Auj, Kuv xav nyob hauv thaj av ntawm paj rwb
Qhov twg cov hnub qub tsis hnov qab
Tig ib ncig! Tig ib ncig! Tig ib ncig! Dixieland.
Hauv thaj av Dixie, qhov uas kuv yug los, thaum sawv ntxov txias thaum sawv ntxov
Tig ib ncig! Tig ib ncig! Tig ib ncig! Dixieland.
Kuv xav nyob hauv Dixie! Nyob zoo! Nyob zoo!
Riam phom los ntawm tsev cia puav pheej. Qhov txaus siab, Parrott cov phom loj tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau Sab Qaum Teb, tab sis kuj nyob rau Sab Qab Teb. Muaj tseeb, yog tias cov neeg nyob sab qab teb tau tsim cov phom me me, feem ntau, ua tiav zoo, tom qab ntawd nrog cov uas loj dua lawv muaj teeb meem ntau dua. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus yog tias nyob rau sab qab teb tsuas yog tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tsim khoom zoo nyob qhov twg yuav muaj zog forging thiab nias cov cuab yeej tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov hlau forged hoops ntawm txoj kab uas hla loj thiab tuab tuab xav tau rau cov phom no thiab rau nias rau phom tej kas tham Yuav daws qhov teeb meem no li cas, John Mercer Brook, tus tub ceev xwm hauv nkoj thiab tus tsim khoom, tau tawm tswv yim los ua cov ntaub qhwv rau ntawm cov thoob los ntawm ob peb txoj kab nqaim los yog muab cov raj me me tso rau hauv lub thoob - ib qho saum toj ntawm lwm qhov. Ob lub tswv yim tau dhau los ua lub suab zoo, thiab cov neeg nyob sab qab teb pib siv Brook rab phom!
Lawv kev tsim khoom tau tsim los ntawm Tredegar Iron Works (qee zaum hu ua JR Anderson & Co, tom qab tus tswv Joseph Reed Anderson) hauv Richmond, Virginia, thiab cov tub rog tub rog nyob hauv Selma, Alabama. Tab sis vim qhov tseeb tias lawv lub peev xwm tau siv me me, hauv peb xyoos tsuas yog txog ib puas rab phom phom ntawm Brook tus tsim tau ua rau rau, xya thiab yim ntiv tes, nrog rau 12 lub zog muaj zog du-kaum phom thiab ob peb 11-nti phom.
Brook's cannons, zoo li Parrott's cannons, tau ua qauv yooj yim heev. Lawv muaj lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg thiab lub qhov ncauj cylindrical. Txhawm rau kom yooj yim, cov thoob tau ua los ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia, tab sis ib lossis ib lub thooj voos kheej kheej, dov los ntawm cov hlua ntawm cov hlau ua, tau muab tso rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm chav them nyiaj, kom lub siab siab tshwm sim los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tau siv rau nws.. Txij li thaum tsis muaj cov kws tsim vaj tsev Southerner muaj peev xwm ua kom haum ib lub phab ntsa tuab ib yam li Parrott tus tsim, cov kab me me tau siv, txhua feem ntau yog 2 "(51 mm) tuab thiab 6" (152 mm) dav. Txhua lub thooj av ntawm Brook rab phom muaj xya rab phom sab xis hauv rab phom. Cov duab ntawm lub tsev them nyiaj yog lub khob hliav qab txiav nrog lub hauv qab hemispherical, tab sis rau 6, 4-nti phom nws tsuas yog cylindrical.
Tab sis cov neeg nyob sab qab teb tau tso tseg tsis yog los ntawm thev naus laus zis, tab sis kuj yog los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev tsim khoom, uas tau qis thiab yog li ua rau muaj feem pua ntawm kev tsis lees paub. Yog li, tawm ntawm 54 Brukov xya-nti phom ua hauv Selma, tsuas yog 39 tus muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov kev xeem, thiab tawm ntawm 27 rab phom 6-nti-tsuas yog 15. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no kuj yog qhob cij, thiab yog li ntawd Brook cov phom tau txiav txim siab riam phom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov neeg sab qab teb thiab sim siv lawv nrog kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws. Tshwj xeeb, ob rab phom zoo li no tau teeb tsa thawj zaug kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov xeev yav qab teb "Virginia". Battleships Atlanta, Columbia, Jackson kuj tau txais ob rab phom zoo li no, thiab ntxiv rau lawv, muaj lwm lub nkoj ntawm Confederation. Los ntawm txoj kev, ob rab phom uas tau teeb tsa ntawm lub turntables ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua Atlanta tau muaj txoj sia nyob niaj hnub no thiab tam sim no tau nthuav tawm hauv Willard Park ntawm Washington Naval Dockyard.
Brook kuj tau tsim cov kab sib xyaw ua ke, uas tau tsim ua cov lej me me los ntawm tib lub Tredegar thiab Selma cov chaw tsim khoom. Ob rab phom tau muaj txoj sia nyob, ib qho yog nyob hauv Columbia University Park hauv Washington DC. Xyoo 1864, Selma nrum kaum ob rab phom 11-inch, tab sis tsuas yog yim leej tau xa mus rau pem hauv ntej. Ib qho nyob niaj hnub no hauv Columbus, Georgia.
Brook cov phom tua ob rab phom-tho thiab foob pob tawg ntawm nws tus kheej tsim. Thawj yog lub tog raj kheej nrog lub qhov ntswg ntsiag to, uas muaj lub ntsej muag ntse, nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim (raws li F. Engels sau txog qhov no hauv nws lub sijhawm) txhawm rau txo qhov muaj feem yuav ua rau neeg nplua nuj thaum tsoo lub tsho tiv thaiv. Lawv feem ntau raug xa mus rau "bolts" hauv cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm lub sijhawm. Raws li, lub foob pob tawg tau hollow thooj voos kheej kheej nrog lub ntsej muag sib npaug lossis taw qhia. Lawv tau ntim nrog cov hmoov dub thiab muaj lub fuse percussion yooj yim. Brook's cov phom loj tua cov phom loj ntawm lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv phom thiab hollow kheej kheej tawg ntawm lub hom phiaj tsis muaj tub rog.
Tab sis Norman Wiard tau koom nrog lub yeej rog sib txawv. Nws yog tus kws tshaj lij kev lag luam hauv Ontario, Canada, los ntawm tsev neeg ntawm cov kws hlau thiab kws ua hlau, thiab yog tus tsim nws lub neej tag nrho. Ua ntej tsov rog, nws tau txais daim ntawv tso cai rau lub nkoj ua pa uas tuaj yeem txav nrog cov neeg caij tsheb thiab thauj khoom ntawm cov dej khov thiab cov dej khov. Nws kuj tau patented lub rhaub dej kub uas nws muag rau tsoomfwv Meskas thiab Nyij Pooj rau $ 72,000 thiab $ 80,000, feem, thiab tau teeb tsa rau ntawm 32 lub nkoj hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas Tub Rog.
Thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Zaum Ob, Wiard tau ua haujlwm raws li pab tub rog Union cov mos txwv pov tseg, uas ua rau nws muaj kev paub zoo txog teeb meem khoom siv. Nws tsis nyiam qhov tseeb tias tsoomfwv cov tub rog muaj "tsis muaj tsawg dua cuaj yam sib txawv ntawm cov phom thiab cov phom uas yooj yim," uas ua rau nws nyuaj heev rau muab cov mos txwv rau cov tub rog. Yog li ntawd, nws tsim ob rab phom sib txawv uas nws ntseeg tias tuaj yeem muab lwm txoj hauv kev rau sab qaum teb cov phom loj xav tau: rab phom loj 2.6-inch 6-pound thiab 4.6-inch du-bore 12-pounder howitzer. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1861 thiab 1862, thaum Asmeskas Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob, kwv yees li 60 ntawm nws rab phom tau tsim los ntawm O'Donnell Foundry hauv New York, thiab nws tau sau tseg tias "txawm hais tias riam phom tau pom zoo heev, lawv zoo li tsis nrov". Nws tau sim, txawm hais tias ua tsis tiav, los tsim rab phom loj 20-inch (510-mm) thiab muaj peev xwm ua ob rab phom 15-inch (381-mm) rau US Navy, ib qho uas tau sim, tab sis qhov no rab phom tsis tau tsim ntau.
