Riam phom thiab cuab yeej tiv thaiv thaum lub sijhawm pharaohs - cov neeg tsim cov pyramids
Saib los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia ntawm kuv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm riam phom thiab riam phom, luam tawm hauv VO, Kuv pom tias ntawm lawv tsis muaj ib qho ntawm keeb kwm ntawm riam phom ntawm Ancient Egypt. Tab sis qhov no yog lub txaj ntawm European kab lis kev cai, uas tau muab rau tib neeg ntau heev. Raws li kev ncua sijhawm ntawm nws keeb kwm, nws ib txwm faib ua Lub Nceeg Vaj Qub (XXXII xyoo pua - XXIV xyoo pua BC), Middle Kingdom (XXI xyoo pua - XVIII xyoo BC) thiab Lub Nceeg Vaj Tshiab (XVII xyoo pua - XI caug xyoo BC) Ua ntej Lub Nceeg Vaj Qub hauv tebchaws Iziv muaj lub sijhawm Predynastic thiab tom qab ntawd yog Lub Nceeg Vaj Thaum Ntxov. Tom qab Lub Nceeg Vaj Tshiab, kuj tseem muaj Lub Sijhawm Lig, thiab tom qab ntawd Lub Sijhawm Hellenistic, thiab nruab nrab ntawm Ancient, Middle thiab New Kingdoms, raws li txoj cai, kuj tseem muaj lub sijhawm hloov pauv uas muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab ntxeev siab. Feem ntau nyob rau lub sijhawm no, Tim lyiv teb chaws raug kev tawm tsam los ntawm pab pawg neeg nomadic thiab cov neeg nyob sib ze ua rog, yog li nws keeb kwm kev thaj yeeb tsis nyob rau hauv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev ua tub rog hauv tebchaws Iziv, uas txhais tau tias kev ua phem thiab tiv thaiv riam phom yeej ib txwm muaj kev hwm!
Twb tau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj Qub - lub sijhawm uas vajntxwv tsim lub hauv paus hauv tebchaws Iziv, muaj cov tub rog tau txais los ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb dawb, ib pawg ntawm cov uas tau siv riam phom zoo ib yam. Ntawd yog, cov tub rog suav nrog cov tub rog uas muaj hmuv thiab ntaub thaiv npog, cov tub rog nrog maus taus, rab hneev me me thiab rab ntaj ua los ntawm tooj liab thiab tooj liab, thiab cov hneev tua hneev nrog cov hneev loj, uas nws cov xub xub tipped nrog cov nplaim taws. Txoj haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog yog tiv thaiv cov ciam teb thiab kev lag luam los ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm Libyans - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm pab pawg ntawm "Nine Bows" - cov yeeb ncuab ib txwm ntawm Ancient Egypt, Nubians nyob rau sab qab teb thiab Bedouin nomads hauv Sab hnub tuaj. Thaum lub sijhawm Pharaoh Sneferu kav, huab tais cov tub rog tau ntes 70,000 tus neeg raug kaw, uas hais ncaj qha txog tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog Iyiv, txog qhov ua tiav ntawm lawv cov kev tawm tsam, thiab - txog lawv qhov zoo tshaj hauv riam phom!
Txij li nws tau kub heev hauv tebchaws Iziv, cov tub rog txheej thaum ub tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb "tub rog" lossis tiv thaiv khaub ncaws. Txhua yam ntawm lawv cov khaub ncaws suav nrog daim tiab tsoos tsho, menyuam yaj cov plaub hau uas ua lub kaus mom hlau los tiv thaiv lub taub hau los ntawm kev tsoo lub mace thiab ntaub thaiv npog. Qhov tom kawg tau ua los ntawm bovine zais nrog cov ntaub plaub sab nraud, uas, pom tseeb, tau ua ke hauv ob peb txheej thiab nthuav tawm hla tus ntoo ntoo. Cov ntaub thaiv npog tau loj, npog tus neeg mus txog rau lub caj dab thiab taw rau saum, nrog rau me me me, sib npaug rau saum, uas cov tub rog tau tuav los ntawm cov hlua txuas los ntawm sab nraub qaum.
Cov tub rog tau tsim lub phalanx thiab txav mus rau ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, npog lawv tus kheej nrog daim ntaub thaiv thiab tso lawv rab hmuv, thiab cov hneev nyob tom qab cov tub rog tub rog thiab tua lawv taub hau. Cov tswv yim zoo li no thiab kwv yees li tib yam riam phom ntawm cov neeg uas cov neeg Iyiv tau tawm tsam nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tsis xav tau kev ua kom zoo dua qub ntawm riam phom - kev qhuab qhia ntau dua thiab kev cob qhia cov tub rog tau yeej, thiab nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov no yog cov neeg Iyiv.
