Tsev qiv ntawv hauv tsev ntawm rusich thaum ub

Cov txheej txheem:

Tsev qiv ntawv hauv tsev ntawm rusich thaum ub
Tsev qiv ntawv hauv tsev ntawm rusich thaum ub

Video: Tsev qiv ntawv hauv tsev ntawm rusich thaum ub

Video: Tsev qiv ntawv hauv tsev ntawm rusich thaum ub
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Tsev qiv ntawv hauv tsev ntawm rusich thaum ub
Tsev qiv ntawv hauv tsev ntawm rusich thaum ub

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 26, 1951, tau pom ib tsob ntoo ntoo ntawm Tsab Ntawv 1 hauv Novgorod. Ua tsaug rau cov kev tshawb pom no, peb tuaj yeem hais nrog kev ntseeg siab tias feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog ntawm Ancient Rus, suav nrog cov poj niam, txawj nyeem ntawv. Kev nyeem ntawv thoob plaws cuam tshuam nrog kev muaj cov ntaub ntawv: tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog tsuas yog cov tawv ntoo tawv ntoo tau nyeem los ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv! Yog li dab tsi nyob ntawm phau ntawv teev npe ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thaum ub? Txhawm rau nkag mus rau hauv qab ntawm qhov tseeb, peb yuav pib tsa cov txheej txheem keeb kwm.

Txheej 1: muaj sia nyob tsis tshua muaj neeg paub

Thawj qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog coj cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov phau ntawv muaj sia nyob. Alas, me me tau dim. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Mongol, tsawg dua 200 phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau tau los rau peb. Raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm, qhov no tsawg dua 1% ntawm txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim. Lub nroog Lavxias tau hlawv thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev tawm tsam nomadic. Tom qab Mongol ntxeem tau, qee lub nroog tsuas ploj mus. Raws li keeb kwm, txawm tias nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev sov siab, Moscow tau hlawv rau hauv av txhua 6-7 xyoo. Yog tias hluav taws tau rhuav tshem 2-3 txoj kev, xws li tsis tseem ceeb tseem tsis tau hais. Thiab txawm hais tias cov phau ntawv tau txais txiaj ntsig, nyiam, cov ntawv sau tseem raug hlawv. Dab tsi tau dim mus txog niaj hnub no?

Feem coob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Phau ntawv Liturgical, txoj moo zoo, cov ntawv sau txog cov neeg ntseeg, cov lus qhia ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov ntawv sau keeb kwm. Ib ntawm cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws uas tau los rau peb yog "Izbornik" ntawm 1073. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog phau ntawv txhais lus me me raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Byzantine cov kws sau ntawv. Tab sis ntawm ntau dua 380 cov ntawv muaj kev hais lus ntawm cov qauv, cov kab lus ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, cov laj thawj, cov lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus kev xav, lus piv txwv thiab txawm tias cov lus sib cav.

Cov ntawv xov xwm tau theej los ntawm cov lej loj - Cov neeg Lavxias tsis yog txhais tau tias Ivans, uas tsis nco qab txog lawv tsev neeg, lawv tau mob siab rau "nyob qhov twg Russia thaj av tuaj thiab los qhov twg los". Ib qho ntxiv, cov keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm tus kheej zoo ib yam li cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb niaj hnub hais txog cov phiaj xwm sib tw. Zaj dab neeg ntawm kev tuag ntawm tus thawj coj Boris thiab Gleb yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev hloov pauv: kwv tij tawm tsam cov kwv tij, kev dag ntxias, kev ntxeev siab, kev tua neeg phem - tiag tiag Shakespearean txoj kev mob siab rau ntawm nplooj ntawv Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Boris thiab Gleb!

Muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Xyoo 1136, Kirik Novgorodsky tau sau "Cov Lus Qhuab Qhia ntawm Zauv" - kev tshawb fawb txog lej, lej thiab kev tshawb fawb txog hnub qub uas mob siab rau cov teeb meem ntawm keeb kwm. 4 (!) Cov npe (cov ntawv luam) tau nqis los rau peb. Qhov no txhais tau tias muaj ntau daim ntawv theej ntawm txoj haujlwm no.

"Kev Thov Vajtswv ntawm Daniel Zatochnik" nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev thuam, hais tawm tsam cov txiv plig thiab cov tub hluas, tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li kev sau xov xwm ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.

Thiab, tau kawg, "Lo Lus hais txog Igor Txoj Haujlwm"! Txawm hais tias "Lo Lus" tsuas yog tsim los ntawm tus neeg sau (uas tuaj yeem ua xyem xyav), nws yeej muaj ob tus ua ntej thiab cov thwjtim.

Tam sim no peb yuav nce qib tom ntej thiab mus rau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ntawv lawv tus kheej. Nov yog qhov pib lom zem.

Txheej 2: dab tsi yog zais hauv cov ntawv

Hauv X-XIII ib puas xyoo, txoj cai tsis muaj nyob. Cov kws sau ntawv, cov kws sau ntawv thiab sau ua ke ntawm Izborniks, Kev Thov Vajtswv thiab Kev Qhia Ntawv nyob txhua qhov chaw tau muab cov khoom tawg los ntawm lwm txoj haujlwm rau hauv lawv cov ntawv, tsis yog txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab nws tsim nyog muab qhov txuas mus rau qhov qub. Qhov no yog ib qho kev coj ua. Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev kom nrhiav tau cov ntawv uas tsis muaj cim hauv cov ntawv, rau qhov no koj yuav tsum paub cov ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd zoo kawg nkaus. Thiab yuav ua li cas yog tias lub hauv paus qub tau ploj mus ntev lawm?

Thiab, txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov pom zoo li no. Thiab lawv tsuas yog muab cov ntaub ntawv hiav txwv txog qhov lawv nyeem hauv Ancient Russia.

Cov ntawv sau muaj cov seem ntawm "Jewish War" los ntawm cov neeg Yudais keeb kwm thiab tus thawj coj tub rog Josephus Flavius (1st xyoo pua AD), Greek keeb kwm ntawm George Amartolus (Byzantium, 9th century), Chronographies of John Malala (Byzantium, 6th century AD)).). Quotations los ntawm Homer thiab Assyrian-Babylonian zaj dab neeg "Txog Akim Tus Txawj Ntse" (VII xyoo pua BC) tau pom.

Yog lawm, peb txaus siab nthuav dav li cas cov hauv paus ntsiab lus no yog ntawm cov neeg nyeem. Puas yog tus sau tsis paub-tus txiv plig tsuas yog ib tus nyob hauv Russia uas tau poob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm qhov no lossis phau ntawv muaj nuj nqis? Hauv ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia thuam cov seem ntawm paganism, piav qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg vajtswv, tus sau hu nws ua piv txwv ntawm Artemis. Nws tsis tsuas yog paub txog Greek vajtswv poj niam - ntxiv rau, tus sau tau paub tseeb tias tus nyeem ntawv tseem paub tias nws yog leej twg! Greek Artemis tau paub ntau dua los ntawm tus kws qhia thiab nyeem dua li Slavic vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev yos hav zoov Devan! Yog li ntawd, kev paub ntawm Greek mythology tau muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw.

