Tab sis koj paub koj tus kheej: rabble tsis nkag siab
Hloov pauv, ntxeev siab, kev ntseeg dab tsi, Ib qho yooj yim npliag kev cia siab ntxeev siab
Ua raws li cov lus qhia tam sim …
A. S. Pushkin. Boris Godunov: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!
"Ntawm lub sam thiaj nplua, cov neeg coj noj coj ua tau txo qis!"
Penza ntawv xov xwm. "Peb lub nroog".
Keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb piv rau pseudoscience. Tsis ntev los no, ntau thiab ntau cov ntaub ntawv pib tshwm ntawd, yuav ua li cas thiaj ua rau me me, tsis yog tsuas yog ua xyem xyav rau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm niaj hnub no, tab sis tsuas yog tig lawv rov qab. Thiab yog tias koj tuaj yeem thiab yuav tsum tsis ntseeg qhov tseeb ntawm keeb kwm, tom qab ntawd txhua hom "coups" nyob ntawd xav tau lub hauv paus loj heev. Tsis muaj dab tsi tuaj yeem daws tau ntawm no nrog cov tub rog sib tsoo. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog ua ntej kom paub cov neeg nyeem "VO" nrog lub hauv paus uas lub tsev ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws tau tsim, yog li ntawm qhov no cov neeg tuaj saib peb lub xaib uas txaus siab rau cov ncauj lus no tuaj yeem tham txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem nrog kev ntseeg siab dua los ntawm kev paub, tsis yog kev npau suav tau los ntawm qhov twg.
Cia peb pib nrog cov ntawv sau tseg, txij li cov ntaub ntawv sau no muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau txog peb yav dhau los, uas tsis muaj cov khoom cuav tuaj yeem hloov tau. Yog li, cov keeb kwm qub no yog dab tsi, muaj pes tsawg leej thiab lawv yog dab tsi? Thiab tom qab ntawd, qee qhov ntawm cov neeg uas tsis ua siab ntev sau txog qhov no ntawm no yog tham txog ob lossis peb (!) Cov ntaub ntawv, thiab, ntxiv rau, lawv raug ntaus.
Yog li, keeb kwm yog cov haujlwm ntawm XI-XVIII ib xyoos, qhia txog cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim hauv ib lossis lwm xyoo, uas yog, raws li "xyoo". Vaj Keeb Kwm tau khaws cia hauv Kievan Rus, thiab hauv ntau thaj av uas nyob ib puag ncig thiab thaj chaw tseem ceeb, Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, thiab tom qab ntawd lub xeev Lavxias. Lawv tuaj yeem sib piv nrog Western European cov ntawv sau keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm, ob qho tib si hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab kev coj ua, thiab hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus.
Cov ntawv xov xwm tau ua tiav ntau xyoo. Li no, nws "huab cua huab cua", vim qhov uas lawv feem ntau pib nrog cov lus: "Hauv lѣto …" ("Hauv lub xyoo …"), uas tau muab keeb kwm lawv lub npe. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm uas tau muaj txoj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm yog loj heev thiab muaj txog li 5,000 units! Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv rau cov neeg uas sau tias cov ntawv sau tseg raug hlawv hauv qab Peter Great. Hlawv? Hlawv, hlawv, thiab … 5000 tagnrho tseem tshuav? Tsis muaj cov ntoo txaus lossis "cov neeg tua hluav taws" muag lawv rau sab, thiab lawv tus kheej tau mus rau lub tavern kom taug kev?! Yog li nyob hauv Peter, nws tau nruj nrog qhov no! Txog qhov ua tsis tau raws li tsar txoj cai, lawv tau txhaws qhov ntswg, ntaus nrog nplawm thiab tsav tsheb mus rau Dauria …
Ntawm no nws yog qhov tsim nyog los cuam tshuam me ntsis thiab, raws li cov neeg koom nrog "keeb kwm neeg pej xeem" nyiam hais txog nws, suav nrog kev xav. Cia peb xav txog ib pliag tias tib neeg keeb kwm keeb kwm German, "leej twg Lomonosov tuav lub ntsej muag," sau tag nrho cov ntawv keeb kwm no ua ke thiab yuav txiav txim siab tsim lawv. Cia peb nco tias muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm lawv, uas lawv tsis tau hais lus Lavxias zoo - thiab yuav muaj dab tsi tshwm sim? Txij xyoo 1724 txog 1765 (xyoo Lomonosov tuag), peb muaj … 14 tus kws qhia txawv tebchaws. Thiab tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv yog keeb kwm. Tam sim no cia faib 5000 los ntawm 14 (cia nws yog) thiab tau 357 rau txhua tus. Cia peb xav txog qhov ntim ntawm kev rov sau dua tshiab - ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm yam uas tau nqis los rau peb thiab peb tau txais … ib xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav ntawm txhua daim ntawv. Tab sis lawv kuj tau ua lwm yam, mus rau pob, sau hais lus phem txog Lomonosov, thiab thaum lawv qaug cawv, tsis yog nws, yog lub sijhawm ntawd. Tab sis tseem ntau dhau, tsis yog? Peb lub neej yuav tsis txaus rau lawv los sau txhua qhov no!
Qhov tseeb, tom qab ntawd ntau tus neeg German tuaj coob. Thiab los ntawm 1839 muaj… 34 ntawm lawv (tag nrho raws li daim ntawv teev npe), txawm hais tias nws tau pom meej tias cov qub twb tau tuag lawm, tab sis lawv muaj sijhawm los… “rov sau dua”. Thiab cov no txuas ntxiv, tsis yog lawv? Tab sis txawm tias qhov xwm txheej no, 147 keeb kwm ntawm ib tus kwv tij twb dhau los lawm! Thiab tom qab tag nrho, lawv tsis tuaj yeem tso txoj haujlwm lag luam no rau leej twg. Tus neeg Lavxias, ntawm qhov tod tes, qaug dej qaug cawv, nws xav li cas ntawm nws tus nplaig. Ib tus neeg yuav paub tseeb tias cia nws plam. Thiab tsis yog ib tug! Thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yuav tsis tau tos kom coj nws mus rau qhov chaw raug - "Lo lus thiab kev ua ntawm tus tswv!" lawv yuav tau qw tam sim ntawd, thiab nyob hauv qhov taub, thiab nplawm, thiab khib, txhua qhov kev cia siab zais cia yuav tau tshwm sim ib zaug. Tom qab tag nrho, tsawg tus neeg txawv, lawv tau txais ntau dua. Lomonosov yeej xav li ntawd. Nws tsis yog tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas nws tau sau los ntawm kev qhuas rau txhua tus huab tais ntawm nws nce. Kuv nkag siab cov cai ntawm qhov kev ua si! Kuv paub yuav ua li cas …
Thiab ntxiv, lub ntsiab lus tsis yog tsuas yog rov sau lawv, tab sis kuj ua rau Russia cuam tshuam rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm Russia, thiab qhov no xav tau kev paub ntau thiab kev xav, thiab phiaj xwm dav dav ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau ntau pua xyoo los. Muaj ib lo lus nug tseem ceeb dua: vim li cas rov sau lawv dua lossis hloov qee yam hauv lawv? Cov neeg uas muaj kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, uas saib tsis taus cov neeg Lavxias feem ntau. Hloov lawv keeb kwm? Dab tsi rau? Puas yog peb hloov pauv keeb kwm ntawm Papuans? "Nws txaus uas peb coj lawv peb cov kab lis kev cai nyob sab Europe!" Qhov ntawd yog Miller, Schlötser thiab lwm tus tuaj yeem xav txog lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab … tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Yog li, yam peb muaj ua ntej peb yog qhov raug "kev xav tswv yim", uas yog, lwm qhov ruam, tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv.
Los ntawm txoj kev, ntawm no yog tus piv txwv zoo ntawm yuav ua li cas koj yuav tsum paub cov lus thiaj li ua tiav koj lub hom phiaj. Xyoo 1944, thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam hauv Ardennes, pab pawg saboteurs, hnav khaub ncaws Allied cov tub rog thiab leej twg paub lus Askiv, ua ntej ntawm cov tub rog German. Lawv tau txais dab tsi thiab dab tsi ua rau txoj haujlwm no ua tsis tiav? Ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb tub rog, ib ntawm lawv, qhia nws tus kheej rau cov neeg Asmeskas, thov "roj av", txawm hais tias nws yuav tsum tau nug "chaw tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob". Thiab nws siv lo lus raug, tab sis … nws tsis paub Yankees tsis tau hais li ntawd. Thiab ntawm no yog cov keeb kwm puv ntawm lub Koom Txoos Slavonic thiab qub Lavxias cov lus thiab cov lus! Lawv tsis tuaj yeem kawm paub lus Lavxias, tab sis lawv tau kawm tiav Lavxias qub? Nrog rau tag nrho nws cov ntsiab lus me me, kev paub txog keeb kwm yav dhau los (uas tsis muaj leej twg paub lawm!), Hauv ib lo lus, kom ntseeg tias qhov no tsis muaj qab hau lossis kev tsim tshwj xeeb, tsim rau cov neeg uas tsis paub meej lossis muaj lub siab puas. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv peb lub tebchaws, raws li qhov tseeb, txhua qhov chaw, hauv lwm lub tebchaws, yeej ib txwm muaj ntau heev ntawm ob qho tib si! Pushkin tsis tau sau nws cov kab tsis txawj tuag (saib epigraph) tsis muaj qab hau, huag, yuav ua li cas thiaj tsis muaj txiaj ntsig!
