Kev kawm yog qhov kaj, tab sis qhov tsis paub yog qhov tsaus ntuj. Cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov pom kev.
A. Svirin. Kev ntoj ke mus rau cov poj koob yawm txwv. M.: Malysh, xyoo 1970
Vatican Apostolic Library. Thiab nws tau tshwm sim tias txhua lub sijhawm muaj cov neeg uas nkag siab txog qhov muaj nqis ntawm cov lus sau thiab sau rau lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv thiab rau lawv tus kheej cov ntawv sau thiab phau ntawv. Nws yog qhov txaus kom rov nco tau lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Assyrian tus vaj ntxwv Ashurbanipal hauv Nineveh, suav nrog 25,000 cov av nplaum nrog cov ntawv qub cuneiform, kom nkag siab qhov tseem ceeb xws li cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia ntawm cov ntawv qub yog rau txhua tus neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, lwm yam tseem paub. Qhov tseeb, sib nrug los ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum, uas tsuas yog tawv los ntawm hluav taws, cov ntawv ntawm papyrus thiab parchment tau hlawv thaum lub sijhawm hluav taws ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv no. Nws tsis yog yam tsis ntseeg tias nws ntseeg tias tsuas yog 10% ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus tau nqis los rau peb. Tab sis lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv Alexandria kuj tau hlawv hauv qhov hluav taws, thiab ntau lub tsev qiv ntawv ntxiv tau tuag ib yam nkaus los ntawm qhov hluav taws kub. Peb tau poob ntau npaum li cas, ib tus tuaj yeem kwv yees xwb. Thiab pes tsawg phau ntawv keeb kwm thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau raug hlawv thaum hluav taws kub hauv Lavxias teb sab ntoo yees? Koj tsis tuaj yeem xav. Tias yog vim li cas lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws Apostolic Library hauv Vatican, nrhiav tau nyob rau xyoo pua 15th los ntawm Pope Sixtus IV, yog li muaj txiaj ntsig rau peb. Txij thaum ntawd los, nws tau ua tiav tas li, yog li niaj hnub no nws muaj ntau dua 150,000 phau ntawv sau, hais txog 1,600,000 phau ntawv luam tawm, 8,300 cov ntawv qub qub, ntau dua 100,000 daim ntawv sib txawv, cov duab qhia chaw, nrog rau sau txog 300,000 npib thiab cov puav pheej. Lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj Vatican lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, nrog rau lub chaw kuaj mob zoo, uas tau koom nrog kho cov phau ntawv qub thiab rov tsim cov ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ntawm kev luam fax.
Tsev qiv ntawv keeb kwm
Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav raug dua los hais tias Vatican Library tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 4. Vim tias yog thaum ntawd nyob hauv Lateran Palace, nyob hauv Pope Damasius I, lawv thawj zaug khaws cov ntaub ntawv sau cia, thawj qhov hais txog uas tau rov qab rau xyoo 384. Hauv xyoo pua 6, kev saib xyuas nws tau tso rau tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xeev Vatican, thiab nyob rau xyoo pua 8 txoj haujlwm lav phib xaub no tau xa mus rau tus kws saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Ntau tus popes tau koom nrog sau cov ntawv sau. Piv txwv li, xyoo 1310, Pope Clement V tau hais kom xa 643 cov ntawv tseem ceeb mus rau Assisi, tab sis lawv coob leej tau tuag cuaj xyoo tom qab, tom qab Ghibellines tawm tsam lub nroog no.
Kev sau ntawm Vatican lub tsev qiv ntawv thib peb tau pib thaum lub sijhawm "Kev Poob Haujlwm ntawm Popes" hauv Avignon, thiab tshwj xeeb ntauwd ntawm lub tsev huab tais tau faib rau nws. Qhov kawg Avignon Pope Gregory XI tau txav ib feem ntawm kev sau mus rau Vatican, tab sis ntau ntau tseem nyob hauv Avignon, tab sis hmoov zoo tsis tuag, tab sis xaus rau hauv National Library ntawm Fabkis.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv Vatican niaj hnub no lossis plaub yog lub tswv yim ntawm Pope Nicholas V, raug xaiv nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1447, txawm hais tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm nyuj ntawm Sixtus IV ntawm Lub Rau Hli 15, 1475, txawm hais tias nws feem ntau ntseeg tias nws yog tus neeg txiv plig tus thawj tsim nws. Thaum xub thawj nws tsuas muaj 800 phau ntawv sau ua lus Latin thiab 353 hauv Greek. Sixtus IV mob siab rau tau txais cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj, suav nrog cov ntawv sau tshwj xeeb uas tau khaws cia los ntawm qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv imperial hauv Constantinople. Yog li hauv qab nws sau cov tsev qiv ntawv tau nce mus rau 2527 cov ntaub ntawv. Xyoo 1481, twb muaj 3,500 tus ntawv sau nyob hauv nws lawm, thiab tau tsim chav tshwj xeeb rau nws.
