Qhov thib ob ib txwm ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov qub yog psils (ψιλοί) - lub npe dav rau cov tub rog me me uas tsis hnav cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv: txhais tau tias - "taub hau".
Nov yog li cas Mauritius Stratig piav qhia cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tub rog zoo li no:
"Toxophores, nqa hla lub xub pwg, nrog lub zog loj tuav 30 lossis 40 xib xub; cov ntaub thaiv me me; ntoo solenaires nrog cov xub me me thiab cov me me ntais, uas tau siv los tua hluav taws los ntawm qhov ntev ntawm hneev uas ua rau cov yeeb ncuab. Berites thiab darts ntawm Sklavenian hom, muaj rau cov neeg uas tsis paub yuav ua li cas tua nrog hneev, Marsobarbuls, hnav hauv cov tawv nqaij, hlua khawm."
Tib Mauritius pom zoo kom qhia psils hauv kev tua "nrog rab hmuv ntsug nyob rau hauv ob txoj hauv kev Roman thiab Persian", tua nrog daim ntaub thaiv, ntuav ib qho me me, siv hlua khawm, khiav thiab dhia. Qhov kev pabcuam ntawm cov tub rog hnyav ua rau cov tub ntxhais hluas yog lub pob zeb mus rau "hnyav hnyav" - oplite.
Vegetius tau sau hais tias cov tub rog ntawm kev hu zaum kawg poob rau hauv kev siv phom me. Qee pawg neeg hauv pab pawg kuj tau ua haujlwm hauv psils, ua rog nrog ib txwm muaj, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov neeg Loos, riam phom sib txawv: piv txwv li, Slavs, uas lub tebchaws siv rab phom loj los ntawm txhua tus siv phom me me, lossis Isaurs, uas yog cov hlua.
Tus sau ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 6. yog li txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm psils hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, raws li qhov xwm txheej. Ua ntej tshaj, yog tias phalanx (tsim) muaj qhov tob tob - ntawm cov flanks thiab nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev taug, yog li mus txog lub hom phiaj thaum tua thiab tsis tua tom qab ntawm lawv tus kheej.
Qhov thib ob, yog tias kev tsim nyob hauv ib kab, lawv yuav tsum sawv tom qab qhov hluav taws kub, "yog li cov phiaj xwm thiab pob zeb, poob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub hauv ntej ntawm phalanx, tsoo thiab ua rau cov yeeb ncuab ntshai."
Qhov thib peb, thaum muaj kev tawm tsam, lawv "tua" nws nrog kev pab ntawm cov hlua thiab cov darts, sawv ntawm xub ntiag ntawm kev tsim "cov tub rog hnyav". Ib qho ntxiv, yog tias lub cavalry maj nrawm tsis nres los ntawm kev muab riam phom, psils siv npog tom qab lub scooters hla txoj kev hla ntawm cov koog. Mauritius Stratig echoes Anonymous, taw qhia tias tawm tsam Slavs me ntsis riam phom nws yog qhov tsim nyog siv psils thiab aconists nrog cov khoom siv loj heev ntawm ntuav riam phom thiab darts. Cov riam phom hnyav hnyav thoob plaws lub sijhawm raug tshuaj xyuas yog cov neeg koom nrog tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem kev sib ntaus, nquag tawm tsam ob leeg tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog.
Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov cuab yeej siv me me hauv qib ntawm pab tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws qhia tias cov neeg Loos tau ua tiav siv ntau yam kev tawm dag zog thiab ntau hom tub rog, suav nrog lawv. Lub tswv yim no ua rau nws tus kheej thaum tawm tsam cov neeg sib tw, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov uas yog siv ib lossis lwm hom tub rog tshwj xeeb. Nco ntsoov tias cov neeg tawm tsam zoo li Iranians, paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog, nws yog nyob rau xyoo VI. tau ua tiav kev hloov pauv ntawm pab tub rog txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau kev tsis ncaj ncees rau cov cataphracts. Cov Avars, uas tau los ua ntej raws li cov neeg muaj zog hnyav ntawm cov neeg caij nees, pib txij lub sijhawm lawv nyob hauv Pannonia kom siv nees-phom ntev ntawm cov neeg nomadic ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub steppe thiab siv Slavs me ntsis.
Cov caj npab me
Cov tub rog siv phom me tau siv ntau hom kev phom sij uas tau teev tseg hauv qab no, ntxiv rau, raws li cov lus qhia tawm tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm no, cov tub rog hnyav tau tawm tsam nrog cov riam phom no:
Qhov ob-thooj romaisky nyo hau yog 100-125 cm ntev, raws li lub cim cim. Cov riam phom zoo li no tuaj yeem pom ntawm mosaic ntawm Great Imperial Palace, mosaic los ntawm Basilica ntawm Mauxes, thiab ntawm daim phaj Iyiv Iyiv, pixids ntawm xyoo pua 6. los ntawm Vienna Museum of Art. Cov lus pom zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txoj kev xav tau rhais mus rau qhov tseeb tias psil yuav tsum muaj cov xub loj. Kev lig kev cai, muaj 30-40 xub hauv rab phom. Tus nqaj tau hnav hla lub xub pwg, zoo li nyob rau ntawm lub xyoo pua 6. los ntawm Metropolitan Museum. Mauritius sau hais tias riam phom yuav tsum sib haum nrog lub peev xwm ntawm tus tub rog.
Berita - rab hmuv ntuav luv, loj dua lub dart. Los ntawm Latin veru, verutus.
Aconist (άκόντιον (singular)) - dart. Aconists, raws li Vegetius, raug hu ua psils, pov pob ntawm rab phom, hu yau tshaj.
Duav - txheej puag thaum ub, tab sis txawj ntse, qhov tseeb, yog lub cuab yeej siv pov pob zeb. Cov tub rog sau ntawm xyoo pua 6 nws tau pom zoo kom siv txoj hlua rau txhua tus tub rog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj riam phom me me: nws tig hla lub taub hau nrog ib txhais tes, tom qab ntawd lub pob zeb raug tso tawm ntawm lub hom phiaj. Raws li cov tswv yim siv los ntawm cov neeg Loos thaum lub sijhawm no, txoj hlua yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws riam phom, ob qho tib si thaum lub sij hawm kev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv, thaum sib ntaus thiab sib ntaus sib tua hauv roob: rau kev tua. " Thaum lub sij hawm siege los ntawm cov neeg Loos ntawm Qom, "hneev suab nrov los ntawm qhov tsis tu ncua nthe ntawm cov xub, swb cov ya hauv huab cua, riam phom siege tau teeb tsa." Kev cob qhia kev siv txoj hlua yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog: "Ntxiv mus, nqa txoj hlua tsis yog qhov nyuaj kiag li," sau Vegetius.
Tab sis Agathius ntawm Mirinei tau sau txog Isaurians, cov tub rog ntawm cov neeg Asia Asia Me, raws li tus tswv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tuav txoj hlua.
Rau ntuav los ntawm nws, tsis yog txhua lub pob zeb tau siv, tab sis du, xis rau ntuav. Cov pob zeb tuaj yeem ua tiav ib puag ncig hauv daim ntawv ntawm pob zeb pob zeb lossis hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub dab dej tiaj tus, me dua loj dua xib teg. Qhov kawg tau ua los ntawm cov hlau lead thiab raug hu ua qog thaum lub sijhawm Roman. Xws li "lub plhaub" tsis tuaj yeem nyob ntawm tes, yog li nws tau pom zoo rau cov tub rog kom muaj lawv nrog thaum nkag mus rau hauv tshav rog, txawm hais tias muaj qhov swb txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm siv cov pob zeb zoo li no.
Ntoo solenaires (ξύλινα ξύλινα) - muaj ntau qhov kev xav txog hom riam phom no, Ua ntej, yog tias koj ua raws cov lus piav qhia ntawm Mauritius, cov cuab yeej no tso cai rau koj tua ob peb lub xub xub me me los ntawm tus qauv hneev taw. Qhov thib ob, tus lej ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov no yog hom hneev taub (tus hneev taub), tej zaum cov no yog tes ballistas lossis ballista hneev, txog qhov uas Vegetius sau. Tab sis, thaum cov lus nug tseem qhib.
Tab sis lawv tham txog lwm hom phom loj thaum nws los txog rau oplites, tsis yog psils.