Txwv cov ntaub ntawv

Yog lawm, muaj ib qho! Saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm nws pab yaj, pawg ntseeg tau tso tawm qhov kev hu ua. "Indexes" uas nws tau teev cov phau ntawv cais ua "tso tseg". Cov no yog kev hais txog hmoov zoo, kev ua khawv koob, phau ntawv khawv koob, dab neeg hais txog dab ntxwg nyoog, txhais lus ntawm cov cim, phau ntawv npau suav, kev koom tes thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog liturgical tau lees paub tias yog apocryphal. Cov ntsuas ntsuas qhia tsis yog cov ncauj lus nkaus xwb, tab sis cov phau ntawv tshwj xeeb: "Ostrologer", "Rafli", "Aristotle's Gates", "Gromnik", "Kolednik", "Volkhovnik", thiab lwm yam. raug kev puas tsuaj. Txawm hais tias muaj kev txwv, phau ntawv tso tseg tau khaws cia, nyeem thiab rov sau dua. Txawm nyob hauv XVI-XVII ib puas xyoo. "Cov ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg" raug hlawv hauv tsheb laij teb. Cov neeg Orthodox Lavxias tsis tau muaj qhov sib txawv los ntawm lawv txoj kev ntseeg kev ntseeg; Kev ntseeg thiab kev ntseeg dab qhuas tau sib haum xeeb nyob hauv Russia tau ntau pua xyoo.

Txheej 3: Cov Ntawv Sib Txawv

Kev qiv cov phiaj yeej tsis tau suav tias yog kev txaj muag ntawm cov kws sau ntawv. A. Tolstoy yeej tsis zais tias nws Pinocchio yog theej ntawm Pinocchio Collodi. Qhov zoo Shakespeare xyaum tsis muaj ib qho "tus kheej" cov phiaj xwm. Ob sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj, qiv cov phiaj tau siv nrog lub zog thiab lub hauv paus. Thiab hauv Russia ib yam nkaus: hauv keeb kwm ntawm tus thawj coj, hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg ntseeg muaj cov kab lus los ntawm Greek keeb kwm, Cov ntawv nyeem sab hnub poob ("Nkauj ntawm Guillaume ntawm Txiv Kab ntxwv", Fabkis, XI xyoo pua), Celtic "Ossian ballads" (III xyoo pua AD)) thiab txawm tias cov ntawv Indian qub.

Hauv Lub Zeem Muag ntawm Txwj Laug Matthew, tus saib xyuas pom dab li cas, tsis pom rau lwm tus, cuam cov nplaim paj ntawm cov txiv plig. Rau leej twg lawv lo, nws tam sim pib yawn thiab, raws li cov lus pom zoo, nrhiav kev tawm ntawm qhov kev pabcuam (nws tsis ua txhaum nws txoj kev sib txuas nrog lub ntiaj teb). Cov nplaim paj tsis lo rau cov phooj ywg tseeb. Hloov cov dab nrog Tus Poj Niam Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej, cov dab ntawm lub qhov tsua nrog cov ntseeg hauj sam - thiab koj yuav tau txais Mahayana sutra ntawm xyoo pua II. BC e., Nws tsis meej los ntawm cov cua coj los rau Russia.

Thiab tom qab ntawd cov lus nug tom ntej tshwm sim: cov ntawv xaus li cas hauv Ancient Russia? Los ntawm kev teb lo lus nug no, peb yuav pom qhov twg thiab ntau npaum li cas.

Kev khawb ntxiv

Nws tau raug tsim los tias muaj ntau cov ntawv sau ntawm X-XI ib puas xyoo. yog cov npe los ntawm Bulgarian keeb kwm. Cov kws sau keeb kwm tau xav ntev ntev tias lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Tsar Bulgarian xaus rau hauv Russia. Nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm raws li kev sib tw ua tsov rog los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav, uas tau tuav lub peev ntawm Bulgaria, Preslav Great nyob rau xyoo 969. Tus Vajntxwv Byzantine Tzimiskes tuaj yeem tshem nws tawm thiab tom qab ntawd muab nws rau Vladimir raws li cov nuj nqis rau Ntxhais fuabtais Anna, uas tau sib yuav Kiev tus tub huabtais (qhov no yog li cas, nyob rau xyoo pua 15th, ua ke nrog Zoya Palaeologus, yav tom ntej tus poj niam ntawm Ivan III, lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Byzantine tus huab tais, uas dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm "liberei" Ivan the Terrible).

Nyob rau hauv X-XII caug xyoo. Rurikovichs tau nkag mus rau hauv kev ua txij ua nkawm nrog lub tsev kav lub tebchaws Yelemes, Fabkis, Scandinavia, Poland, Hungary thiab Byzantium. Cov txij nkawm yav tom ntej tau mus rau Russia nrog lawv cov neeg txheeb xyuas, lees txim, thiab nqa phau ntawv nrog lawv. Yog li, xyoo 1043, "Code of Gertrude" tuaj rau Kiev los ntawm Poland ua ke nrog tus ntxhais huab tais Polish, thiab hauv 1048 los ntawm Kiev mus rau Fab Kis ua ke nrog Anna Yaroslavna - "Reims Txoj Moo Zoo".

Ib yam dab tsi tau coj los ntawm Scandinavian cov tub rog los ntawm cov thawj coj, qee yam los ntawm cov tub lag luam (txoj kev lag luam "los ntawm Varangians mus rau cov neeg Greek" tsis khoom ntau). Lawm, cov phau ntawv tsis nyob hauv Slavic. Txoj hmoo ntawm phau ntawv no, puas muaj cov neeg hauv tebchaws Russia uas tuaj yeem nyeem ua lwm yam lus? Thiab muaj pes tsawg tus neeg zoo li ntawd?

Basurman hais lus

Vladimir Monomakh txiv hais tau tsib yam lus. Monomakh niam yog Greek ntxhais fuabtais, nws pog yog poj huab tais Swedish. Muaj tseeb tus tub uas nyob nrog lawv kom txog thaum hluas paub ob qho tib si Greek thiab Swedish. Kev paub tsawg kawg peb yam lus txawv teb chaws yog tus qauv hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Tab sis qhov no yog tsev neeg muaj txiaj ntsig, tam sim no cia peb nqis mus rau hauv tus txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo.

Hauv Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, ib tus dab uas muaj dab tham ntau yam lus. Cov ntseeg sawv ze ze tau hais meej txog "tsis yog Sermenian yazytsi": Latin, Hebrew, Greek, Syrian. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, kev paub txog cov lus no tsis muaj tsawg ntawm cov kwvtij nkauj muam.

Hauv Kiev, muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Yudais diaspora, ib ntawm peb lub rooj vag ntawm lub nroog (kev lag luam) txawm tias hu ua "Zhidivski". Ntxiv rau cov tub rog, cov tub lag luam, cov nyob ze Khazar Kaganate - txhua qhov no tau tsim cov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho ntawm ntau hom lus. Yog li ntawd, phau ntawv lossis ntawv sau uas tuaj rau Ancient Russia los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob lossis Sab Hnub Poob tsis ploj - nws tau nyeem, txhais thiab sau dua tshiab. Yuav luag nyob hauv Ancient Russia tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hauv ntiaj teb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tuaj yeem taug kev (thiab tej zaum tau ua). Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, Russia tsis tsaus ntuj lossis tsis raug txhom. Thiab lawv nyeem hauv Russia tsis yog phau Vajlugkub thiab Txoj Moo Zoo.

Tos kom pom qhov tshiab

Puas muaj kev cia siab tias muaj qee hnub tsis paub phau ntawv ntawm X-XII ib puas xyoo yuav pom? Kiev cov lus qhia tseem qhia rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws tias ua ntej kev ntes lub nroog los ntawm Mongol-Tatars hauv 1240, Kiev cov txiv plig tau nkaum lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Prince Yaroslav Tus Txawj Ntse hauv qhov taub ntawm Sophia Monastery. Lawv tseem tab tom nrhiav lub tsev qiv ntawv dab neeg ntawm Ivan the Terrible - kev tshawb nrhiav zaum kawg tau ua tiav xyoo 1997. Thiab txawm hais tias muaj tsawg qhov kev cia siab rau "pom ntawm lub xyoo pua" … Tab sis yog dab tsi?!

Pom zoo: