, txhuas - 35.4 txhiab tons, tooj liab - 33.4 txhiab tons, tin - 29.4 txhiab tons, txhuas - 47, 7 txhiab tons, zinc - 7, 4 txhiab tons, npib tsib xee - 2,7 txhiab tons, cobalt - 245 tons; jute, sisal thiab cov khoom tsim los ntawm lawv - 93 txhiab tons tons - qhov no yog daim duab loj, txawm li cas los xij, yog dab tsi tom qab nws?)

Rau Soviet kev lag luam los ntawm Askiv tau xa mus: cov tshuab txiav hlau - 6491, ntau yam khoom siv hauv kev lag luam hauv tus nqi 14, 4 lab phaus. pp., suav nrog: cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob nrog lub peev xwm tag nrho ntawm 374 txhiab kW., 15 084 lub tshuab hluav taws xob, 104 lub zog thiab lub hammers, 24 lub portal cranes, cov khoom siv pob zeb diamond rau 1 206 txhiab phaus. Cov zaub mov tau xa hauv qhov nyiaj ntawm 138, 2 txhiab tons. Nws yuav tsum tau hais meej tias USSR tsis tau tsim cov pob zeb diamond hauv lub sijhawm ntawd thiab tsis muaj nws tus kheej tso nyiaj ib yam, lawv tseem tsis tau pom!

Kev xa khoom los ntawm Canada

Ntu thib peb "Cov Lus …" Xa mus rau USSR los ntawm Canada. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias txij thaum pib ua tsov rog mus txog rau Lub Xya Hli 1, 1943, Soviet xa khoom los ntawm Canada tau ua tawm tsam cov lus cog tseg ntawm Great Britain thiab raws li kev cog lus qiv ntawm USSR thiab Canada thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 8, 1942. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1, 1943, Canada tau pib nqa cov khoom siv rau USSR ntawm nws tus kheej, raws li Txoj Cai Kev Sib Koom Hauv Tebchaws Canada ntawm United Nations.

Txij thaum pib xa khoom mus txog lub Plaub Hlis 30, 1944, Canada tau xa 450 txhiab tons mus rau Soviet Union, suav nrog riam phom, cov khoom siv tseem ceeb thiab khoom noj (nplej thiab hmoov) hauv tus nqi ntawm 187.6 lab Canadian las. Raws li cov lus cog tseg ntawm Askiv (ua ntej Lub Xya Hli 1, 1943), 93 txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom thauj tau xa mus rau tus nqi ntawm 116.6 lab Canadian las; raws li Kev Pom Zoo Credit ntawm USSR thiab Canada - 182 txhiab tons ntawm cov nplej thiab hmoov nplej hauv tus nqi 10 lab Canadian las thiab raws li United Nations Mutual Assistance Act - thaum lub sijhawm txij Lub Xya Hli 1, 1943 txog rau Plaub Hlis 30, 1944 - 175,000 tons ntawm cov khoom thauj rau tus nqi ntawm 61 lab Canadian las. Los ntawm cov khoom xa los ntawm Canada tuaj txog hauv USSR: 355 txhiab tons. Xyoo 1942 - 125 txhiab tons, hauv 1943 - 124 txhiab tons, rau 4 lub hlis xyoo 1944 - 106 txhiab tons.

Tag nrho xa: 1,188 tso tsheb hlau luam; 842 cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv tub rog; 2,568 tsheb thauj khoom; 827,000 plhaub; 34.8 lab puag ncig; 5 txhiab tons ntawm rab phom; 36, 3 txhiab txhuas; 9, 1 txhiab tons ntawm txhuas; 23.5 txhiab tons ntawm tooj liab; 6,7 txhiab tons ntawm zinc; 1,324 tons ntawm npib tsib xee; 13, 3 txhiab tons ntawm txoj kab, 208, 6 txhiab tons ntawm cov nplej thiab hmoov nplej. Raws li lub Tsib Hlis 1, 1944, lwm 60 txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom thauj tau los ntawm Canada mus rau Soviet Union.