Tab sis qhov no yog qhov ntsuas ntau. Thiab yav tom ntej peb yuav tig mus rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lo lus nug ntawm "rov sau dua tshiab", tab sis tam sim no peb nco ntsoov tias feem ntau ntawm cov keeb kwm hauv lawv daim ntawv qub tseem tsis tau mus txog peb. Tab sis lawv cov ntawv tau paub-qhov hu ua "npe" (los ntawm lo lus theej tawm), ua tom qab, twb nyob hauv XIII-XIX ib puas xyoo lawm. Cov keeb kwm qub tshaj plaws ntawm XI-XII ib puas xyoo tau paub meej hauv cov npe. Cov tom kawg tau cais los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm hom (uas yog, hloov kho) - kev hloov kho. Feem ntau hauv cov ntawv ntawm keeb kwm muaj cov sib txuas los ntawm ntau qhov chaw, uas qhia tias cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm uas tau los rau peb tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li kev sau los ntawm ntau qhov chaw, uas qhov ntxov tshaj plaws tsis muaj txoj sia nyob. Lub tswv yim no tau hais qhia thawj zaug los ntawm P. M. Stroyev (1796-1876), tus kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias, yog tus tswv cuab ntawm St. Ntawd yog, feem ntau ntawm cov keeb kwm yog sau ntawm cov ntawv uas twb muaj lawm, thiab qhov no yog li cas lawv yuav tsum raug kho.
Cov ntawv keeb kwm muaj rau peb hom tseem ceeb. Cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv sib sau ua ke ntau xyoo, "keeb kwm" ntawm qhov rov tshwm sim, uas yog, dab neeg txog cov xwm txheej yav dhau los, thiab keeb kwm.
Cov ntawv sau thaum ub uas tau sau ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov keeb kwm raug suav hais tias yog parchment "Chronicler of Patriarch Nikifor sai" (lub hlis kawg ntawm XIII xyoo pua), tom qab ntawd los Synod list of Novgorod thawj phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm cov ntawv qub (yos rov qab mus rau ib nrab ntawm XIII xyoo pua, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau lub hlis thib ob ntawm XIV xyoo pua), qhov hu ua Laurentian Chronicle (1377) thiab qee qhov tom qab Ipatiev Chronicle (1420s).
Cov ntawv suav nrog cov khoom siv loj heev. Cov no yog keeb kwm qhov tseeb, thiab piv txwv los ntawm phau npaiv npaum, nrog rau keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab keeb kwm ntawm Byzantium, nyob ze nrog peb, "lub neej" ntawm "dab neeg", "lus", ntxiv rau hagiographic ntawv, dab neeg, lus, thiab txawm tias cov ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Tshwj xeeb, cov no yog cov ntawv cog lus thoob ntiaj teb thiab ntau yam kev cai lij choj. Cov ntawv sau kuj tseem siv ntau hauv keeb kwm, hloov keeb kwm qhov chaw. Yog li ntawm lawv peb paub: "Kev Qhia ntawm Vladimir Monomakh", "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Kev tua neeg ntawm Mamaev", "Taug kev hla Peb Seas" los ntawm tus neeg lag luam Afanasy Nikitin, thiab lwm yam Nws tau pom meej tias cov kev xav ntawm cov kws kho mob tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog peb qhov kev pom tam sim no ntawm yam. Lawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv me me txog kev sib raug zoo hauv kev lag luam, tab sis tau saib xyuas ntau rau kev ua ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov vaj ntxwv, nrog rau lawv ib puag ncig, kev ua haujlwm ntawm pawg ntseeg hierarchs, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, kev tsov kev rog. Yeej tsis muaj dab tsi txog cov neeg zoo tib yam. Cov neeg hauv daim ntawv sau keeb kwm feem ntau yog "ntsiag to".
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias rau feem ntau ntawm cov keeb kwm Lavxias tau paub rau peb, lawv cov npe raug raws cai, thiab tsis sib xws nrog lawv tus kheej lub npe. Vim li cas nws tshwm sim? Zoo, tau kawg, tsis yog vim muaj kev xav ntawm qee tus neeg koom nrog kev ntseeg dab neeg, tab sis nyob rau lub sijhawm ntxov ntawm lawv txoj kev kawm, thaum lub npe tau muab rau lawv nyob ntawm lawv keeb kwm, chaw khaws khoom, thiab txawm tias yog rau qee tus neeg. Cov lej hauv cov npe ntawm qee cov keeb kwm kuj tseem muaj qhov xwm txheej. Piv txwv li, Novgorod thawj - thib tsib, Sofia thawj thiab thib ob, Pskov thawj - thib peb. Nws tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog lub sijhawm lawv sau, ua tsaug, qhov no yog li ntawd, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog kev txiav txim ntawm kev tshaj tawm lossis lwm yam xwm txheej tuaj koom. Tab sis yog tias koj xav txog nws, nrog 5,000 cov ntaub ntawv, nws yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem yog lwm yam. Txhawm rau qhia tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no rau hauv kev tshawb fawb yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev pabcuam rau kev tshawb fawb, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, tseem tab tom mus.
Lwm qhov tseeb nthuav uas qhia txog keeb kwm Lavxias yog lawv qhov tsis qhia npe. Cov kws kho mob tsis tshua nkag mus rau hauv cov ntawv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv tus kheej, thiab yog tias lawv tso cai rau kev ywj pheej ntawm tus kheej, nws tsuas yog hais qhia tias lawv yog cov neeg yooj yim, tsis yog bookish, uas yog … "lawv yuav kis txhua yam yam tsis muaj paj ntaub. Txhua yam yog zoo li nws yog! " Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ntaub ntawv sau keeb kwm feem ntau hais txog lawv tus kheej raws li cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm: "Kuv tuaj ntawm kuv tus kheej thiab pom thiab hnov", lossis paub "Samovids" uas tau tshwm sim los pom ob qho "kev ua haujlwm ntawm Vajtswv nyob saum huab cua" thiab ntau yam txuj ci tseem ceeb zoo sib xws rau qhov no.
Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias feem ntau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub koom nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sau keeb kwm nrog … kev tawm tsam rau lub zog. Qhov tseeb, vim lawv qhov tshwj xeeb, lawv tsis tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam rau zej zog. Tab sis nws yog daim ntawv uas cov thawj coj tuaj yeem nyeem thiab yog li tau txais cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li cov uas … tsis tau nyeem lawv! Tshwj xeeb, MD Priselkov tau sau txog qhov no, thiab D. S. Likhachev, V. G. Mirzoev thiab A. F. Kilunov, nyeg, tau sau hais tias Lavxias keeb kwm muaj kev kawm paub ua haujlwm, nws yog hom ntawv xov xwm, tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sau keeb kwm. Tab sis qhov kev pom no yog qhov tsis sib xws los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv huab cua, yog li muaj kev xav tias keeb kwm tseem tuaj yeem muaj txoj haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, txij li nws tau kho cov kev cai lij choj ua ntej, uas tom qab ntawd raug xa mus, yog, los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev txiav txim huab tais. Ntawd yog, lawv twb tau taw qhia tsis ntau rau tam sim no, tab sis kuj mus rau yav tom ntej.