Ib rab phom hnyav 6 phaus (2.72 kg) muaj lub qhov taub ntawm 2.6 ntiv (66 hli), thiab rab phom mos txwv muaj kaum ob phaus (5.44 kg), qhov taub ntawm 3.67 nti (93 hli). Cov phom ntawm thawj rab phom yog lub tog raj kheej thoob plaws, tab sis lub tshuab raj hauv nws sab nraub qaum muaj lub chav rau cov hmoov hmoov ntawm txoj kab uas hla me dua lub qhov. Nws yog 53 ntiv tes (135 cm) ntev thiab hnyav 725 phaus (329 kg). Kev tua ntau ntawm 35 ° yog 7000 yards (6400 m) nrog tus txheej txheem hmoov tus nqi ntawm 0.75 phaus (0.34 kg).
Cov plhaub tau siv nrog qhov hnyav ntawm 2.72 kg ntawm Hotchkiss tsim. Lawv sib txawv los ntawm txhua lwm qhov muzzle-loading projectiles rau cov phom phom hauv qee yam ntawm lawv cov qauv. Qhov projectile muaj lub taub hau taub hau, muaj lub foob pob tawg, muab tso rau hauv nws ib nrab ntawm lub tog raj kheej, thiab lub pallet uas muaj lub ntsej muag ua ntej uas mus hauv qab lub tog raj kheej zinc. Ntxiv mus, qee qhov sib txawv tseem nyob ntawm lub pallet thiab lub taub hau. Thaum raug rho tawm, cov hmoov av tau nias ntawm lub pallet, uas tau txav mus rau tom ntej thiab nrog nws lub hauv ntej lub hauv paus ib feem nias tawm tsam phab ntsa ntawm lub tog raj kheej zinc los ntawm sab hauv. Lawv, ntawm chav kawm, tib lub sijhawm txav sib nrug, nias rau hauv qhov zawj thiab tom qab ntawd lawv twb tau ua tag nrho cov projectile raws nws!
Lub thoob tau raug pov los ntawm cov hlau tsis yooj yim thiab tau teeb tsa ntawm lub log tsheb uas tau tsim tshwj xeeb los ntawm Viard. Cov phom thav duab phom tau sib nrug deb txaus kom lub thoob tuaj yeem tig tau dawb ntawm cov ntoo. Tus kws tsim qauv tau ntxiv cov ntsia hlau nqa ntev, ua rau nws tuaj yeem tua hluav taws ntawm qhov siab ntawm lub thoob mus txog 35 °, uas yog, rab phom tau txais cov cuab yeej ntawm lub tshuab raj. Kev tsim kho tshiab suav nrog lub hauv paus tiaj tiaj nrog cov kab hlau, uas tiv thaiv cov neeg qhib los ntawm kev khawb mus rau hauv av thaum rov zoo li qub, thiab muaj kev vam meej ntau dua kev nqa tsheb. Cov phom rov qab yog vim li ntawd qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lwm cov phom ntawm cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb, uas, ntawm chav kawm, txaus siab rau cov tub rog loj, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yuav tsum xa lawv rab phom mus rau nws qhov qub tom qab txhua qhov kev tua. Ob lub ntsej muag pem hauv ntej thiab tom qab ntawm lub thoob muaj lub ntsej muag hla rau lub hom phiaj meej, thiab lub nraub qaum pom kuj tuaj yeem hloov kho tau kab rov tav.