Ib tus neeg nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau ntawv yog Pope Leo X, uas sau cov ntawv sau thaum ub thoob plaws Europe. Xyoo 1527, lub tsev qiv ntawv, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd muaj ntau dua 4 txhiab tus ntawv sau, tau raug mob hnyav thaum lub sijhawm ua phem. Yog li ntawd, xyoo 1588, Pope Sixtus V txiav txim siab tias yuav tsim lub tsev tshiab rau lub tsev qiv ntawv, uas yuav tsum khaws cov ntawv sau cia hauv cov ntoo tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Pope Sixtus V nyiam sib piv nws tus kheej nrog tus tsim ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv zoo yav dhau los, xws li Library of Alexandria, Roman, Roman thiab Athens.
Pope Paul V txawv nws tus kheej los ntawm kev faib lub tsev cais rau cov ntaub ntawv, thiab xaj kom khaws cov phau ntawv cais. Nws yog qhov chaw khaws cov ntaub ntawv uas dhau los ua Lub hauv paus zais cia, hais txog txhua yam kev nyiam ntawm kev zais thiab tsis paub tham ntau npaum li cas, pib nrog qhov kev iab liam tias ploj lawm Inca kub thiab mus txog rau lub ntiaj teb los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws los ntawm cov hnub qub.. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb dua uas nyob rau xyoo 17th kev coj noj coj ua zoo tau yug los, raws li cov khoom ntiag tug thiab kev sau ntawm vaj ntxwv tsev nyob hauv Europe tau pib pauv mus rau Vatican lub tsev qiv ntawv. Piv txwv li, Tus Xaiv Xaiv Bavarian Maximilian I hauv 1623 tau nthuav qhia Pope Gregory XV nrog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Heidelberg Library (hu ua Palatine Library) raws li kev ris txiaj rau nws txoj kev pab hauv Peb caug Xyoo Tsov Rog. Muaj tseeb, tom qab ntawd 38 cov ntawv sau ua lus Latin thiab Greek, nrog rau ntau phau ntawv sau txog keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog, tau rov qab los rau Heidelberg. Xyoo 1657, Vatican Library tau muab pub rau Urbino Library, uas muaj 1,767 cov ntawv hauv Latin, 165 hauv Greek, 128 hauv Hebrew thiab Arabic, uas tau sau los ntawm Duke of Urbino Federigo da Montefeltro.
Tom qab ntawd, cov txiv plig txawm tau teeb tsa tshwj xeeb ntoj ke mus rau Syria thiab Egypt, sau cov ntawv sau thaum ub hauv cov tsev teev ntuj. Yog li cov ntawv sau los ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj tau ntxiv rau European, nrog rau ntau cov ntaub ntawv nthuav heev uas tau tshawb pom.
Nov yog li cas lub tsev qiv ntawv tau maj mam hloov pauv thiab ua tiav, thiab thaum kawg tig mus rau hauv lub tsev haujlwm uas tsis muaj neeg siv tau. Nrog nws, chav nyeem ntawv tau qhib, qhov uas nws muaj peev xwm nyeem cov ntawv luam tawm, thiab tau tsim chav sim kho dua tshiab. Xyoo 1891, lwm tus neeg txiv plig tus tub yuav nws rau suav sau ntawm Borghese, uas muaj 300 phau ntawv los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv qub papal ntawm Avignon, thiab xyoo 1902, rau qhov nyiaj ntau ntawm 525 txhiab francs nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Cardinal Francesco Barberini tau yuav, uas muaj 10,041 Latin, 595 Greek thiab 160 cov ntawv sau nyob sab hnub tuaj, thiab tom qab ntawv muaj lwm cov khoom muaj nqis. Yog li, piv txwv li, xyoo 1953, lub tsev qiv ntawv tau txais cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm tsev neeg Rospillosi. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, txhua qhov piv txwv no hais tsuas yog ib yam - muaj coob heev ntawm cov ntawv sau qub, cov ntawv sau tsis raug thiab ntau phau ntawv luam tawm hauv phab ntsa ntawm Vatican Library txij li lub sijhawm Johannes Gutenberg.
Tsev qiv ntawv hnub no
Lub tsev qiv ntawv loj heev thiab muaj ob peb chav nrog lawv tus kheej lub npe, rau feem ntau tsim tau zoo nkauj, ntau yam uas tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi ntau tshaj li kev nthuav qhia tsev cia puav pheej. Muaj cov chav qub thiab cov tshiab. Yog li, "Aldobrandini Wedding Hall" tau tsim xyoo 1611 hauv qab Pope Pius V thiab tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab zoo nkauj. Lub Tsev ntawm Papyri los ntawm 1774 tseem tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov frescoes, thiab ob qho khoom ua yeeb yaj kiab ntxiv tso saib cov pob zeb kub zoo kawg uas piav txog ntau yam kev ntseeg thiab kev ua neej nyob.
Alexander Hall tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1690 thiab tom qab ntawd pleev xim nrog cov duab kos duab piav qhia txog zaj dab neeg ntawm Pope Pius VI hauv kev poob cev qhev los ntawm Napoleon, suav nrog nws raug ntiab tawm thiab nws tuag nyob rau xyoo 1799.
Tom qab ntawd muaj "Paul's Hall" nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm kev lees paub ntawm Pope Paul V, "The Sistine Halls", "Urban VII Gallery", tom qab ntawd Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Kos Duab Dawb Huv, qhov twg yog cov av nplaum teeb ntawm thawj cov ntseeg thiab goblets rau kev sib koom ua ke, hlau thiab cov khoom iav tau nthuav tawm, thiab tseem muaj ntau yam ntxiv uas tau siv hauv kev pe hawm. Cov khoom qub Roman thiab Etruscan tau nthuav tawm ntawm no hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Zej Zos, thiab cov khoom qub tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kub thiab cov pob zeb muaj nqis, suav nrog tus ntoo khaub lig kub ntawm Paschalia Kuv hauv Pius V lub tsev teev ntuj, pleev xim nrog cov duab puab raws cov duab ntawm Giorgio Vasari nws tus kheej hauv 1566- 1572. Muaj Clement Gallery, tseem dai kom zoo nkauj nrog frescoes thiab faib ua tsib chav, qhov ntawd zoo li cas. Tsis yog tsuas yog Renaissance tau tso nws cov cim tseg ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv daim frescoes los ntawm nws tus tswv.
Piv txwv li, Sistine Salon, uas tau tsim thiab tsim tshwj xeeb los khaws cov ntawv sau thiab cov phau ntawv tsis tshua muaj, ntev li 70 metres thiab dav 15 metres, tau pleev xim nrog Mannerist frescoes, nrog rau txhua tus cim thiab cov xwm txheej lawv tus kheej muaj cov npe piav qhia. Niaj hnub no lub tsev no yog siv rau kev nthuav tawm.
"Lub Tsev Qhuab Qhia rau Pope Pius IX" muaj lub npe zoo li no rau qhov laj thawj: ua ntej nws tau hais lus qhuas nws. Tam sim no, cov ntaub tshwj xeeb tau nthuav tawm hauv chav no, piv txwv li, cov ntaub linen los ntawm lub xyoo pua 3.
Kuj tseem muaj "Hall of Praise" hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv yam tsis muaj kev qhia ntawm tus neeg tshwj xeeb. Roman thiab cov ntseeg thaum ub goblets thiab cov khoom kaus ntxhw tau nthuav tawm ntawm no, suav nrog lub npe nrov "diptych los ntawm Rambona" piav txog tus ntxhais nkauj ntsuab nyob rau xyoo 900, nrog rau ntau lwm yam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas muaj nrog kub, hlaws thiab txha hniav laus.
Qhov ntau ntawm cov ntawv sau sau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv tsuas yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Nov yog cov npe ntawm lawv cov kev sau, qhia tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv txhua:
Latin Sau - 11150
Greek pawg ntseeg - 2330
Arab Assembly - 935
Kev Sib Tham hauv Hebrew - 599
Syrian koom txoos - 472
Coptic sau - 93
Persian los ua ke - 83
Lub rooj sib tham hauv Turkish - 80
Kev Sib Tham hauv Ethiopian - 77
Indian koom txoos - 39
Slavic sau - 23
Lub rooj sib tham hauv Suav - 20
Kev Sib Tham hauv Armenian - 14
Samaritan Assembly - 3
Georgian los ua ke - 2
Romanian los ua ke - 1
Raws li, lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
Lub tsev qiv ntawv Latin ntawm cov ntawv hauv Latin.
Greek tsev qiv ntawv nrog Greek cov ntawv sau.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv zais uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws. Qhov no tsis yog hais tias nws tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau nws, tsis muaj txhais tau tias, tab sis kev nkag los ntawm cov neeg tuaj xyuas nws raug txwv, thiab tus kws tshawb fawb uas xav nkag mus rau hauv nws yuav tsum ua pov thawj tias nws tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj nws cov ntaub ntawv los ua haujlwm!
Kuj tseem muaj "Library of the New Pontiff", uas muaj qee cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, xws li, piv txwv li, papal ua: txog 4000 tagnrho (!) Los ntawm qhov hu ua "Chigi collection".
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj tsawg dua 50,000 cov ntawv sau, uas tau khaws cia hauv 36 ntu ntawm nws qhov kaw thiab hauv 16 ntu ntawm qhib ib qho.
Ua haujlwm zoo
Tus nqi ntawm cov ntawv sau cia hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj pov thawj los ntawm tsawg kawg yog cov npe luv ntawm lawv cov ntawv uas ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, qhov no yog ib qho ntawm thawj daim ntawv theej ntawm Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum hauv Greek los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 4, Carolingian incunabula, kev txiav txim siab ntawm Ecumenical Councils, kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev hwm lub cim, suav los ntawm kev xaj ntawm Charlemagne. Bodmer Papyrus muaj cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm Lukas thiab Yauhas. Thiab ntawm no yog ob daim ntawv luam ntawm Gutenberg's "Bible" - thawj phau ntawv luam tawm ntawm tib neeg. Tseem muaj cov tsiaj ntawv, keeb kwm, los ntawm Thomas Aquinas, Raphael, Martin Luther thiab txawm tias Henry VIII.
Raws li rau cov ntawv luam tawm, kuj muaj ntau ntawm lawv hauv Vatican Library. Muaj ntau dua 10 txhiab ntawm lawv hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe. Ntxiv mus, cov no tsuas yog cov ntawv luam tawm niaj hnub no, thiab thawj phau ntawv luam tawm tshwm rau nws thaum ntxov li 1620-1630. Muaj ib lub chaw haujlwm ntawm cov tooj liab sau, qhov twg kwv yees li ntawm 32 txhiab nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau, txhua ntawm lawv tau txheeb los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv, thiab 10 txhiab kuj los ntawm ib hom ntawv.
Ntxiv rau cov haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kos duab thiab cov khoom qub qub, lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj ntau qhov nyiaj npib, khoom plig thiab xaj xaj. Ntxiv mus, tam sim no, cov ntawv teev npe hluav taws xob tau raug suav sau rau txhua tus ntawv sau, xaj, khoom plig thiab npib.
Tsuas yog lub tsev qiv ntawv khiav los ntawm daim cardinal
Lub tsev qiv ntawv yog tswj hwm los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb, tus thawj coj (uas cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem txuj ci thiab kev tshawb fawb), tus thawj tswj hwm nroog, ntau tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm cov tuam tsev thiab txawm tias cov neeg sau khoom (tshwj xeeb, sau cov npib thiab cov puav pheej), ntxiv rau tus tuav ntaub ntawv thiab tus neeg khaws nyiaj. Kuj tseem muaj pawg sab laj uas tawm tswv yim rau tus kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb thiab tus thawj coj ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntsig txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv. Kuj tseem muaj txoj haujlwm lav phib xaub ntawm tus neeg rov ua haujlwm, uas muaj nws tus kheej cais, thiab ntau heev, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog. Txhua theem ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm rov ua haujlwm yog suav nrog kev suav sau cov lus piav qhia tseeb ntawm kev coj thiab yees duab digital ntawm cov khoom ua ntej thiab tom qab kho dua tshiab. Txhawm rau tswj cov phau ntawv (uas, hais tias, tej zaum yuav raug yuam kev), lub tsev qiv ntawv siv thev naus laus zis txheeb xyuas qhov khoom siv tsis siv neeg - RFID, uas siv thev naus laus zis qhia paub tus lej. Muaj txawm tias ib qho kev teeb tsa uas tso cai rau koj nyeem cov ntawv sau ntawm parchments lossis cov ntaub ntawv qub siv ultraviolet rays, uas tsis pom qhov muag.
