Txhua tus tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm no raug hu ua "tub rog", lossis cov tub rog. Thiab yog tias kev faib cov neeg caij tsheb raws li kev tiv thaiv riam phom tsis muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm no, raws li peb tau sau saum toj no, tom qab ntawd hauv cov tub rog tawg rog tau muab faib ua cov cuab yeej hnyav thiab cov tub rog me.
Lub npe dav dav ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm no yog "scutatus", los ntawm lub npe ntawm daim ntaub thaiv, lossis, raws li lus Greek, "oplita". Tib lub npe yuav raug khaws cia tom qab. Cov cuab yeej siv phom hnyav tau hais qhia feem ntau thaum muaj carapace lossis cov cuab yeej ua rog, tsis hais nws yog tawv, tawv tawv lossis laminar tiv thaiv riam phom.
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tsis yog txhua tus tub rog ntawm tib pab pawg muaj riam phom tiv thaiv, peb tseem nco ntsoov tias txoj kab nruab nrab ntawm cov tub rog thiab tub rog yog dab, yog li, vim muaj tsawg tus tub rog nyob hauv tebchaws Ltalis, txhua tus tub rog tau txais lawv tus kheej nees. Tab sis txawm tias nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua, peb pom tias muaj kev faib tawm meej meej txuas ntxiv mus. Qhov kuv nyob hauv 593 yog tus kws muaj txuj ci vaj huam sib luag thiab tus kws lij choj peditum hauv Thrace, thiab xyoo tom ntej nws tsuas yog coj cov tub rog, thiab cov tub rog tau coj los ntawm Gentzon.
Cov neeg nyob rau xyoo pua tsis qhia npe, piav qhia txog tub rog hnyav ua tub rog, sawv cev rau nws hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tub rog uas tsis txav mus los. Nws ntseeg tias cov neeg Loos yuav tsum tau siv lub tswv yim tiv thaiv: qhov no yog li cas cov Protostats tau ua hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Franks ntawm Tannet hauv 553. Cov tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm no cuam tshuam tias kev dag ntxias, zoo li cov tub rog hnyav hnyav, hla thiab "tua" thawj qhov kev xav ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Ua nws yog cov neeg caij nees ntawm Iran lossis Goths, cov tub rog ntawm Franks thiab Alemanni, tom qab uas cov tub rog Loos tua cov yeeb ncuab uas tau poob lawv txoj kev sib ntaus. Agathius ntawm Myrene, zoo li tau hais meej tom qab tus kws tshaj lij tsis qhia npe ntawm lub xyoo pua thib 6, tau sau txog cov tub rog nyob ntawm Tannet:
"Tus kws tshaj lij, hnav khaub ncaws hnav uas ncav cuag lawv txhais taw, thiab nrog lub kaus mom hlau muaj zog heev, tsim kom muaj kev sib ze."
Tab sis Procopius ntawm Caesarea, tus neeg tawm tsam, tau sau tseg tias kev muaj cov cuab yeej hnyav tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev txav mus los ntawm tub ceev xwm:
"Cov neeg tua hneev niaj hnub no mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hnav khaub ncaws hnav, nrog lub hauv caug ntev ntev. Ntawm sab xis lawv muaj cov xub dai, ntawm sab laug - rab ntaj."
Cov Oplites tau xub xub muaj riam phom thiab ntaub thaiv npog. Tus sau tsis qhia npe ntawm lub xyoo pua 6, hais txog cov protostats, cov tub rog nyob rau pem hauv ntej kab, ntseeg tias cov thawj coj hauv qib siab yuav tsum tsis txhob ua rau lawv muaj zog:
"… thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom hla lwm tus hauv kev paub ua tub rog thiab txiav txim siab, thiab cov laus dua ib leeg yog lwm tus thiab ntau tus neeg nyob hauv nws muaj, ntau dua."
Hauv thawj kab yog tus thawj coj ntawm decarkhs lossis lohags, uas yog, tus thawj coj ntawm cov ntxais - "pab pawg" sawv ua kab tom qab nws nraub qaum.
Kev ntaus ntawm cov yeeb ncuab feem ntau poob rau thawj qib, qhov twg hecatontarchs tseem sawv - cov tub rog thiab cov thawj coj ntawm cov neeg nqus, uas tseem yuav tsum muaj lub siab tawv thiab lub cev muaj zog zoo. Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov tub rog ua tiav uas "ua tiav" thaum nws kav, Emperor Phoca, yav dhau los hecatontarch-centurion, nws tsuas yog ib tus neeg sib ntaus sib tua uas tau txais koob meej ntawm cov phooj ywg hauv caj npab, thiab tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij uas muaj kev paub dhau los.