Thaum kawg ntawm Middle Kingdom, cov tub rog Iyiv, zoo li ua ntej, tau muab faib ua cov neeg hneev taw, cov tub rog nrog cov riam phom luv luv (cov pab pawg, pab pawg, qag, qag, nqaj, hmuv) uas tsis muaj ntaub thaiv npog, cov tub rog nrog cov taus thiab shields, thiab spearmen. Qhov "ceg ntawm pab tub rog" no muaj daim thaiv npog 60-80 cm ntev thiab kwv yees li 40-50 cm dav, zoo li, piv txwv li, hauv cov duab ntawm cov tub rog tau pom hauv qhov ntxa ntawm nomarch Mesekhti. Ntawd yog, nyob rau lub sijhawm Nruab Nrab Lub Tebchaws, cov neeg Iyiv tau paub qhov sib sib zog nqus ntawm rab hmuv, npog nrog daim ntaub thaiv thiab tsim ua ob peb kab!
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias cov tub rog Iyiv nyob rau lub sijhawm no suav nrog tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub rog. Thawj rooj plaub ntawm kev siv nees hauv tebchaws Iziv tau lees paub thaum lub sijhawm khawb av ntawm lub nroog Buchen - lub chaw tiv thaiv ntawm ciam teb nrog Nubia. Kev nrhiav pom yog lub sijhawm ntawm Middle Kingdom, tab sis txawm hais tias nees twb paub lawm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, lawv tsis tau nthuav dav hauv tebchaws Iziv. Nws tuaj yeem kwv yees tau tias qee tus neeg Iyiv muaj nyiaj tau yuav nws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab coj nws mus rau Nubia, tab sis nws tsis tshua siv nws los ua tus qauv.
Raws li rau cov tub rog hneev taw, lawv tau siv lawv tus kheej nrog hneev yooj yim, uas yog, ua los ntawm ib daim ntoo. Ib txoj hlua nyuab (uas yog, sib sau ua ke los ntawm ntau hom ntoo thiab muab tso nrog tawv) yuav nyuaj rau lawv tsim, thiab kim kom muab cov tub rog zoo tib yam nrog cov riam phom no. Tab sis ib tus yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tias cov hneev taw tsis muaj zog, vim tias lawv muaj qhov ntev li 1.5 m thiab ntau dua, thiab hauv cov txuj ci tes lawv yog cov muaj zog heev thiab muaj riam phom ntev. Cov lus Askiv hneev ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, ua los ntawm cov ntoo los yog maple, thiab ntev li ntawm 1.5 txog 2 m, kuj tseem yooj yim, tab sis tho cov cuab yeej hlau nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm 100 m, thiab cov neeg tua phom Askiv tau saib tsis taus leej twg uas tsis tuaj yeem tua hluav taws 10 - 12 xub hauv ib feeb. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib qho subtlety ntawm no. Lawv tsis tau tua ncaj qha rau cov txiv neej ntawm caj npab, lossis lawv tua tsuas yog nyob ze qhov ze: yuav luag tsis muaj qhov khoob! Nyob ntawm qhov chaw deb, volleys tau raug tua nyob rau ntawm kev hais kom ua, kom tus xub poob rau ntawm tus tub rog los ntawm saum toj no thiab ntaus tsis ntau npaum li nws tus kheej li nws tus nees. Li no cov ris tsho tiv thaiv ntawm caj dab ntawm tus tub rog nees los ntawm saum toj no! Yog li tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg tua phom Iyiv nrog cov hneev ntawm qhov loj me no, thiab lawv tuaj yeem tsoo cov neeg sib tw tsis tiv thaiv los ntawm cov cuab yeej hlau ntawm qhov deb ntawm 75 - 100 m thiab mus txog 150 m nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo.
Ancient Egypt: riam phom thiab cuab yeej ua rog ntawm cov tub rog caij tsheb
Tshaj li nws txhiab xyoo keeb kwm, Tim lyiv teb chaws tau ntsib tsis tsuas yog nce tab sis kuj poob qis. Yog li lub sijhawm ntawm Middle Kingdom tau xaus nrog kev ntxeem tau ntawm Hyksos nomads, nws swb thiab lub sijhawm poob. Txhawm rau tiv nrog cov neeg Iyiv, lawv tau pab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv tau tawm tsam ob lub log tsheb uas muaj lub tsheb loj nrawm los ntawm ob tus nees, uas ua rau lawv pab tub rog tsis tau muaj peev xwm ua tau thiab txav tau. Tab sis tsis ntev cov neeg Iyiv lawv tus kheej tau kawm txog kev yug tsiaj thiab cob qhia nees, ua tsheb nees thiab tawm tsam lawv. Lub Hyksos raug ntiab tawm, Tim lyiv teb chaws tau ntsib kev nce siab tshiab, thiab nws cov vaj ntxwv, tsis muaj kev txaus siab nrog kev tiv thaiv lawv cov ciam teb thiab ntoj ke mus rau kub rau Nubia, pib ua tsov rog nrog lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze hauv Asia, thiab tseem tau sim nkag mus rau thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub Syria thiab Lebanon.
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Ramses dynasty tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev ua tsov rog pharaohs ntawm lub sijhawm pib ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj Tshiab. Cov cuab yeej ua rog ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau lub sijhawm no tau ua rau neeg tuag ntau dua, raws li cov txheej txheem hlau ua tau zoo dua qub, thiab ntxiv rau cov tsheb ciav hlau, cov neeg Iyiv kuj tseem kawm rab hneev tes txhawb nqa, uas ua kom ntau yam ntawm cov xub thiab qhov raug ntawm nws ntaus. Lub zog ntawm cov hneev tau zoo heev: nws tau paub tias cov pharaohs xws li Thutmose III thiab Amenhotep II tau tsoo lub hom phiaj tooj liab nrog cov xub tua los ntawm lawv.
Twb tau nyob deb ntawm 50 - 100 m nrog tus xub nrog cov hlau zoo li cov lus qhia, pom tseeb, nws muaj peev xwm txhawm rau txhawm rau cov cuab yeej ua rog ntawm cov tub rog ntawm tus yeeb ncuab lub tsheb nees. Cov hneev taw tau khaws cia hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm ob sab ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau - ib qho ntawm txhua tus (ib qho khoom seem) lossis ib qho ntawm sab uas ze dua uas tus neeg tua phom. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv lawv tam sim no nyuaj dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum sawv ntawm lub tsheb nees thiab, ntxiv mus, hauv kev txav mus los.
Tias yog vim li cas cov koom haum tub rog ntawm pab tub rog Iyiv nyob rau lub sijhawm no tseem tau hloov pauv loj. Ntxiv nrog rau cov tub rog niaj hnub - "mesh", cov tsheb thauj neeg mob - "netheter" tau tshwm sim. Tam sim no lawv sawv cev rau cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm pab tub rog, tag nrho lawv lub neej uas lawv kawm txog kev ua tub rog, uas dhau los ua qub txeeg qub teg rau lawv thiab tau dhau los ntawm leej txiv mus rau tub.
Thawj qhov kev tsov rog hauv Asia tau coj nyiaj nplua nuj mus rau cov neeg Iyiv. Yog li, tom qab kev ntes lub nroog Megiddo, lawv tau txais: "340 tus neeg raug kaw, 2041 tus nees, 191 tus menyuam yaus, 6 tus nees yug tsiaj, 2 lub tsheb ua tsov rog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kub, 922 cov tsheb sib ntaus sib tua zoo tib yam, 1 carapace tooj liab, 200 tawv carapaces, 502 sib ntaus sib tua hneev, 7 lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub dai kom zoo nkauj nrog nyiaj thiab yog tus vaj ntxwv ntawm Kadesh, 1,929 lub taub hau nyuj, 2,000 tus tshis, 20,500 tus yaj thiab 207,300 hnab hmoov nplej. " Tus swb yeej lees paub lub hwj chim ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Egypt hla lawv tus kheej, tau cog lus ua siab ncaj thiab cog lus tias yuav them se.
Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias hauv cov npe ntawm cov khoom plig zoo li tsuas muaj ib tus tooj thiab 200 tawv, uas qhia tias muaj cov tsheb ciav hlau tseem xav tau kev tiv thaiv ntau ntxiv rau cov uas tawm tsam lawv, vim tias lawv yog cov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tub rog kev ua haujlwm, uas nws yog kev khuv leej. poob. Tab sis qhov tseeb tias tsuas muaj ib lub plhaub hlau hais txog tus nqi siab heev ntawm kev tiv thaiv riam phom, uas tsuas yog cov thawj thiab vaj ntxwv ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws muaj.
Ntau lub tsheb ciav hlau coj los ua khoom plig yam tsis tau hais txog lawv qhov kev faib dav, tsis yog ntawm cov Asians nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg Iyiv lawv tus kheej. Cov tsheb thauj neeg Iyiv, txiav txim los ntawm cov duab thiab cov khoom cuav uas tau nqis los rau peb, yog lub tsheb laub rau ob tus neeg, ib tus uas tau tsav nees, thiab lwm tus tau tua cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm hneev taw. Lub log muaj cov log ntoo thiab rau tus hais lus, hauv qab yog wicker, nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov laj kab ntoo. Qhov no tau tso cai rau lawv txhim kho kev nrawm, thiab muab cov xub hauv ob lub quivers tso cai rau lawv mus ua rog ntev.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kadesh - kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Egypt thiab Hittite lub nceeg vaj hauv 1274 BC. - Ntau txhiab lub tsheb ciav hlau tau koom nrog ob tog, thiab txawm hais tias nws tau xaus rau hauv qhov kev kos, tsis muaj kev ntseeg tias nws yog lub tsheb ciav hlau uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws. Tab sis ntxiv rau cov hneev tshiab, cov neeg Iyiv kuj tseem muaj ob hom tshiab ntawm rab riam ntev - nrog cov nplooj loj loj zoo li cov hniav nrog ntug nyob hauv nruab nrab, thiab cov hniav sib npaug ntawm qhov kawg, thiab hlais -txiav cov - nrog qhov zoo, ntev cov hniav nrog cov hniav sib luag, uas tau yooj yim dhau mus rau hauv ib lub ntsiab lus, thiab tseem nrog lub ntsej muag convex. Kev tuav ntawm ob leeg tau yooj yim heev, nrog ob lub khob -zoo li lub qhov nyob - nce nrog pommel thiab nqes nrog tus ntoo khaub lig.
Lub ntsej muag zoo li rab phom (qee zaum ua ob sab) rab riam hniav, qiv los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv los ntawm lawv cov yeeb ncuab hauv Palestine thiab tau hloov pauv tus lej hauv tebchaws Iziv-"khopesh" ("khepesh"), kuj tau siv dav, zoo li maces, nqaim -bladed axes thiab hli zoo li axes.
Nov yog li cas cov tub rog ntawm Ancient Egypt, suav nrog Ancient thiab Middle Kingdoms, tuaj yeem zoo li. Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej yog ob tug hmuv tub rog nyob rau hauv lub taub hau, nrog cov ntawv tiv thaiv aprons nyob rau hauv cov duab zoo li lub plawv tshaj li qhov zoo tib yam apron, tejzaum nws nyob rau hauv quilted tsho, nrog crescent ntaj ntaj ua los ntawm tooj liab, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tub rog nrog sib ntaus sib tua qws ua ke nrog ib rab ntaj thiab ib tug poleaxe nrog lub hli zoo li tus hniav. Lub tshuab ntaus dart tsis muaj riam phom tiv thaiv hlo li. Ob tus tub rog dub nrog hneev nyob hauv lawv txhais tes - tub rog tuaj ntawm Nubia. Tsuas yog ib tus vaj ntxwv muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm nws lub cev, tom ntej uas muaj tus cim qhia nrog lub nruas. Zvezda tub rog teeb lub thawv. Eh, dab tsi tsis yog rau cov tub hluas tam sim no! Thiab kuv yog tub rog dab tsi thaum kuv tseem yog menyuam yaus - ntuj thiab ntiaj teb!
Narmer's palette. Piav txog Pharaoh Narmer nrog mace hauv nws txhais tes. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Cairo)
Lub taub hau ntawm mace ntawm Pharaoh Nermer. (British Tsev khaws puav pheej, London)
Darts thiab ntaub thaiv npog. Ancient Egypt. Lub Nceeg Vaj Nruab Nrab. Kev kho dua tshiab. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Pleev xim rau cov tub rog ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm nomarch Mesekhti. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Cairo)
Lub taub hau ntawm mace ntawm tus tub rog Iyiv. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Qaum ntawm lawv lub qhov ntxa ntawm Akhotep. Lub nceeg vaj tshiab 18 dynasty, xyoo pua 16th BC (Tsev khaws puav pheej Egyptian, Cairo)
Ancient Egyptian sib ntaus sib tua. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Rov tsim kho lub tsheb nees ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj Tshiab. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Römer-Pelizaeus. Lower Saxony, Hildesheim, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees)
Kuj ceeb tias, cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub paub thiab siv boomerangs zoo ib yam li cov uas tau siv thiab siv los ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm hauv tebchaws Australia. Yog li ob lub boomerangs los ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm Pharaoh Tutankhamun zoo ib yam li cov neeg Australian thiab txawv ntawm lawv tsuas yog hauv lawv qhov kev dai kom zoo nkauj! (Tsev khaws puav pheej Egyptian, Cairo)
Pharaoh Tutankhamun ntawm lub tsheb nees. Kev pleev xim rau ntoo, ntev 43 cm. (Egyptian Tsev khaws puav pheej, Cairo)
Kub ntaj ntawm Pharaoh Tutankhamun. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Egyptian, Cairo)
Pharaoh ntawm lub tsheb nees. Phab ntsa pleev xim rau hauv lub tuam tsev Abu Simbel.
Kev pab los ntawm lub tuam tsev pam tuag ntawm poj huab tais Hatshepsut piav qhia txog cov tub rog Iyiv ntawm lub hnub nyoog 18 xyoo, 1475 BC. NS. Limestone, pleev xim. (Egyptian Tsev khaws puav pheej Berlin)
