Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 8, Russia ua kev zoo siab Hnub ntawm Cov Tub Rog Topographer - hnub so tshwj xeeb rau cov tub rog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm, tsis muaj leej twg nws nyuaj rau xav txog qhov ua tsis tau zoo ntawm kev ua phem, kev saib xyuas, thiab hais kom ua thiab tswj cov tub rog. Cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab cov kws sau paj lug raug hu ua "qhov muag ntawm cov tub rog." Lawv cov kev pabcuam tsis muaj kev phom sij ntau dua li kev pabcuam ntawm cov neeg saib lossis paratroopers, tabsis cov tub rog xav tau tsawg dua. Ntau ntau nyob ntawm qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev pabcuam ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tub rog - ob qho kev ua tau zoo ntawm pab tub rog, thiab, raws li, tus lej poob, thiab cov cuab yeej ntawm txoj haujlwm thiab kev tiv thaiv. Tau ntau pua xyoo, cov kws tshaj lij tub rog thiab cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau ua thiab tau ua haujlwm loj los txhawb kev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv ntawm peb lub tebchaws.
Cov keeb kwm ntawm cov tub rog topography yog cag hauv pre-revolutionary Russia. Xyoo 1797, Nws Imperial Majesty tus kheej Daim Ntawv Qhia Depot tau tsim, hloov npe xyoo 1812 rau hauv Cov Tub Rog Topographic Depot, nyob rau hauv uas Corps of Topographers ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 1822. Tom qab kev hloov pauv, kev pabcuam tub rog tau khaws ntau tus tub rog tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb, thawj lub taub hau ntawm Corps of Military Topographers ntawm Red Army yog Colonel ntawm Imperial Army Andrejs Auzans. Ib ntawm nplooj ntawv zoo tshaj plaws thiab nyuaj hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev pabcuam tub rog saum ntuj yog Great Patriotic War. Cov kws sau keeb kwm tub rog tau npaj ntau dua 900 lab nplooj ntawv ntawm daim duab qhia chaw rau qhov xav tau ntawm pab tub rog sib ntaus. Ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab cov kws tshuaj ntsuam tau tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, ua nyob rau ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub hauv ntej ua ib feem ntawm cov tub rog nquag.
Thaum lub sijhawm ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua nees nkaum, kev pabcuam tub rog saum toj saud hauv tebchaws Soviet tau txuas ntxiv txhim kho thiab txhim kho. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tau them rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev qhia paub tshaj lij ntawm cov tub rog saum toj kawg nkaus. Tsis zoo li ntau lwm cov kev pabcuam thiab cov ceg ntawm cov tub rog, kev pabcuam tub rog tau muaj hmoo nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm-tsev kawm ntawv cov tub rog nyob hauv Leningrad tswj kev txuas mus ntxiv nrog rau lub tsev kawm ua ntej kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kws tshaj lij (1822-1866) thiab Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Cov Tub Rog (1867-1917). Xyoo 1968, vim yog kev txhim kho loj ntawm kev ua tub rog, Leningrad Military Topographic School tau hloov pauv mus rau Leningrad Higher Military Topographic School. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb no muaj peev xwm "muaj sia nyob" tom qab kev tawg ntawm Soviet Union, tab sis xyoo 2011 nws tau hloov pauv mus ua kws qhia ntawv ntawm A. F. Mozhaisky.
Xyoo nyuaj rau kev pabcuam tub rog hauv tebchaws tau pib nyob rau xyoo 1991, nrog rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub xeev Soviet thiab qhov kawg ntawm kev ua neej nyob ntawm pab tub rog Soviet muaj zog. Hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm 1990s, txoj kab sib txawv los tiv thaiv kev sib ntaus sib tua yeej hauv lub tebchaws, uas tseem tau tshwm sim hauv lub xeev tsis mloog lus rau cov teeb meem ntawm pab tub rog thiab kev ua tub rog. Lawm, qhov teebmeem tseem cuam tshuam rau kev pabcuam tub rog. Ntau tus tswv tseeb ntawm lawv cov khoom siv tes ua, cov kws tshaj lij nrog cov ntawv loj, raug yuam kom tawm mus rau pej xeem lub neej. Tab sis, txawm li cas los xij, rau ntau tus tub ceev xwm, tub ceev xwm, tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog, kev pabcuam txuas ntxiv mus. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xav tsis zoo rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov kev pabcuam tub rog yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm sai sai tom qab kev sib tsoo ntawm Soviet Union - xyoo 1994-1996, thaum Thawj Chechen Tsov Rog tab tom pib. Thiab nws yog qhov txaus ntshai los cuam tshuam nws - nrog ntshav ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thiab cov tub ceev xwm.
Txij li cov duab qhia chaw saum toj saud tsis tau hloov kho ntev, ntau ntawm lawv tsis cuam tshuam txog qhov kev hloov pauv tiag tiag uas tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Cov kws tshaj lij - cov kws sau keeb kwm hais tias daim duab qhia chaw ntawm cov neeg tsis khoom - kev nyob hauv nroog thiab nyob deb nroog - yuav tsum tau hloov kho yam tsawg ib zaug txhua peb rau plaub xyoos, hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav - ib zaug txhua tsib xyoos, yam tsawg. Tseeb tiag, lub sijhawm no, muaj kev hloov pauv ntau yam - qee lub tsev thiab cov qauv raug tsim, qee qhov raug rhuav tshem, kev thauj mus los yuav hloov pauv. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sijhawm Chechen phiaj los nqis tes, uas yog cov tub rog saum toj saud uas yog ib feem ntawm pab pawg tub rog Lavxias tau koom nrog, ntau daim duab qhia chaw yuav tsum raug kho hauv av. Thaum cov tub rog tau sib ntaus, cov kws sau paj huam tau kawm txog thaj av thiab hloov pauv hauv daim duab qhia chaw, thiab tom qab ntawd tau muab cov ntawv "tshiab" rau cov thawj coj thiab cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov chav sib txawv thiab cov pab pawg.
Los ntawm txoj kev, cov tub rog Lavxias, uas tau ua haujlwm xyoo 2008 hauv thaj chaw sib ntaus hauv Georgia thiab South Ossetia, kuj tau ntsib teeb meem no. Ntawm no, nyob rau lub sijhawm post-Soviet, ntau qhov kev sib haum xeeb tau hloov pauv lawv lub npe, uas ua rau nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Yog li ntawd, cov kws sau paj lug, zoo li hauv Chechnya, yuav tsum tau kho qhov qub daim duab qhia chaw thiab hloov lawv mus rau chav nyob.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb niaj hnub no xav kom siv riam phom ntau dua thiab ntau dua, thiab qhov no, nyeg, nce qhov xav tau rau qhov zoo ntawm thaj chaw thiab cov ntaub ntawv geodetic uas cov tub rog muab kev pabcuam rau cov tub rog. Txawm tias thaum muaj kev tawm tsam hauv Chechnya, cov duab sib piv saum toj saud tau pib siv thawj zaug, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los pab txhawb txoj haujlwm ntawm kev siv ntau chav. Cov kws tsav dav hlau nyoob hoom qav taub thiab cov thawj coj ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tiv thaiv ciam teb tau qhia tshwj xeeb hauv 3D cov qauv av, raws li cov kws sau saum toj saud tau hais ntxiv.
Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1990. lub teb chaws kev coj noj coj ua txawm li cas los xij pom tias txawm nyob hauv kev hloov pauv ntiaj teb kev nom kev tswv, Russia yuav tsis muaj peev xwm nyob tau yam tsis muaj tub rog muaj zog. Ntxiv mus, "cov koom tes txawv teb chaws" tsis tau tso tseg lawv txoj cai nruj - lawv tau pib tawm tsam Yugoslavia, pib txuas ntxiv NATO nthuav mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv zej zog tau nce ntxiv, suav nrog tawm tsam cov neeg ua phem uas tau dhau los ua haujlwm nyob rau ciam teb sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws thiab nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm cov koom pheej ntawm North Caucasus. Yog li ntawd, lub xeev tau pib ua txoj hauv kev rau kev ua kom muaj zog ntxiv ntawm cov tub rog.
Qhov no tseem siv rau kev pabcuam tub rog saum toj saud. Thaum pib ntawm kev sib tw zaum thib ob hauv Chechnya, cov tub rog saum toj saud tau npaj tau zoo dua li thawj zaug. Nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov ntawv qhia tshwj xeeb tshiab, txhawm rau hloov kho cov tub rog nrog daim duab qhia chaw, suav nrog cov ntawv hluav taws xob, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov phiaj xwm, thaj chaw ntawm cov neeg phem thiab lawv cov hauv paus.