Tau qhov twg los - cov khoom nruab nrog ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm USSR

Tam sim no cia peb xav me ntsis: hnub no muaj lwm tus lej hauv Is Taws Nem thiab luam tawm uas muab lub tswv yim ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom siv dav dav, thiab tsis yog rau lub Tsib Hlis 1944. Tab sis … hauv USSR, cov ntaub ntawv no tau muab cais. Tab sis tom qab ntawd tsis muaj leej twg tshem tawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Pravda". Nws yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshaj xov xwm ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Hauv Nroog ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), thiab tom qab ntawd Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Hauv Nroog ntawm CPSU. Cia peb hais tias kom txog thaum xyoo 1953, uas yog, ua ntej Stalin tuag, cov kws sau keeb kwm keeb kwm tsis siv lub hauv paus no rau qhov laj thawj ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm tus kheej. Tab sis tom qab ntawv "thaw" tuaj, "Ib Hnub ntawm Ivan Denisovich" tau luam tawm … Thiab cov kws sau keeb kwm kuj tau sau txog 4%, tab sis vim qee qhov lawv tsis tau saib ntawm Pravda, uas yog pub dawb. Lossis lawv tau qhia kom tsis txhob saib mus rau hauv. Thiab yog tias qhov no yog li ntawd, qhov no txhais tau tias tsuas yog ib yam nkaus xwb, uas yog txhob txwm dag ntxias cov pej xeem hauv lub tebchaws, uas yog dag dag xwb txog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb hauv nws keeb kwm. Nws nkag siab tau yog tias cov ntaub ntawv no tau khaws cia hauv chav haujlwm zais cia ntawm Ministry of Foreign Affairs thiab Ministry of Defense. Tom qab ntawd, raws li lawv hais, tsis muaj kev sim siab. Txhua yam yog zais. Tab sis qhov xwm txheej no, txhua yam tau pom tseeb, tab sis … nws siv tsis tau. Ntawd yog, qhov tseeb txog kev ua tsov rog hauv USSR tau raug tsim txom los ntawm txoj kev xav ua nom tswv ntawm nws txoj kev coj noj coj ua, uas thaum kawg ua rau tib neeg txoj kev ntseeg siab nyob hauv cov txheej txheem uas twb muaj lawm hauv lub tebchaws thiab hauv kev coj noj coj ua no, uas coj mus rau cov xwm txheej xyoo 1991. Tib neeg tsis nyiam thaum lawv tus thawj coj dag lawv, thiab lawv tsis tau hlub dua …

Thiab Belarus thiab Ukraine tau pab dawb …

Los ntawm txoj kev, ib qho ntxiv nthuav ntxiv yog tsim nyog ua ntawm no. Qhov tseeb yog rov qab thaum Lub Yim Hli 1945, UN tau txais txoj haujlwm pabcuam rau cov tebchaws Soviet xws li Ukraine thiab Belarus. Cov nyiaj pab hauv cov ntsiab lus nyiaj txiag muaj txog $ 250 lab. Muab rau kev muab zaub mov, khaub ncaws, khau, tshuaj, noob, khoom lag luam thiab khoom ua liaj ua teb. Thawj cov khoom siv yuav tsum tau them, uas yog, nws yog, qhov tseeb, qiv nyiaj. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm BSSR tshaj tawm tias, raws li Txoj Cai Lij Choj ntawm USSR, cov koom pheej tsis muaj txiaj ntsig txawv teb chaws thiab tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig hauv lub tebchaws tau tswj hwm tshwj xeeb los ntawm tsoomfwv USSR, txhua qhov kev them nyiaj raws li txoj haujlwm no rau ob lub tebchaws no tau raug tshem tawm, thiab txhua qhov kev xa khoom uas tau xaus rau lub Tsib Hlis 1947 xyoo, tau ua tiav dawb kiag li.

Nthuav, tsis yog nws? Kuv yuav tau mus thiab pom Pravda dua nyob rau lub sijhawm no: nws tau sau dab tsi ntxiv txog qhov kev pab txawv teb chaws no? Thiab koj puas tau sau txhua?

Pom zoo: