Mamluks: armor thiab riam phom

Cov txheej txheem:

Mamluks: armor thiab riam phom
Mamluks: armor thiab riam phom

Video: Mamluks: armor thiab riam phom

Video: Mamluks: armor thiab riam phom
Video: Npau Suav li no Txhob coj mus tham qhia luag lwm tus 2024, Lub peb hlis ntuj
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Hauv cov ntawv xa hlau thiab tooj dag tooj liab ntawm lawv lub taub hau.

Thawj phau ntawv ntawm Maccabees 6:35

Cov tub rog ntawm Eurasia. Zoo li Western European cov tub rog, cov tub rog kos duab ntawm Mamluks yog kev kos duab ntawm cov neeg caij nees, raws li nws lub npe hais lus rau: furusiyya, los ntawm lo lus Arabic rau "phar" - nees. Hauv Italis, nees yog "caval" - yog li cov tub rog thiab cavaliers, hauv Fab Kis - "cheval", thiab yog li - "chevalier", ua lus Mev - "cabal", thiab yog li - "caballero"! Thiab hauv Tebchaws Yelemees lo lus "ritter" txhais tau tias yog tus neeg caij tsheb. Ntawd yog, cov lus zoo sib xws no tsuas yog hais txog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm kev coj ua tub rog los ntawm Egyptian Mamluks thiab cov tub rog ntawm Western Europe. Muaj qee qhov sib txawv, txawm li cas los xij. Yog tias cov tub rog tsis tau tua los ntawm hneev thaum caij nees, tom qab ntawd rau Mamluks qhov no yog txoj kev sib ntaus. Thiab Mamluks tau txawv los ntawm cov tub rog los ntawm kev qhuab qhia siab uas tau muab rau lawv los ntawm qhov pib ntawm lawv txoj kev kawm. Cov tub ntxhais hluas chivalrous ntawm Tebchaws Europe tau coj los sib txawv thiab cov tub rog ib txwm muaj teeb meem loj nrog kev qhuab qhia!

Mamluks: armor thiab riam phom
Mamluks: armor thiab riam phom

Tib neeg tsim txoj hauv kev tshaj plaws

Furusiyu suav nrog kev hneev taw, ntaus nrig, ua haujlwm nrog hmuv thiab lwm yam riam phom, sib tw, thiab caij nees. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau paub cov hauv paus ntawm tus kab mob nees lub cev thiab cov pedigrees ntawm cov nees uas muaj ntxhiab tshaj plaws. Ntxiv rau kev tua hneev taw los ntawm tus nees (uas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg sab hnub poob ntawm Sab Hnub Poob), Mamluks tau qhia paub siv rab hneev taw li cas, ob leeg ntawm tus nees thiab ko taw. Kev yos hav zoov nrog cov noog ntawm prey thiab … dua nrog hneev thiab hneev taub hau yog txoj hauv kev nrov ntawm kev txawj ua txuj ci ntawm kev caij nees. Thiab txhua tus Mamluk yuav tsum tuaj yeem ua luam dej thiab ua si backgammon thiab chess!

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Caj npab rau cov tub rog kom phim

Peb tseem yuav muaj cov ntaub ntawv nyob hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus tshaj tawm hais txog cov tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob, yog li tsis muaj ib qho ntsiab lus tham txog kev siv riam phom ntawm Mamluks ua ntej 1350, yuav muaj ntau ntxiv txog nws. Tab sis hais txog riam phom ntawm Mamluk cov tub rog ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias nws tau tsim los ntawm qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los thiab suav nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua caftan (havtan) hlua nrog paj rwb, xaws ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tsho tshaj sab thiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tsho luv luv. Nws tau muab tso rau ntawm cov saw xa ntawv thiab cov cuab yeej lamellar - javshan, ib yam dab tsi zoo li lub corset phaj. Lub taub hau ntawm cov tub rog yooj yim tau raug tiv thaiv zoo los ntawm txoj phuam zoo tib yam, tab sis cov neeg nplua nuj Mamluks tsis ntseeg yam nws nyiam lub kaus mom hlau (feem ntau yog hom taub hau taub hau) nrog lub qhov ntswg thiab cov saw hlau xa mus. Nyob rau tib lub xyoo pua 15th, cov cuab yeej sib cais tau hloov maj mam hloov pauv los ntawm cov saw hlau phaj nrog txiav axial thiab txuas rau ntawm lub hauv siab. Cov saw xa hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv no, hu ua yushman hauv Russia, ntawm lub hauv siab thiab sab nraub qaum tau ua tiav los ntawm kab ntawm cov phiaj plaub fab, yooj yim heev rau kho kom zoo nkauj nrog lawv thiab kos duab. Ob txhais tes npog lub cev tsis muaj zog, ob txhais ceg nce mus rau hauv caug - phaj lossis saw xa cov neeg tiv thaiv nrog hlau hauv caug "khob" thiab daim duab peb tog xa ntawv pluaj dai ntawm lawv mus rau lub puab tsaig.