Koj puas xav ua haujlwm ntawm no? Qhov rooj qhib
Raws li qhov muaj peev xwm mus ntsib Vatican Apostolic Library thiab ua haujlwm hauv nws, muaj ntau qhov hu ua Lateran kev pom zoo hauv qhov no, los ntawm qhov uas nws tau lees paub. Qhov nruab nrab, 150 tus kws tshawb fawb, kws tshaj lij hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab cov kws tshaj lij hauv tsev kawm qib siab, thiab txawm tias cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem tuaj ntsib thiab ua haujlwm hauv ib hnub.
Koj tuaj yeem ntiag tug mus rau lub tsev qiv ntawv cov duab lab thiab nyob ntawd, rau tus nqi, tau kawg, lawv yuav ua cov ntawv luam ntawm phau ntawv luam tawm los ntawm 1601-1990. kev tshaj tawm, nrog rau duab, microfilms thiab CDs. Cov ntaub ntawv tau raug digitized, yog li ntawd ntau ntawm lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv Internet portal ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv no.
Tam sim no cia peb tham txog qhov tseem ceeb, yog li tham. Peb tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias puas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv no. Tej zaum yuav muaj tub ntxhais kawm sau daim ntawv thesis PhD, peb muaj … tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij, lossis tus kws tshaj lij (zoo, tej zaum yog leej twg los ntawm Moscow, Kuv tsis paub) ntawm qib cheeb tsam. Ua ntej tshaj, nws tsis muaj nqis. Qhov thib ob, lawv raug cuam tshuam los ntawm lawv qhov kev paub tsis tseeb ntawm Soviet. Zoo, leej twg ntawm lawv paub Latin thiab Greek thiaj li nyeem tau cov ntawv sau thaum ub? Old Slavonic, ob peb tus neeg paub, tab sis tsawg kawg yog ib tus neeg nkag siab qee yam. Thiab medieval thiab ancient Roman Latin … Zoo, muaj pes tsawg tus kws tshaj lij peb ua rau nws? Ntawd yog, los ua haujlwm yuav tsum tuaj ua ke: tus neeg paub, nws cov nyiaj (lossis nyiaj los ntawm lub xeev) thiab nws tus kheej nyiam. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias muaj tsawg tsawg txoj hauv kev rau qhov xwm txheej zoo siab no.
Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qhov no, kev txaus siab ntawm lub xeev nws tus kheej tuaj yeem ua tau. Tej zaum, koj tuaj yeem xaj Vatican cov ntawv luam ntawm txhua cov lus hais txog Slavs thiab Russia, uas tau pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv lawv muaj. Peb muaj PSRL, yog li ntawd vim li cas ho tsis tshaj tawm PSIV ntxiv rau nws - "Kev Sau Ua tiav ntawm Vatican Qhov Chaw", thiab ua ntej thawj cov ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawd - nws txhais lus rau hauv Lavxias, qhia lub hauv paus, thiab qhia luv luv ntawm nws, thiab hnub sau ntawv Tom qab ntawd peb yuav muaj lub tswv yim raug ntawm txhua yam uas "lawv" sau "muaj" txog peb thiab tuaj yeem sib piv lawv cov ntawv nrog peb, uas yuav ua rau nws tuaj yeem piav qhia ntau txoj haujlwm tsis sib haum hauv keeb kwm Lavxias niaj hnub no. Yog lawm, txoj haujlwm zoo li no yuav xav tau kev koom tes ntawm ntau tus kws tshaj lij, thiab muaj nuj nqis nyiaj txiag ntau. Tab sis … nws yuav them tag nrho. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, los ntawm kev sib raug zoo vim kev sib raug zoo ntawm Lavxias thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, uas niaj hnub no feem ntau raug cais los ntawm tom kawg. Tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev, txij li tsis muaj nyiaj pab los ntawm Fulbright thiab Lavxias lub hauv paus rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb yuav yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm, nws yog qhov loj heev. Cia cov nyiaj daus las no tau faib rau kev lag luam no, uas, yam tsawg kawg, tau raug txeeb los ntawm cov neeg xaum xaum xaum xaj ntawm FSB. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau niaj hnub no Russia, xws li "crank" zoo li tsis tuaj yeem ua tau …
* Txhua qhov kev piav qhia yog muab los ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab cov phau ntawv los ntawm kev sau ntawm Vatican Apostolic Library.