Matiobarbula (matiobarbulum) - ntuav riam phom nrog cov hlau lead. Cov riam phom no tseem tau siv los ntawm kev siv phom hnyav. Vegetius tau sau txog riam phom ua los ntawm cov khoom siv lead ua thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 5, thiab nws cov neeg niaj hnub no, Tsis qhia npe ntawm lub xyoo pua 4, tau sau txog plumbata mamillata. Feem ntau, cov no yog cov riam phom sib txawv uas siv cov hlau lead. Vegetius, tau piav qhia txog matiobarbuls ua cov hlau lead, uas tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv los ntawm ob pab tub rog ntawm Jovians thiab Hercules.
Ammianus Marcellinus sau txog kev siv cov hmoov txhuas ua lub sij hawm raug kaw ntawm Hellispont. Cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no hais txog kev piav qhia txog riam phom ua lub pob coj: Vegetius tshaj tawm tias cov tub rog yuav tsum muaj tsib pob hauv daim ntaub thaiv: nws tsis txaus ntseeg heev tias riam phom no nrog lub taub hau, tib lub sijhawm, cov hlau lead tuaj yeem haum hauv thaiv tsis muaj teeb meem. Nws kuj tau sau tseg tias yuav tsum tau siv riam phom ua ntej siv cov xub thiab cov darts, uas rov hais lus zoo dua ntawm pob-projectile, nws tsis txaus ntseeg heev tias darts nrog cov hlau lead, uas yog, nrog qhov hnyav, ya mus deb dua li darts. Cov tub rog tuaj yeem siv cov hlua khawm txhawm rau ua kom nrawm dua. Tab sis tom qab ntawd lub matiobarbula, zoo li pob txhuas, mus rau ntawm cov qog, ib lub tiaj tus coj dab mus rau ntuav los ntawm txoj hlua.
Lwm qhov riam phom siv txhuas yog Plumbata mamillata - rab phom hlau 20-25 cm ntev, ntawm ib kawg ntawm qhov uas yog lub pob txhuas kheej kheej, xaus nrog qhov ntse, ntawm lwm qhov kawg ntawm lub dart muaj plaub. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab plumbata mamillata, raws li tau hais los ntawm qee tus kws tshawb fawb, raws li hom darts, zoo li tsis raug, sab nrauv, tau kawg, nws zoo ib yam li tus xub no, tab sis txoj hauv kev siv darts thaum ntuav rau qhov tsis suav nrog qhov ntau, thiab luv riam phom tsis zoo li yuav nkag mus rau daim ntaub thaiv. Plaub caug xyoo plumbata feem ntau yuav yog lub dart uas muaj lub taub hau ntev txaus rau ntuav.
Mauritius sau hais tias scuttles yuav tsum tau qhia "ntuav ntawm qhov deb thiab siv matiobarbul". Nws tau nqa hauv rooj plaub tawv thiab thauj ntawm lub laub; nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias riam phom me me yuav tsum tau thauj ntawm lub laub. Qee tus kws tshawb fawb qhia tias, ua ntej, thaum nws tsoo daim ntaub thaiv, nws ua rau hnyav dua, poob qis hauv nws tus kheej qhov hnyav, ua rau daim ntaub thaiv tsis siv, thiab cov tub rog uas cuam nws, lub hom phiaj yooj yim ntaus. Qhov thib ob, muaj cov hmoov txhuas nyob ntawm qhov taw qhia txhim kho qhov raug tsoo. Nws yog qhov ua tau los ua qhov kev xav tias ob lub cuab yeej hloov pauv los ntawm xyoo pua 6. mus rau hauv lub dart luv nrog lub pob txhuas, xaus nrog cov hlau taw tes ntawm ib sab thiab plumage ntawm lwm qhov.
Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, rooj plaub siv no zoo li tsim nyog thiab tsim nyog siv tshuab. Riam phom zoo ib yam li cov saum toj no, ntawm lub xyoo pua thib 4, tau pom hauv Pitsunda. Peb kuj tseem paub txog ob peb lub taub hau zoo li no, los ntawm ntau lub sijhawm los ntawm Roman chaw pw hav zoov ntawm Carnuntum, nyob nruab nrab ntawm Danube.
Ntaj
Hauv cov ntawv Latin ntawm Justinian's Novel LXXXV, paramyria (παραμήριον) raug xaiv los ua "enses (quae vocare consueverunt semispathia)" - ed. tus xov tooj. Txawm nyob hauv Vegetius peb pom qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm ib nrab-spat, riam phom me me, ntaj-spat. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm "Tactics" ntawm Leo, piav qhia tias cov no yog "cov ntaj loj ib leeg ntov ntawm tus ncej puab" - mahair. Mahaira (μάχαιραν) - thaum xub thawj, cov hniav nkhaus nrog cov tuab nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus los ntawm cov hniav los ntawm ib sab ntawm kev txiav ib feem. Kev tshawb pom keeb kwm ntawm cov riam phom no los ntawm lub sijhawm no tau nqis los rau peb hauv Frankish lub qhov ntxa los ntawm Cologne: nws yog cov hniav ncaj nrog cov tuab nyob hauv taub hau.
Cov sau phau ntawv xyoo pua 6. siv, thaum piav txog riam phom zoo sib xws, lo lus xyphos (ξίφος) lossis rab ntaj ncaj, yog li tsis tas yuav tham txog paramyria ua "saber".
Yog li, paramyria ntawm VI xyoo pua. nws yog cov lus nthuav dav nrog lub ntsej muag ncaj ib leeg, raws li kev suav ntawm Yu A. A. Kulakovsky - 93, 6 cm ntev. Cov lus dav dav, uas tuaj yeem muaj qhov tuab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov hniav. Paramyria tsis hnav rau ntawm lub xub pwg nyom, tab sis ntawm lub duav siv: "… cia lawv hnav lawv tus kheej nrog paramyria, tau kawg, nrog ib leeg ntaj ntaj muaj plaub ntu dav nrog tus tuav (txhais los ntawm Yu A. Kulakovsky))."
Rau lub sijhawm nyob hauv kev txiav txim siab, Paramyria tuaj yeem sib piv nrog Germanic Saxon, lossis theej nws qhov kev hloov pauv ntev - langsax (los ntawm 80 cm. Hniav).
Saks, lossis scramasax, yog rab ntaj dav ib leeg lossis rab ntaj loj, riam (Greek - mahaira). Qhov riam phom no tau siv ob leeg ua ke nrog ntaj thiab ntawm nws tus kheej. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias Germanic Saxon hauv Byzantine kev faib tawm raug xaiv los ua paramyria lossis ensis.
Peb tab tom ua tiav lub voj voog hais txog kev faib pab tub rog ntawm cov neeg Loos ntawm xyoo pua VI. Kab lus kawg yuav mob siab rau cov tub rog lossis cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog Roman uas tau muaj txoj sia nyob mus txog rau xyoo pua 6.
Siv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv:
Agathius ntawm Myrene. Nyob rau txoj kev kav Justinian. Txhais los ntawm S. P. Kondratyev St. Petersburg, 1996.
Ammianus Marcellin. Roman Keeb Kwm. Txhais los ntawm Y. A. Kulakovsky thiab A. I. Sonny. S-Peb., 2000.
Xenophon. Anabasis. Kev txhais lus, kab lus thiab sau tseg los ntawm MI Maximova M., 1994.
Kuchma V. V. "Tactics of the Lion" // VV 68 (93) 2009.
Hais txog lub tswv yim. Byzantine tub rog treatise ntawm lub xyoo pua 6 Txhais los ntawm V. V. Kuchma. PAB, 2007.
Perevalov SM Tactical treatises ntawm Flavius Arrian. M., Xyoo 2010.
Procopius ntawm Caesarea Tsov rog nrog cov Pawxia. Kev txhais lus, kab lus, lus pom los ntawm A. A. Chekalova. TSO, 1997.
Stratigicon ntawm Mauritius. Txhais los ntawm V. V. Kuchma. PEB, 2004.
Theophylact Simokatta. Keeb Kwm. Ib S. S. Kondratyeva. M., Xyoo 1996.
Flavius Vegetius Renatus Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tub rog. Kev txhais lus thiab lus pom los ntawm S. P. Kondratyev St. Petersburg, 1996.
Corippe Éloge de l'empereur Justin II. Paris. 2002.
Jean de Lydien Des magistratures de l'Éatat Romain. Paris, TSI. 2002.