Hauv qib thib ob muaj cov ntawv pov thawj-epistats, uas tsis xav tias yuav muaj zog thiab ua siab tawv rau cov neeg tiv thaiv, txij li thaum cov tub rog tuag ntawm thawj kab, lawv sawv ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Hauv kab kawg yog Uraghi, uas tswj kab thiab muab kev ntseeg siab rau cov tub rog ua ntej, yog tias tsim nyog, nrog rab hmuv. Thaum lub nroog Loos raug kaw, ob tus tub rog tau hais kom coj cov tub rog Roman me me, Procopius ntawm Caesarea tso rau hauv lawv lub qhov ncauj cov lus hais hauv qab no txog Roman infantry, "ua tsaug rau ib leeg, raws li peb tau hnov, lub zog ntawm Loos mus txog xws li ib qib ntawm greatness."
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Rome qhia meej txog qhov xwm txheej sib ntaus tiag. Thaum xub thawj, txhua yam mus tau zoo rau cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, tab sis Goths, ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev tsis muaj kev qhuab qhia ntawm cov neeg Roman plebeians, ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev tua rog. Cov tub rog Loos, suav nrog Moors thiab Huns, tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov tawg ntawm ntau tus neeg caij nees nrog hmuv thiab khiav tawm, tom qab ntawd yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog, sawv hauv plawv. Cov seem uas tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam, nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias cov neeg tawm tsam, uas tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm tus lej, tam sim tawg los ntawm kev tsim, ntxiv mus, nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem rov kho ib qho kev kov yeej hauv kev tsim, tsis muaj kev ntseeg dab tsi tsis muaj peev xwm "phab ntsa ntawm daim thaiv" muaj, kev sib ntaus sib tua tam sim tig mus ua tus kheej duel:
"Principius thiab Tarmut, nrog ob peb tus tub rog nyob ib puag ncig lawv, tau qhia cov piv txwv ntawm kev muaj nuj nqis rau lawv: lawv txuas ntxiv mus sib ntaus thiab tsawg kawg ntawm txhua tus xav kom ya nrog lwm tus. Cov Goths, ua rau lawv xav tsis thoob, tau tso tseg, thiab qhov no ua rau cov tub rog me me thiab feem ntau ntawm cov neeg caij nees khiav dim. Principicus, uas nws lub cev raug nyiag ua tej daim, poob rau ntawd thiab nyob ib puag ncig nws plaub caug ob tus tub rog. Tarmut, tuav Isaurian darts nyob rau hauv ob txhais tes, txhua lub sijhawm los tsoo cov neeg tawm tsam los ntawm ib sab lossis lwm qhov, pib tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov txhab, tom qab ntawd nws tus tij laug Ann tuaj rau nws pab nrog ntau tus neeg caij nees. Qhov no tau muab sijhawm rau nws kom so, thiab nws tau npog nrog cov ntshav thiab qhov txhab, tab sis tsis muaj qhov poob ntawm nws cov darts, nws tau maj nrawm mus rau qhov chaw tiv thaiv ntawm kev nrawm."
Khoom siv thiab kev cob qhia
Tsis yog tsuas yog tus ntsuj plig ntawm Roman cov tub rog nyob puag ncig cov tub rog, raws li John Lydus tau taw qhia, kev koom ua ke yog tus qauv rau pab tub rog Loos.
Tab sis hauv nws lub sijhawm, nws zoo li nws, nws ploj mus, txawm hais tias cov duab hais txog lwm yam: kev tsis sib xws yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav zoo tshaj ntawm lub tebchaws nyob ib puag ncig "barbarians". Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias, txawm hais tias qib kev lag luam thiab thev naus laus zis siab heev, txawm tias Sassanian Iran tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog Rome hauv qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua tub rog. Cov cuab yeej siv los ntawm lub xeev thiab los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv xeev. Kev koom ua ke ntawm cov khaub ncaws hauv pab tub rog yog qhov zoo li peb tau sau ua ntej, thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus thawj coj Byzantine Herman nrog cov neeg tawg rog hauv tebchaws Africa, cov tub rog ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam tsis txawv ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev hauv cov khoom siv lossis hauv khaub ncaws.
Cov tub rog yuav tsum tau ua cov lus txib sib ntaus, cob qhia ntawm cov hlua, khiav, tuaj yeem tawm suab quaj ua tsov rog. Thaum tus thawj coj hais tias: "Pab!" lub detachment yuav tsum teb: "Vajtswv!". Cov tub rog yuav tsum ua raws lub cim ntawm lub suab thiab lub suab raj, txav mus rau lub suab raj hauv kev ntaus rog - pyrrhic. Tus thawj coj Narses hauv tebchaws Ltalis, thaum lub caij ntuj no nyob, yuam cov tub rog "nyob puag ncig hauv pyrrhic", kev tawm tsam kev ntaus rog-kev qhia, ua raws tus cwj pwm ntawm tus tub rog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, hauv Ancient Sparta cov tub tau kawm hauv nws txij thaum muaj hnub nyoog tsib xyoos.