Ib qho ntxiv, Viard muaj peev xwm los nrog qee yam uas tsis muaj ua ntej nws: lub log ntoo ntawm kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov, suav nrog ntu hloov pauv. Ua ntej ntawd, txhua lub log ntawm cov tsheb thauj phom phom tau ruaj khov. Yog tias lub log tau raug puas tsuaj hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, tom qab ntawd rab phom tsis tuaj yeem tua thiab lub log feem ntau hloov pauv. Tab sis nws yog kev ua haujlwm ntau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab hluav taws. Lub log Wiard suav nrog ntu uas yooj yim txuas rau ib leeg. Thiab yog tias qee qhov ntawm lub log puas, tag nrho lub log los ntawm lub qag tsis tas yuav raug tshem tawm. Tsuas yog ib feem puas tau hloov. Cov khoom sib pauv tau rau cov caj npab me me thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog tau dhau los lawm, tab sis tseem tsis tau pom ib tus neeg tuaj yeem hloov tau cov log log ntoo.
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Viard tau them nyiaj ntau rau kev kawm txog lub zog ntawm rab phom thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev nthuav dav cua sov ntawm lub thoob ntawm qhov ua tau ntawm nws qhov tawg thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm. Qhov tshwm sim yog daim ntawv cog lus nruab nrab ntawm Tebchaws Meskas Lub Chaw Haujlwm Tub Rog Tub Rog nyob rau hauv kev hais kom ua ntawm Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren nrog Wiarda lub tuam txhab rau kev tsim ob rab phom 15-nti (381-mm) ntawm qhov hnyav ib yam nkaus tho qhov 15-nti (381-mm) Dahlgren's rab phom mos txwv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm Wiard tau them $ 10,750 rau txhua qhov riam phom ua raws li nws tsim. Tab sis tom qab ntawv tsoomfwv tau yuav lawv los ntawm nws. Qhov tshwm sim yog kab tias yog ib qho riam phom uas nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab txawv txawv uas tau muaj nyob hauv ntiaj teb. Lub thoob, zoo li Dahlgren's Columbiades, tau ua kom khov. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws tag nrho cov nqaj tau raug khawb nrog ntau txoj hauv kev nqaim uas ua haujlwm rau txias, qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm stiffeners uas txhawb nqa lub thoob thiab muaj hom S-puab khoov. Xws li cov txheej txheem nyuaj tsis tsuas yog hnyav dua, tab sis kuj muaj zog ntau dua vim muaj ntau yam txias txias ntawm lub thoob thaum lub sij hawm pov tseg. Muaj tseeb, ib qho ntawm cov phom "tuag" thaum txheej txheem pov tseg, tab sis qhov thib ob tau pov tseg zoo heev, thiab tseem ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm qhov ntau. Tsis muaj kev xaj ntxiv ua raws, txawm hais tias daim duab kos nrog qhov pom zoo ntawm 20-nti (510-mm) rab phom tau khaws cia.
Tsawg kawg 24 6-phaus phom Wiard tau muaj sia nyob txog niaj hnub no. Piv txwv li, ib rab phom sawv ntawm Fayette County Lub Tsev Hais Plaub hauv Uniontown, Pennsylvania, ob ntawm US Army Field Artillery Museum hauv Fort Silla, Oklahoma, plaub ntawm Shiloh National Military Park, thiab ob ntawm Stones River National Battlefield hauv Tennessee.
Nws kuj tau tsim qhov tshiab 6-pounder projectile, uas tau muab ntau dua li lwm qhov projectiles, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tawg: 40-60 daim. Lwm qhov zoo dua yog qhov no 6-phaus projectile tuaj yeem tsim tawm ntawm tus nqi qis dua li lwm cov phom phom. Nws tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Hotchkiss projectile, yog li cov phom tau tua lawv nrog qhov tseeb zoo.
Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1862Brigadier General Franz Siegel tau sau ntawv rau Wiardo ntawm nws rab phom tias "lawv kev txav mus los, qhov tseeb thiab ntau yam … ua ke nrog lawv cov kev pabcuam zoo tshaj plaws thiab kho lub peev xwm hauv thaj tsam ua rau cov phom no yog qhov kev qhuas thoob plaws ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog. Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, koj cov phom loj zoo dua li cov phom loj uas kuv tau pom dua."