Thoob plaws xyoo 1990, txij xyoo 1992 txog 2002, Tub Ceev Xwm, Tus Kws Tshaj Lij ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Vitaly Vladimirovich Khvostov (daim duab), tus kws tshaj lij kev paub dhau los uas kawm tiav los ntawm Leningrad Military Topographic School thiab Military Engineering Academy, uas tau muaj kev paub txog kev koom nrog kev ua phem hauv Afghanistan. Xyoo 1980, Khvostov tau ua tus saib xyuas thaj chaw ntawm Turkestan Military District, uas ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Nws yog lub sijhawm xyoo uas Vitaly Khvostov tau ua tus saib xyuas Topographic Service ntawm RF Armed Forces uas cov tub rog saum toj saud yuav tsum tau koom nrog hauv thawj thiab thib ob Chechen phiaj xwm.
Xyoo 2002, tau xaiv tus thawj coj tshiab ntawm VTU General Staff - Lieutenant General, Doctor of Military Sciences Valery Nikolayevich Filatov. Zoo li nws tus thawj coj, General Khvostov, General Filatov yog tus kws tshaj lij tub rog saum toj kawg nkaus - nws kawm tiav nrog kev qhuas los ntawm Leningrad Higher Military Topographic School, tom qab ntawd Military Engineering Academy thiab cov chav kawm siab dua rau kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation ntawm Military Academy ntawm General Staff. Xyoo 1996-1998. nws yog tus kws qhia geodetic ntawm V. V. Kuibyshev, thiab tom qab ntawd xyoo 1998-2002 yog tus thawj coj ntawm Tub Rog Topographic Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Thawj Coj. Raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm General Filatov, kev txhim kho loj ntawm lub teb chaws cov tub rog kev pabcuam saum toj saud tau txuas ntxiv, cov kws sau toj roob hauv pes thiab cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tau txais cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv qhia saum toj thiab thaj chaw geodetic tau hloov kho.
Xyoo 2008-2010 Cov kev pabcuam saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm RF Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog tau coj los ntawm Major General Stanislav Aleksandrovich Ryltsov, kawm tiav ntawm Omsk Higher Combined Arms Command School, uas tau ua haujlwm hauv Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Loj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm, thiab tom qab ntawd tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj ntawm VTU.
Hauv xyoo 2010, nws tau hloov los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub chaw haujlwm los ntawm Rear Admiral Sergei Viktorovich Kozlov, tus tub ceev xwm ua haujlwm, kawm tiav ntawm cov kws qhia navigational ntawm M. V. Frunze.
Los ntawm 1981 txog 2010, yuav luag peb caug xyoo, Sergei Viktorovich Kozlov tau ua haujlwm hauv Navy ntawm USSR thiab Lavxias Federation, mus los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij ntawm kev pabcuam siv hluav taws xob rau tus thawj coj ntawm Navy. Xyoo 2006-2010. Sergey Kozlov tau coj lub Department of Navigation thiab Oceanography ntawm Ministry of Defense - qhov kev pabcuam hydrographic ntawm Navy, thiab xyoo 2010 tau ua Tus Thawj Coj Saib Xyuas Tub Rog.
Hauv xyoo 2015, tau xaiv lub taub hau tshiab ntawm Cov Thawj Saib Xyuas Tub Rog ntawm Cov Thawj Coj Ua Haujlwm - Cov Kev Pabcuam Topographic ntawm RF Cov Tub Rog. Colonel Alexander Nikolaevich Zaliznyuk, uas yog tus thawj coj ua haujlwm tam sim no, tau los ua nws. Ib tug kawm tiav ntawm Leningrad Higher Military Topographic School thiab Geodetic Faculty of the Military Engineering Academy ntawm V. V. Kuibyshev, Colonel Zaliznyuk tau hla txhua qib hierarchy hauv cov kev pabcuam saum toj roob hauv pes, nce los ntawm chav saib xyuas duab ntawm thaj chaw huab cua saum huab cua cais ntawm Moscow Cov Tub Rog Hauv Cheeb Tsam mus rau tus thawj kws tshaj lij ntawm Cov Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm Tub Rog ntawm Cov Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm Lavxias Federation.
Tsis ntev los no, lub xeev tau sim daws cov teeb meem ntsib cov tub rog kev pabcuam saum toj saud. Koj yuav tsum ua ntau yam. Hauv "kev ua xyem xyav" ntau lub tshuab luam ntawv tau raug yuam kom hloov mus rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam rau kev siv dav. Kev them nyiaj tsis tu ncua cuam tshuam qhov zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej siv ntawm cov kev pabcuam saum toj saud. Tam sim no, tsawg kawg, peev nyiaj tau pib loj hlob, uas txhais tau tias nws tuaj yeem hloov kho thiab txhim kho cov khoom siv thiab cov txuj ci, them nyiaj hli ncaj ncees rau cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov neeg cog lus. Nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no, thaj chaw geodesy tau nquag txhim kho, muaj peev xwm uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho thaj av thiab geodetic kev txhawb nqa ntawm pab tub rog. Ua tsaug rau qhov chaw geodesy, nws muaj peev xwm tso cov foob pob hluav taws nrog qhov raug ntau dua, thiab cov mos txwv raug cawm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. Cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm digital tau los ntawm kev siv cov duab satellite tau ua tiav, thiab cov duab hluav taws xob saum toj kawg nkaus tau muab tso ua ke.
Rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb, cov kws tshaj lij tub rog niaj hnub no tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau cov ciam teb sab qab teb ntawm Russia. Nws nyob ntawm no tias qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv zej zog thiab kev ua phem yog qhov siab tshaj. Hauv kev txuas nrog qhov xav tau los daws teeb meem ntawm kev txhawb nqa thaj chaw ntawm pab tub rog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia, xyoo 2012 tau tsim 543 Lub Chaw rau Geospatial Cov Ntaub Ntawv thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb. Ntawm nws cov haujlwm, ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog nyob los ntawm kev kawm ua haujlwm ntawm thaj av nrog kev pab ntawm cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Xyoo 2014, Crimean Peninsula rov qab los rau Lavxias, uas txhais tau hais tias cov tub rog saum toj saud muaj haujlwm ntau dua los hloov kho cov duab ntawm Crimea, uas txij xyoo 1991 txog 2014 tau nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Ukraine. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2018, cov kws tshaj lij tub rog tau txais Volynets mobile digital topographic system (PCTS) tshiab, uas tso cai rau lawv kho thiab ntxiv daim duab qhia chaw uas twb muaj lawm hauv lub tshav pob. Hauv kev xam phaj nrog cov kws tshaj xov xwm, lub taub hau ntawm kev tshaj xov xwm ntawm Cov Tub Rog Yav Qab Teb Hauv Cheeb Tsam, Colonel Vadim Astafyev, tau hais tias txoj haujlwm tshiab tso cai rau koj los tshuaj xyuas thaj av thiab hloov cov ntaub ntawv tau txais mus rau hauv daim duab qhia chaw, nrog rau tsim 3D cov qauv av, tseem ceeb heev nyob rau niaj hnub nim no ntawm kev ua tsov rog.
Txawm hais tias kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no yooj yim heev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tub rog, txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub no cov kws tshaj lij pabcuam yuav tsum ua haujlwm hauv av, suav nrog hauv thaj chaw uas muaj toj roob hauv pes nyuaj. Kev tawm tsam hauv Syria tau qhia tias, txawm hais tias siv thev naus laus zis tshiab, tsis yog txhua tus thawj coj hauv tsev tuaj yeem tso siab rau daim npav hluav taws xob hauv txhua kis. Daim npav ib txwm tuaj yeem cawm, uas tseem tau txhim kho thiab hloov kho - piv txwv li, tam sim no lawv tau tsim los siv cov cim tshwj xeeb uas tsis raug rau cov dej, tab sis tau ua los ntawm txhob lo lo ntxhuav, uas tso cai rau koj nqa daim npav zoo hauv koj lub hnab. hnab tshos yam tsis ntshai ua rau lawv puas tsuaj.
Cov phiaj xwm Syrian tseem nquag siv daim duab peb sab, sim thaum muaj kev tawm tsam hauv Chechnya. Piv txwv li, daim duab peb sab ntawm Aleppo thiab Palmyra tau siv, uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau ntxiv ntawm cov tub rog Syrian txoj haujlwm los rhuav tshem cov neeg phem. Nws nyuaj rau xav txog kev tso foob pob hluav taws, ya dav hlau ntawm peb cov tub rog ya dav hlau nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm, tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa saum toj saud.
Yog li, txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij tub rog niaj hnub no tseem tseem ceeb heev thiab xav tau; nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog cov tub rog uas tsis muaj cov tub rog saum toj saud. Voennoye Obozreniye ua kev zoo siab rau txhua tus tub rog saum toj kawg nkaus thiab cov qub tub rog ntawm kev pabcuam, cov neeg ua haujlwm rau pej xeem nyob rau Hnub ntawm Cov Tub Rog Topographer, xav kom lawv ua haujlwm tau zoo, tsis muaj kev sib ntaus thiab tsis sib ntaus sib tua thiab txhim kho tas li ntawm cov peev txheej kev ua tub rog.