Txog kev tiv thaiv riam phom
Ntaub thaiv npog, raws li peb paub los ntawm cov lus piav qhia, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuab yeej siv, nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm kev nce kev hem thawj los ntawm caj npab me, raws li tus tsis qhia npe sau ntawm lub xyoo pua 6 sau:
"Thiab thaum cov ntaub thaiv npog raug kaw ib leeg, nws yuav tuaj yeem ua laj kab, npog thiab tiv thaiv tag nrho pab tub rog kom tsis muaj leej twg raug mob los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab lub foob pob."
Shield nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VI. Nws tau ua los ntawm cov ntoo thiab hlau: lub taub hau hnyav heev, vim tias nws tuaj yeem tiv taus cua tshuab ntau dua ib rab hmuv, ntaj lossis rab taus, nws tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov hnyav ntawm ib tus neeg, txawm hais tias nws muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo dua hauv kev tiv thaiv cov hlau. Thaum Phocas tau raug xaiv los ua huab tais hauv 602, raws li Roman kev coj ua, cov tub rog tau tsa nws siab rau ntawm daim ntaub thaiv.
Nws tsim nyog hais tias lo lus nug ntawm lub ntsiab lus meej ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog tseem qhib, muab qhov tseeb tias cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv tau nthuav tawm nyob rau lub sijhawm thiab los ntawm cov kws sau sib txawv, tab sis peb yuav sim muab lawv cov ntsiab lus raws li sau keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm no..
John Lead tau sim ua nws txoj haujlwm kom dawb huv lub ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog thiab qhov lawv tau sawv cev tiag tiag nyob rau xyoo VI. Scutum (scutum) hauv Greek nws tau hu ua thyreos (θυρεοις) - lub teeb, loj, tab sis muaj zog thiab txhim khu kev ntseeg. Klipea (clipeus), raws li Lid, yog cov tshuaj aspis - muaj zog, muaj zog puag ncig daim thaiv. Anonymous VI xyoo pua.kuj tseem siv lo lus aspis rau nws, pom zoo los ntawm nws, daim npog loj loj hauv xya ntu (≈160cm). Muaj qhov tsis ntseeg txog qhov laj thawj ntawm no: txij li lub scutum, thaum xub thawj yog Celtic daim duab plaub fab, ntawm txhua yam kev teeb tsa, txawm tias lub ntsej muag. Tsis zoo li nws, aspis, zoo li klipeya, yog cov hlau tag nrho daim hlau thaiv, thiab cov tshuaj aspis feem ntau yog cov ntaub thaiv npog ntawm cov plhaw ntawm lub sijhawm qub. Procopius ntawm Caesarea, uas siv lo lus aspis los tsim daim thaiv npog, kuj txhais los ntawm Latin lub npe ntawm toj ntawm Klipea, raws li lub roob ntawm Shield.
Corippus, uas tau sau ua lus Latin, sau tseg tias tus huab tais tshiab, Justin II, tau raug tsa los ntawm "clip". Nws muaj peev xwm kwv yees tau tias nws muaj zog dua li ib qho hnoos qeev. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem no tseem tsis meej pem heev.
Hauv qhov tsos, lawv tuaj yeem faib ua plaub pawg: oval convex, oval tiaj, puag ncig convex thiab puag ncig tiaj. Tsis muaj ntau cov duab ntawm Roman cov ntaub thaiv npog ntawm lub xyoo pua 6 tau nqis los rau peb, peb tau sim muab tso ua ke, qee cov duab tau tsim ua qhov kev xav, hauv qab no koj tuaj yeem pom lawv:
Armor. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, raug cai, ntseeg, ua raws Vegetius, qhov lorica, vim muaj kev txwv nyiaj txiag ntawm pab tub rog thiab kev poob qis hauv kev qhuab qhia, tau siv hauv cov tub rog Loos mus rau qhov tsawg dua li, hais, nyob rau xyoo thib 2 -3. Emperors xws li Justinian I lossis Mauritius tau sim "txuag nyiaj" ntawm pab tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus, zoo li, tau hwm: Mauritius Stratig tau sau tias cov neeg txheeb xyuas, tshwj xeeb yog cov tub rog ntawm thawj ob qib, yuav tsum muaj riam phom tiv thaiv. Txwv tsis pub, cov neeg Loos tsis tuaj yeem sib ntaus sib tua nrog lawv cov neeg sib tw, uas yog cov tub rog hnyav, xws li Persians, Avars lossis, ib feem, Goths. Theophylact Simokatta tau sau hais tias ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Danube cov tub rog tseem ceeb tau ua tub rog hnyav. Hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, raws li Procopius sau txog, kev tsis sib xws tau pom. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog lub kaus mom hlau.
Lub kaus mom hlau cov tub rog tau zoo ib yam rau arithma. Lawv yog ob qho tib si thav duab thiab txhua yam hlau. Hauv qab no yog cov duab ntawm Roman lub kaus mom hlau tsuas yog xyoo pua 6, ua los ntawm txhua daim duab thiab npib ntawm lub sijhawm no:
