Hnub Ua Haujlwm Pab Pawg Tub Rog tau ua kev zoo siab hauv Lavxias Lavxias thaum Lub Ib Hlis 21. Piv rau cov paratroopers lossis cov neeg tsav nkoj, cov tub rog lossis cov neeg saib xyuas, lawv cov kev pabcuam tsis yog feem ntau npog hauv xov xwm, tab sis qhov no tsis ua rau nws tsis tsim nyog thiab tseem ceeb rau cov tub rog thiab rau lub tebchaws.
Cov tub rog engineering yog ceg ntawm pab tub rog uas ua cov haujlwm nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. "Minesweeper tsis yog ib zaug nkaus xwb" - qhov no yog hais txog lawv, hais txog cov kws ua tub rog. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog engineering daws teeb meem kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv lub sijhawm ua rog thiab thaum muaj kev thaj yeeb. Kev tshem tawm thaj av thiab cov khoom, lub koom haum ntawm cov teeb meem kev tsim vaj tsev - minefields, tiv thaiv lub tank ditch, thiab lwm yam, kev tsim kho ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv - lub qhov dej, qhov nqes hav, kev sib txuas lus, kev khawb av, kev npaj thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm txoj kev ua ntej ntawm pab tub rog thiab ntau lwm yam haujlwm yog daws los ntawm cov tub rog engineering.
Cov tub rog engineering ntawm Russia tau koom nrog txhua qhov kev tsis sib haum tub rog, tsis suav nrog, uas peb lub tebchaws tau koom nrog. Txoj kev sib ntaus ntawm cov tub rog engineering yog loj heev. Ntau qhov kev ua tiav tau ua tiav los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog engineering hauv ob lub sijhawm ua rog thiab thaum muaj kev thaj yeeb. Los ntawm txoj kev, pab tub rog engineering "sib ntaus" nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb - lawv tshem tawm cov mos txwv, nqa tawm kev tua neeg, koom nrog hauv kev tshem tawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj uas tib neeg tsim thiab kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim. Kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab muaj ntau yam khoom siv tshwj xeeb hauv kev pabcuam tso cai rau cov tub rog engineering los daws ntau yam haujlwm.
Raws li rau hnub so hnub so, hnub ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 21 tsis raug xaiv rau hnub so haujlwm tshaj lij los ntawm lub sijhawm. Nws yog Lub Ib Hlis 21, 1701 uas Peter Kuv tau kos npe rau tsab cai lij choj ntawm kev tsim "Pushkar Prikaz School" hauv Moscow. Raws li lub npe cuam tshuam, cov tub rog loj yuav tsum tau kawm hauv nws, tab sis kev cob qhia cov tub rog kws tsim txuj ci - kws tshaj lij hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab ua haujlwm rau kuv - tau pib rau ntawd thiab.
Hauv nws txoj cai, Peter kuv sau tseg:
… cov kws tsim txuj ci xav tau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thaum tawm tsam lossis tiv thaiv, qhov chaw yog dab tsi thiab yuav tsum muaj cov uas tsis tsuas yog nkag siab txog kev txhim kho kom zoo thiab twb tau ua tiav qhov ntawd, tab sis kom ua siab loj, qib no yog ntau dua phom sij tshaj lwm tus.
Twb tau nyob hauv 1702, cov kawm tiav ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Pushkar Prikaz tau mus rau thawj cov chav miner ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li cov chav phom loj, cov lej ntawm cov tub rog engineering ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau pib me me. Rau thawj nees nkaum xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, cov tub rog tau nce mus rau tsuas yog 12 tus thawj coj hauv lub hauv paus, 67 tus thawj coj thiab 274 tus coj.
Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1722, cov tub ceev xwm - cov kws tshaj lij tau muab tso rau ntawm Table of Ranks siab dua qib ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov tub rog thiab tub rog. Qhov no yog vim qhov xav tau ntau dua rau cov kws ua tub rog. Lawv tau them nyiaj hli ntau dua, txij li cov xwm txheej ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tub rog yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog kev qhia ua tub rog zoo, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev paub tshwj xeeb. Ib tus kws ua haujlwm tub rog yuav tsum txhim kho nws cov txuj ci txuj ci thiab txuj ci zoo thiab muaj kev txhawb siab rau qhov no. Yog li lub xeev tau sim cais cov kws ua tub rog los ntawm ib puag ncig cov tub rog. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo 1722, txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws ua haujlwm tswj hwm tau qhia nyob hauv txhua tus tub rog Lavxias. Ib tus kws ua haujlwm tub rog nyob rau qib uas yog tus thawj coj tau ua lub luag haujlwm rau txhua yam haujlwm ua haujlwm engineering.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho thiab cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua tub rog, cov kev xav tau rau kev cob qhia cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm pabcuam engineering tau nce ntxiv, thiab tus lej ntawm pab tub rog engineering kuj loj tuaj. Cov kws ua tub rog nyob rau tiam 18th - 19th centuries tau koom nrog kev tsim kho ntau lub fortresses, ntau yam kev tiv thaiv ntawm ciam teb ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, nyob rau thaj tsam ciam teb, cov nroog loj. Xyoo 1797, tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau peb pab tub rog Pioneer. Txhua pawg tub rog ntawm cov tub rog muaj peb tus pioneer thiab ib lub tuam txhab kev lag luam mining. Cov tub rog tau ua tiav txoj haujlwm ntawm kev teeb tsa tub rog ua haujlwm thaum muaj kev tawm tsam thiab kev tawm tsam tub rog, thaum cov tub rog tau tso cai siv tsuas yog coj los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm tus thawj tub rog.
Kev Tsov Rog Patriotic ntawm 1812 tau dhau los ua qhov kev sim tiag rau cov kws ua tub rog. Txog rau lub sijhawm no, kev tsim kho lub zog ntawm lub tebchaws muaj 10 lub tuam txhab ua haujlwm khawb av thiab pioneer, ntxiv rau, lawv suav nrog cov tuam txhab pontoon nrog cov tub rog loj thiab 14 lub chaw tiv thaiv pontoon thiab cov tuam txhab miner. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tuam txhab no suav nrog tsuas yog cov tub ceev xwm thiab tus coj (tsis yog cov tub ceev xwm), thiab cov tub rog raws li kev ua haujlwm tau muab los ntawm cov tub rog tub rog thiab cov pej xeem hauv zej zog rau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Cov kws tsim txuj ci tuaj yeem tsim 178 tus choj tsuas yog thaum pib ua tsov rog, kho xyoo 1920 txoj kev ntawm txoj kev, uas tso cai rau pab tub rog Lavxias ua haujlwm zoo.
Ob peb xyoos tom qab yeej ntawm Napoleonic pab tub rog, kev pabcuam engineering tau hloov kho tshiab - cov tub rog tau sib sau ua ke rau peb pawg tub rog tho kev, thiab xyoo 1822 cov tuam txhab pontoon tau pauv mus rau lub tuam tsev engineering. Cov neeg zov thiab pab tub rog nees-pioneer squadrons tau tsim. Xyoo 1844, txhua lub tsev haujlwm engineering ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias tau hloov npe ua sappers los ntawm txoj cai tshwj xeeb.
Ib nplooj ntawv sib txawv hauv keeb kwm ntawm pab tub rog engineering hauv tsev yog Tsov rog Crimean xyoo 1853-1856, thaum cov tub rog Lavxias thiab tub rog tau ntsib cov tub rog loj thiab muaj hwj chim loj - Great Britain, Fabkis, Ottoman Empire thiab Sardinian lub nceeg vaj uas koom nrog lawv. Txog thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev tawm tsam pib, Lavxias pab tub rog muaj 9 pab tub rog caij nkoj, 1 tus tub rog caij nkoj qhia kev, 2 pab tub rog tshwj tseg thiab 2 pab tub rog ua rog.
Nws yog cov kws ua tub rog nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Eduard Totleben uas tau tsim qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm Sevastopol, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam tau yuav luag ib xyoos tag nrho. Thaum Tsov Rog-Turkish Tsov Rog Xyoo 1877-1878. kev paub txog cov kws ua tub rog tub rog kuj tseem xav tau. Piv txwv li, thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo ntawm Shipka, nws tuaj yeem tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Ottoman yam tsis siv rab phom loj thiab caj npab me me hlo li. Qhov zais cia ntawm kev ua tiav yog kev siv hluav taws xob tswj cov av, uas ua rau cov tub rog Ottoman, ua tsis tau zoo hauv kev tsim vaj tsev, kom ya mus.
Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, pab tub rog engineering thaum kawg tau tsim los ua hom kev ywj pheej ntawm pab tub rog. Cov tub rog engineering tsis tau tshwj xeeb ntau thiab thaum lub sijhawm ntawd muaj 2-2, 5% ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog Lavxias. Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau chav sapper thiab pontoon, cov kws tshaj lij tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv lawv cov kev sib xyaw. Yog li, nws yog cov tub rog kws ua haujlwm uas tau tso siab nrog lub koom haum ntawm kev pabcuam dav hlau, tus nquab xa ntawv, thiab cov tsheb ciav hlau cov tub rog tsim nyob rau xyoo 1870 kuj yog ib feem ntawm cov tub rog engineering.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, cov tub rog engineering suav nrog 7 pawg tub rog (25 pab tub rog caij nkoj), 1 pab tub rog tsheb nqaj hlau, 2 pawg tub rog sib cais, 8 pab tub rog caij nkoj, 6 lub tiaj ua si engineering, 2 lub tiaj ua si, 12 lub tuam txhab cais, 6 lub chaw ua tub rog telegraphs thiab 4 chaw ua si hauv dav hlau.
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog engineering yog 31,329 tus neeg raws li xyoo 1900. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb ntawm pab tub rog kws ua haujlwm yog cov tub rog tiv thaiv, uas suav nrog 53 lub chaw tiv thaiv tub rog loj, 2 lub chaw tiv thaiv tub rog, 28 cais cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua, 10 lub tuam txhab siv phom loj, 3 cov tub rog tiv thaiv thiab 5 lub roj teeb sortie.
Cov tub rog engineering tom qab kuj suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, chav tsheb, thiab chav haujlwm engineering kuj tseem lav txog kev tsim kho txoj kev rau kev ua tub rog. Corps of Engineers tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb heev thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1. Kev loj hlob ntawm lawv qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tub rog kuj tau pab txhawb kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov cuab yeej engineering thiab cov pab pawg hauv tag nrho cov tub rog Lavxias. Txog xyoo 1917, cov tub rog engineering suav txog 6% ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog Lavxias.
Ib nplooj ntawv tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias pab tub rog engineering tau pib tom qab Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Kaum Hli. Qhov tseeb, tsoomfwv Soviet, siv kev paub dhau los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias qub, pib tsim Lub Tsev Haujlwm Pabcuam Liab Liab los ntawm kos thiab ua tiav qhov ua tiav loj hauv kev ua tiav txoj haujlwm no. Los ntawm xyoo 1929, cov chav ua haujlwm puv hnub tau tsim hauv txhua ceg ntawm cov tub rog, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nce lawv cov kev tawm tsam thiab ua rau lawv muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua hauv kev ua haujlwm ntau yam.
Hauv Kev Tsov Rog Zoo Tshaj Plaws, cov tub rog engineering tau qhia lawv tus kheej hauv txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws, ua cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kab hauv ntej thiab tom qab. Los ntawm xyoo 1945, Cov Tub Rog Liab suav nrog 98 tus kws tshaj lij-sapper, 11 tus neeg ua haujlwm choj-choj, 7 tus kws ua haujlwm-tank cov tub rog, 11 tus tub rog caij nkoj, 6 tus tub rog tua hluav taws-tank cov tub rog, 1042 tus kws tsim choj thiab sapper, 87 tus tub rog caij nkoj, 94 lub tuam txhab sib cais thiab 28 chav sib cais. Thaum lub xyoo ua tsov rog, cov kws tsim txuj ci tub rog tau cog ntau dua 70 lab tus tiv thaiv lub tank thiab tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm, tshem 765 txhiab square kilometers ntawm thaj chaw thiab 400 txhiab mais kev taug. Cov tub rog engineering ntawm Red Army tau teeb tsa 11 txhiab txoj haujlwm, ua rau yuav luag 500 txhiab mais kev taug.
Lawm, qhov kev pabcuam hnyav thiab txaus ntshai, thiab qhov tseeb txhua txoj haujlwm no yuav tsum tau daws nyob rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab rab phom loj, hauv qab huab cua ntaus, tsis tuaj yeem tab sis muab khoom plig. Ntau tshaj 100 txhiab tus tub rog, tub rog, tub ceev xwm thiab cov thawj coj uas tau ua haujlwm pabcuam tub rog ntawm Red Army tau txais ntau yam kev xaj thiab khoom plig, 655 tus kws ua haujlwm tub rog tau txais lub npe siab ntawm Hero ntawm Soviet Union. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog sau cia qhov tseeb qhov tseem ceeb uas tau tsim los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm 201st tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm Cov Saib Xyuas.
Lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1950 txog rau thaum xaus rau xyoo 1980s. tau dhau los ua lub sijhawm txhim kho ntxiv thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov tub rog engineering ntawm Soviet Army. Ntau pua txhiab tus tub rog Soviet tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv chav nyob thiab faib faib ntawm pab tub rog engineering. Kev ua tsov rog tau xaus ntev dhau los, thiab cov kws tsim txuj ci tub rog txuas ntxiv daws teeb meem kev sib tua uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb, koom nrog kev rhuav tshem ntawm cov nroog thiab cov nroog, hauv kev ua kom nruab nrab "khoom plig ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog" - foob pob saum ntuj, phom loj, thiab lwm yam mos txwv, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, tau tshawb pom ib ntus txawm tias tam sim no.
Cov tub rog engineering, zoo li lwm ceg ntawm Soviet Army, tau hla kev ua tsov rog Afghan tag nrho. Yog li, 45th cais tus kws tshaj lij-sapper Red Banner, Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Red Star cov tub rog, lwm chav, kev tsim thiab cov pab pawg ntawm cov tub rog engineering tau xa mus rau Afghanistan. Cov kws ua haujlwm tub rog yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw uas tsis paub, nyob hauv huab cua nyuaj, nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam yeeb ncuab, tab sis lawv tseem tiv nrog cov haujlwm uas tau muab, ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev sib ntaus rau OKSVA.
Ib nplooj ntawv siab tawv thiab kev tu siab hauv keeb kwm ntawm Soviet cov tub rog engineering yog Chernobyl kev puas tsuaj. Lieutenant-General Nikolai Georgievich Topilin, uas tom qab ntawd tau tuav txoj haujlwm ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog engineering rau riam phom, rov qab hais tias nws yog cov tub rog engineering uas tau npaj ntau tshaj rau kev ua haujlwm hauv Chernobyl kev puas tsuaj, txij li lawv tau kawm tshwj xeeb rau kev nqis tes ua. nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv riam phom ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj. Nws yog cov tub rog kws ua haujlwm uas ua haujlwm saib xyuas lub chaw haujlwm, tom qab ntawd tau koom nrog feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm uas tau ua los ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear.
Kev sib tsoo ntawm Soviet Union cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub xeev ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov xeev tom qab Soviet, thiab Russia tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb hauv qhov no. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshaj lij tub rog tau koom nrog hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv thaj tsam tom qab Soviet, hauv kev tawm tsam kev ua phem nyob rau sab qaum teb Caucasus, hauv ntau yam haujlwm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.
Niaj hnub no, pab tub rog engineering ntawm Lavxias teb sab suav nrog engineer-sapper, engineer, pontoon-bridge brigades, engineer-sapper thiab engineer-camouflage regiments, suav nrog Tyumen Higher Military Engineering Command School lub npe tom qab Marshal ntawm Engineering Troops AI Proshlyakov, uas kev cob qhia cov tub rog tshwj xeeb nrog kev kawm qib siab thiab qib siab tau ua tiav rau qhov xav tau ntawm cov tub rog engineering ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm Lavxias Federation. Cov kws ua tub rog tseem yog ib tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab tau txais kev cob qhia zoo.
Nyob rau Hnub Ua Haujlwm Pab Pawg Tub Rog, Voennoye Obozreniye zoo siab ua tsaug rau txhua tus thawj coj, tub ceev xwm, tub ceev xwm, tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog ntawm pab tub rog engineering, tub rog, tseg cov tub rog cuam tshuam nrog kev pabcuam hauv pab tub rog engineering, ntawm lawv cov hnub so haujlwm. Qhov kev cia siab tseem ceeb tshaj yog qhov tsis muaj kev sib ntaus thiab tsis yog kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab qhov seem yuav ua raws.