Tab sis IN Danilevsky ntseeg tias los ntawm qhov thib ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th keeb kwm tau txais txoj haujlwm ntawm "phau ntawv ntawm lub neej" thiab yuav tsum tau tshwm sim ntawm Kev Txiav Txim zaum kawg ua "pov thawj" ntawm kev ncaj ncees lossis tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov uas muaj hwj chim. Qhov no, txawm li cas los xij, tseem qhia los ntawm cov lus hais txog cov cim, uas yog, xwm txheej tshwm sim, nrog kev pab uas Vajtswv qhia nws pom zoo lossis tsis lees paub txog cov xwm txheej tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li kev nyeem ntawv tau tsawg ntawm ob peb, cov lus sau tau tseem ceeb dua li cov lus hais, tsis yog hauv lub neej txhua hnub, tab sis tseem ua ntej Vajtswv. Li no, los ntawm txoj kev, ntau tshaj ntawm cov keeb kwm. Ntau tus neeg tswj hwm mob siab rau kom muaj lawv tus kheej cov ntawv keeb kwm txhawm rau txhawm rau … "ua ncaj ncees los ntawm lawv" ntawm Vajtswv qhov kev txiav txim.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau hais ntxiv tias txhua qhov keeb kwm ntawm lub qub Lavxias lub sijhawm yog ua raws li Qub Lavxias version ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic lus, uas, txawm li cas los xij, suav nrog ntau qhov qiv los ntawm Qub Lavxias hais lus thiab kev lag luam. Nov yog qhov nws txawv ntawm cov ntawv sau kev ntseeg dab tsi. Tab sis dhau li ntawm ob qhov kev coj ua zoo, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus sib txawv hauv keeb kwm. Ntawd yog, tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev paub lus hauv cov lus, phonetics, taw qhia peb mus rau thaj tsam uas cov no lossis cov keeb kwm tau sau. Cov qauv sau ntawv thiab kab lus sib tham nyuaj dua rau hauv ib cheeb tsam, tab sis, txawm li cas los xij, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais lus tau sau tseg thiab pab hauv qhov suav nrog ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Tab sis phau ntawv keeb kwm Belarusian-Lithuanian tau sau ua lus Lavxias sab hnub poob, uas koj kuj xav paub, tab sis qhov uas tau paub me ntsis hauv thaj tsam nruab nrab ntawm Russia.
Thiab tam sim no, nyob rau hauv qhov pom ntawm cov lus tseeb no, cia peb rov qab mus rau qhov ua tsis zoo ntawm cov neeg German dag uas "rov sau dua tshiab" tag nrho peb cov keeb kwm. Nws hloov tawm tias cov neeg German, uas hais lus Lomonosov cov lus tsis zoo, yeej paub cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob qho qub lus Lavxias thiab Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic cov lus kom ntxaws, thiab ntxiv rau, tag nrho cov lus hauv zos. Qhov no twb dhau dhau qhov kev nkag siab dav dav, thiab hais txog qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm cov uas lees paub qhov no.
A. A. Shakhmatov txiav txim siab yuav ua li cas tsim cov ntawv keeb kwm Lavxias qub tau tshwm sim. Hauv nws lub tswv yim, thaum pib muaj lub vault qub, uas tau suav ua qhov chaw ib puag ncig 1039 hauv Kiev. Tom qab ntawd hauv 1073 nws tau txuas ntxiv thiab ntxiv los ntawm hieromonk ntawm Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nikon Pechersky. Raws li nws lub hauv paus, Txoj Cai Lij Choj tau tshwm sim nrog lub npe qub uas raug liam - "Phau Ntawv Teev Npe, Cov Keeb Kwm ntawm Rus Prince thiab Rus Land …" Zoo, thiab thawj tsab ntawm "Tale …" sau los ntawm tus hauj sam ntawm Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor tau tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig 1113. Nws tau ua raws Sylvester lossis Thib Ob, uas poob rau hauv Laurentian Chronicle. Xyoo 1118, tsab ntawv thib peb tau tshwm sim, khaws cia hauv Ipatiev Chronicle. Zoo, thiab tom qab ntawv nyob qhov twg tsuas yog cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm no tsis tau muab ntxaws.
Nws ntseeg tias thaum pib cov ntaub ntawv huab cua tau luv heev - "Thaum lub caij ntuj sov … tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim." Thiab lawv tsis muaj cov lus piav qhia yooj yim. Tab sis dhau sijhawm, lawv tau ntxiv thiab hloov pauv kom zoo dua. Piv txwv li, hauv zaj dab neeg hais txog Kev Sib Ntaus ntawm Cov Dej hauv Novgorod 1st Chronicle ntawm cov ntawv yau, tau hloov pauv hauv kev sib piv nrog zaj dab neeg ntawm Novgorod 1st Chronicle ntawm cov ntawv qub, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tua neeg German tau los ua "500", thiab ua ntej ntawd nws yog "400"! Zoo, txoj haujlwm qhia meej ntawm Miller thiab lwm tus kws sau keeb kwm German tau tsom mus rau kev thuam peb cov keeb kwm zoo!
Raws li tau sau tseg ntawm no, muaj ntau yam keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, muaj ntau phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm XII-XIV ib puas xyoo, muaj … cov xwm txheej hauv ntau qhov tseem ceeb me me thiab ib thaj av ntawm tus kheej. Cov chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau keeb kwm yog Novgorod, Pskov, ntxiv rau Rostov, Tver thiab Moscow. Kev yug thiab tuag ntawm cov thawj coj, kev xaiv tsa tus tswv nroog thiab txhiab, kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev tawm tsam, pawg ntseeg qaug zog thiab tuag ntawm tus npisov, abbots, kev tsim tsa lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tsev teev ntuj, kev ua qoob loo tsis zoo, kab mob sib kis, cov xwm txheej ntuj tsim los - txhua yam poob rau hauv cov npe no.
Tam sim no cia saib ze dua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm ib cheeb tsam. Cia peb pib nrog keeb kwm Kiev thiab Galicia-Volyn. Hauv Kiev, cov ntseeg ntawm lub Qhov tsua thiab Vydubitsky cov tsev teev ntuj tau khaws cov keeb kwm, thiab ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm tus thawj txiav txim.
Nws nyob hauv Vydubetsky monastery uas Kiev Chronicle tau sau, uas yog hnub rov qab mus rau 1198. Raws li tus kws sau keeb kwm V. T. Pashuto, keeb kwm Kiev txuas ntxiv mus txog xyoo 1238.
Hauv Galich thiab Volodymyr-Volynsky, cov ntawv sau keeb kwm tau ua tiav los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th mus rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm cov thawj coj thiab lub zos episcopate. Xyoo 1198 lawv tau koom ua ke nrog Kiev Chronicle. Lawv kuj tseem paub hauv Ipatiev Chronicle.
Cov keeb kwm Novgorodian ntxov tshaj plaws tau tsim nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1039 thiab 1042, thiab nws muaj peev xwm tias cov no tau muab rho tawm los ntawm lub qhov taub qub tshaj plaws. Tom qab ntawd, nyob ib ncig ntawm 1093, Novgorod vault tau suav sau, raws li cov ntawv ua ntej. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv qhov tshiab ntxiv, thiab qhov no yog li cas Vsevolod's Arch tau tshwm sim. Cov ntawv sau keeb kwm kuj tau ua tiav ntawm Novgorod Archbishop (Vladychna) Lub Tsev) ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txog thaum 1430s, uas coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Novgorod Vladychny Chronicle, raws li cov ntawv ntawm Novgorod Thawj Vaj Keeb Kwm tau suav sau, uas yog paub rau peb hauv ob tsab ntawv, uas yog, hloov kho, uas feem ntau hu ua "laus" thiab "junior". Cov ntawv qub yog parchment Synodal daim ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th-14th, suav tias yog cov npe qub tshaj plaws ntawm peb cov keeb kwm Lavxias. Tab sis Cov Hluas version muaj nyob hauv ntau daim ntawv teev npe ib zaug, thiab qhov ntxov tshaj yog rau xyoo 1440s.
Ntxiv mus, Karamzin Chronicle tau paub, tsis yog tsuas yog nrog Novgorod hauv zos, tab sis kuj tseem yog xov xwm Lavxias, ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 15th - thaum ntxov 16th caug xyoo. Tom qab ntawd los Novgorod Fourth Chronicle hauv ob tsab ntawv, ntxiv rau Novgorod Fifth Chronicle, paub hauv daim ntawv teev npe lig xyoo pua 15th, thiab mob siab rau feem ntau rau cov xwm txheej hauv zos.
Lub sijhawm los ntawm 1447-1469 tau nthuav tawm hauv nws daim ntawv ua tiav tshaj plaws hauv "Chronicle of Abraham", thawj ntu uas tau ua tiav hauv 1469, thiab qhov thib ob, suav ua xyoo 1495. Txawm hais tias Novgorod Republic poob nws txoj kev ywj pheej nyob rau xyoo 1478, cov ntawv sau keeb kwm hauv Novgorod txuas ntxiv mus txog rau tiam 17th-17th tiam thiab txawm tias tom qab. Ntau qhov keeb kwm tau muab tso ua ke, thiab tom qab ntawd, hauv 1670-1680s, nws tau rov ua haujlwm los ntawm yawg suab Joachim. Novgorod Zabelinskaya Chronicle kuj yog lub sijhawm 1690-1695, qhov kev nthuav qhia hauv nws tau coj mus txog 1679. Novgorod Pogodin Chronicle kawg tau muab tso ua ke nyob rau xyoo 1680-1690s. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias nws yog Novgorod cov keeb kwm ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th uas txawv los ntawm txhua lwm tus los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov peev txheej (yog li nws yog!) Thiab los ntawm lawv qhov kev thuam.