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Nws ntseeg tias qhov no yog ib ntawm ob lub kaus mom hlau (qhov thib ob yog hauv Vienna Armory), ua nyob ib puag ncig 1560 rau Grand Vizier ntawm Ottoman Sultan Suleiman qhov zoo tshaj (kav 1520-66). Ob lub kaus mom hlau tau xav tias tau ua hauv ib qho ntawm cov kev cob qhia tsis tu ncua, tej zaum hauv Istanbul. Txawm hais tias lub kaus mom hlau no yog lub kaus mom tiv thaiv tsis txaus ntseeg, txiav txim los ntawm nws txoj kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj, nws tuaj yeem tsim los ua ib feem ntawm cov cuab yeej ua koob tsheej thiab yog lub cim ntawm nws cov neeg hnav qib siab. Qhov siab 27.8 cm; qhov hnyav 2580 (Metropolitan Museum, New York)

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Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab, tsis zoo li cov tub rog ntawm Tebchaws Europe, Mamluks muaj rab hneev, tsis yog hmuv. Tab sis lawv muaj hmuv (feem ntau yog nrog cov ceg xyoob), ntaj ncaj, sab sab hnub tuaj thiab rab yaj phom; nrog rau cov ntoo khaub lig siv thaum lub sij hawm sieges thiab thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hiav txwv. Ntawm kev sib tw, Mamluk cov tub rog feem ntau tsuas muaj ib tus nees, tab sis ib lossis ob tus ntxhuav rau thauj khoom. Tsis muaj cov khaub ncaws hnav zoo ib yam, tab sis ntau tus hnav khaub ncaws liab lossis daj. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv Mamluk kuj tseem daj, vim tias cov chij ntawm yav dhau los Ayyubid dynasty yog tib xim. Cov cim ntawm tus thawj coj tau siv txoj hlua khi kom zoo nkauj nrog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj, teeb hauv kub thiab nyiaj. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog siv txoj siv sia xwb, tab sis kuj muaj cov cuab yeej ua rog thiab riam phom. Lub taub hau taub hau tau blued, npog nrog gilding thiab silvering, cov ntawv hauv Arabic tau siv rau lawv siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kos duab thiab kos duab (thais): qhuas rau Allah, suras los ntawm Kaulees, nrog rau kev xav kom yeej rau lawv tus tswv. Cov ntawv sau tib yam tau ua nyob rau ntawm daim hlau loj ntawm yushmans, thiab muaj tus tswv txawm tias muaj peev xwm tuav lub npe ntawm Allah thiab nws tus yaj saub Muhammad ntawm lub nplhaib ntawm baydan (saw xa ua los ntawm cov dav flattened rings)!

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Tactics rau cov tub rog tsim nyog

Txij li thaum Mamluks yog pab tub rog tub rog, qhov tseem ceeb hauv lawv cov kev tawm tsam yog kev tswj hwm. Nrog kev thim rov qab tsis raug, lawv tau sim ua rau cov yeeb ncuab tsis txaus siab thiab ua rau nws tsis xav txog los ntawm tus nplaim taws. Tab sis lawv kuj muaj cov tub rog. Kev qhuab qhia ntau dua thiab kawm paub ntau dua European. Txawm hais tias Mamluks tsis tshua siv tub rog sib ntaus sib tua hauv thaj chaw, feem ntau lawv tso siab rau tub rog nyob rau qhov no. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua yog xaiv qhov chaw yooj yim tshaj plaws, nrog kev cia siab tias muaj toj siab lossis toj roob hauv pes txhawm rau ua kom nyuaj rau cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam tom qab. Kev tsim cov tub rog yog ib txwm muaj: lub hauv paus thiab ob lub ntsej muag sib cais. Cov Mamluks tau sim ua puag ncig tus yeeb ncuab me. Tab sis cov tub rog zoo tshaj ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Mamluks tau sim ua ntej ntawm txhua yam kom hnav lawv nrog kev tawm tsam nquag, thiab tom qab ntawd txhawm rau txhawm rau nrog cov neeg caij nees coob uas lawv pom tsis muaj zog. Cov tub rog caij nees Mamluk tuaj yeem, sawv ntawm qhov chaw, foob pob ua yeeb ncuab nrog rab hneev xub, thiab tom qab ntawd tig mus rau kev ya dav hlau, vam tias cov neeg caum qab ntawm cov nees raug mob yuav raug tso tseg thaum dhia, thiab yog li tus naj npawb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog yuav txo qis txawm tias ua ntej sib ntaus sib tua. Muaj cov ntawv tshwj xeeb hais txog yuav tua thiab mus rau qhov twg. Nws tau hais qhia, piv txwv li, yog tias tus yeeb ncuab nyob ze, tom qab ntawd thawj zaug nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tshem rab ntaj los ntawm nws rab riam thiab dai nws ntawm koj lub dab teg. Nws muaj peev xwm tua tau los ntawm hneev ntawm nws tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, thiab tau tso tawm txhua tus xub, tam sim ntawd tua cov yeeb ncuab uas raug rhuav tshem!

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Ua haujlwm rau thaj av, zoo li lwm qhov

Cov tub rog Mamluk suav nrog peb qhov kev tsim tawm, tsis suav nrog cov neeg nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov koomhaum pabcuam. Cov no yog tus tiv thaiv tus kheej ntawm Sultan, pab tub rog ntawm emirs thiab cov tub rog dawb ntawm Hulk. Lub Emir Mamluks tau npaj tsawg dua li Sultan, vim tias lawv tsis kawm hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv tseem ceeb. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm emir, lawv feem ntau tau hla mus rau qhov sib cais ntawm lwm lub emir lossis dhau los ua tub rog ntawm Hulk. Txog kev pabcuam, cov tub ceev xwm Mamluk tau txais ikta - thaj av nrog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Txawm li cas los xij, Sultan tuaj yeem tos txais lawv raws li khoom plig thiab "qhov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig". Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog … tus choj uas raug them kom hla, zeb, lossis khw hauv nroog. Lawv raug zam los ntawm kev them se, tab sis thaum muaj kev ua tsov ua rog lawv yuav tsum coj cov neeg tawm tsam mus rau Sultan. Iktas tau muab tso rau hauv kev muaj cai thiab tsis tuaj yeem muaj los ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv Ayyubids, kev tshem tawm ntawm cov pej xeem dawb ntawm Hulk kuj tseem muaj koob npe nrov, txawm hais tias maj mam lawv cov xwm txheej siab poob qis, thiab lawv cov kev tawm tsam tau zoo dua. Qhov txaus siab, los ntawm XIV xyoo pua, txhua tus tuaj yeem tso npe rau hauv Hulk qhov kev tshem tawm, zoo li nyob rau tam sim no Txawv Teb Chaws Legion, tab sis qhov no xav tau nyiaj, txij li tus neeg uas nkag mus tau them tus thawj coj cov nyiaj pab.

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Txog tus lej thiab nyiaj …

Twb tau nyob hauv ib nrab ntawm XIII xyoo pua, ua tsaug rau kev hloov pauv ntawm Sultan Baybars, cov tub rog Iyiv tau nce zuj zus. Nws tshaj tawm tias suav nrog txog 40,000 tus tub rog, ntawm 4,000 leej yog Mamluks. Thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua, tus naj npawb ntawm Mamluk pab tub rog twb mus txog 24,000 tus neeg caij nees, ntawm no 12,400 koom nrog cov tub rog. Lub xeev muaj 13,000 Mamluks thiab lwm 9,000 Hulk. Emir-centurions tau nyob hauv lawv cov lus txib tshem tawm ntawm 1,000 tus tub rog thiab lawv tus kheej tiv thaiv tus kheej ntawm 100 tus tub rog. Tom qab ntawd tuaj cov emirs, uas tau txib ib puas tus tub rog, thiab cov thawj coj ua ntej.

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Xav txhawb kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm nws pab tub rog, Baybars tau nce nyiaj hli ntawm nws Mamluks. Ntxiv rau kev them nyiaj txhua hli, lawv tau them ib zaug txhua rau rau lub hlis lossis ib xyoos los yuav khaub ncaws thiab khoom siv, lawv tau them nyiaj txhua hnub rau lawv cov zaub mov noj, thiab ib zaug txhua ob lub lis piam lawv tau muab nyiaj pub rau nees. Ntxiv nrog rau cov nyiaj tau los ntawm thaj av tau tso cai, Sultan tau muab khoom plig rau Mamluk cov tub ceev xwm ua ntej kev sib tw, thiab txhua tus Sultan tshiab tau muab khoom plig tib yam thaum nws nce lub zwm txwv. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, cov nyiaj hli ntawm cov tub rog yooj yim yog peb dinars hauv ib hlis, thiab cov nyiaj hli ntawm ib tus tub ceev xwm yog xya dinars. Qee tus emirs ntawm ib puas tus neeg caij nees tau txais cov nyiaj tau los los ntawm ikt hauv 200,000 dinars, emir ntawm plaub caug horsemen - txog 30,000 dinars, thiab amirs ntawm kaum ob - txog 7,000 dinars.

Cov ntaub ntawv:

1. Esbridge, T. Crusades. Kev Tsov Rog Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog rau Thaj Av Dawb Huv. M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2016.

2. Christie, N. Muslims thiab Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in Middle East, 1095-1382, los ntawm cov Islamic qhov chaw. New York: Routledge, 2014.

3. Rabie, H. Kev cob qhia ntawm Mamluk Faris / War, Technology thiab Society hauv Middle East. Ed. V. J. Parry, ME Yapp London, xyoo 1975.

4. Nicolle, D. Mamluk 'Askary' 1250-1517. UK. Oxford: Osprey Publishing (Warrior # 173), 2014.

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