Ib kwj ntws hauv ntsuab, Thiab ib sab ntawm nws yog lub monument rau tus phab ej.
Thov kom lub hwjchim ci ntsa iab rau lawv, Cov tub txaus siab rau lawv txoj kev thaj yeeb.
Thov kom tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov neeg tua rog nyob mus ib txhis, Kev ywj pheej bequeathed rau peb.
Cia tus chij ntawm cov txiv tsis ncaj ncees
Ob lub sijhawm thiab qhov xwm txheej tau ploj mus.
Riam phom los ntawm tsev cia puav pheej. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, muaj ntau lub monuments tau tsim los nco txog Tsov Rog Zaum Ob. Nws tau ntev tau pom tias yog tias lawv ua piv txwv tus tub rog, tom qab ntawd lawv tsis zoo li sib ntaus, tab sis nkees heev. Ib tug tub rog sawv rau nws tus kheej, khoov rab phom, txhua yam ntsiab lus ntawm cov khaub ncaws zoo ib leeg rau ib qho, tab sis tus cwj pwm zoo li ntawd tib lub sijhawm nws zoo li tau so, thiab tsis khiav, hais, mus rau kev tawm tsam nrog rab phom ntawm kev npaj. Tsis muaj cov cim liab qab nrog pawg ntawm cov leeg ib yam nkaus. Sawv daws hnav zoo. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, raws li keeb kwm monuments, muaj ntau tus naj npawb ntawm ntau rab phom loj tau nthuav tawm nyob ntawd, thiab tsis yog ib zaug, tab sis feem ntau nrog cov roj teeb tag nrho. Thiab tib lub sijhawm ntau yam sib txawv! Lub sijhawm kawg peb tham txog Parrot's phom-hlau phom, hnub no peb yuav txuas ntxiv peb zaj dab neeg txog phom ntawm Asmeskas Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob: peb yuav tham txog ob rab phom thiab rab phom uas siv los ntawm cov tub rog.
Txhawm rau pib nrog, feem ntau cov phom loj rau ob sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb thaum pib ua tsov rog yog Napoleon smoothbore muzzle-loading bronze cannon, yog li muaj npe vim nws tau ua qauv ntawm Fabkis tus qauv. Nws tau tua puag ncig cov phom loj, sib foob pob lossis foob pob, thiab raug thawb tawm ntawm lub qhov ncauj. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm cov phom no yog lawv cov hluav taws kub ntau. Yog li, ib tus neeg ua haujlwm tau kawm tiav tuaj yeem tua ib zaug txhua 30 feeb. "Napoleons" tau siv ob hom: lub teeb rau-phaus caliber 3.67 "thiab hnyav dua 12-phaus caliber 4.462". Cov tsheb thauj mus los tau siv hauv 1841 tus qauv.
Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias xyoo 1861 cov phom zoo li lub ntsej muag tiag tiag. Thiab txhawm rau hloov kho lawv niaj hnub no, tus kws tshaj lij los ntawm Rhode Island, Charles T. James (1805-1862) tau tawm tswv yim los hloov cov phom no los ntawm rab phom mus rau rab phom, uas yuav ua phom rau hauv lawv lub cev. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo sib xws, ntau pua rab phom tau raug kho dua tshiab, vim tias qhov ntau thiab qhov raug ntawm kev tua los ntawm lawv tau nce ntau. Ib qho ntxiv, tam sim no nws dhau los ua tau los ntawm lawv cov thooj voos kheej kheej ntawm Parrot thiab James nws tus kheej. Thawj, cylindrical, muaj tooj liab "phaj" hauv qab ntu, uas txiav rau hauv qhov zawj. Qhov thib ob zoo ib yam li lub qe taw, tab sis sab nrauv lawv zoo li lub ntsej muag zoo li lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ua tsaug rau lub taub hau cylindrical muab tso rau hauv qab, uas hollow sab hauv. Thaum raug rho tawm, cov pa nkev nias nws cov phab ntsa mus rau hauv qhov zawj, thiab qhov projectile, tig, ya tawm ntawm lub thoob. Nws tsuas yog tig tawm tias tooj liab tseem yog cov hlau mos muag heev, thiab thaum tua, cov phom ntawm cov phom ntawd tau nrawm nrawm.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb nyiam lub tswv yim, thiab lawv tau pib tsis yog txhawm rau txhim kho Napoleons qub xwb, tab sis kuj tseem raug pov los ntawm tooj dag qhov tshiab-barreled 14-phaus James phom ntev phom, uas tseem pom siv hauv kev ua tsov rog.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Charles T. James tau tsim cov phom phom uas muaj npe hu ua tom qab nws. Muaj tseeb tiag, cov kws paub keeb kwm Asmeskas zoo li Warren Ripley thiab James Hazlett ntseeg tias lo lus "James gun" nws tus kheej tsuas yog siv rau kev siv phom loj ntawm 3.8 "(97 mm) rau qhov tua hluav taws ntawm lawv tus kheej tsim thiab tias nws tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev du. tau ntim cov phom loj ntawm 3.67 ntiv tes (93 hli), uas tau txiav rau kev tua lub foob pob los ntawm James lossis rab phom ntawm lwm qhov ntsuas, hloov pauv raws li nws txoj kev.
Raws li tau sau tseg ntawm no, thaum pib ua tsov rog, siv ntau rab phom 6-pounder (2.72 kg) tooj liab tooj liab tooj liab, uas tom qab ntawd phom ntev, thiab rab phom loj yog 3.67 ntiv tes (93 hli). Lawv tau muab cais ua "phom 6-phaus phom" lossis "James rab phom 12-phaus (5.44 kg)". Zoo, reaming ntawm tej kas tham kuj tau xyaum los tshem tawm lawv cov hnav, uas tseem tau pom hauv rab phom du. Thawj hom feem ntau hu ua "James 12-pounder" thiab ob, reamed, yog "James 14-pounder".
Charles James koom tes nrog Ames Manufacturing Company, Chicopee, Massachusetts, qhov uas nws tsim ntau qhov kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm 1841 tus qauv phom. Thawj tsib qhov kev xaiv yog tooj liab, thaum zaum kawg yog hlau. Tus neeg tsim khoom tuag thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1862, raug mob hnyav ua rau muaj xwm txheej (lub foob pob hluav taws tau tawg ntawm ob txhais tes ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm tom ntej uas nws tau sawv), thiab nrog nws lub koob npe nrov ntawm nws rab phom thiab lub plhaub uas nws tsim rau lawv tau ploj mus. Qhov laj thawj yog kev sib tsoo nrawm ntawm rab phom ntawm cov phom ntawm cov cuab yeej tooj dag.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws cov phom loj ua tau zoo thaum lub foob pob ntawm Fort Pulaski thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1862, qhov uas lawv tau siv ua ke nrog Parrott cov phom loj. Kev poob sai ntawm Fort Pulaski yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm James system rau kev ua tsov rog ntawm Sab Qaum Teb thiab Sab Qab Teb. Muaj ntau dua 150 James 14-pounder cannons tseem muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no, ntau yam uas nyob hauv Shiloh National Military Park, Tennessee, suav nrog ntau dua tsib caug rab phom 6 phom hnyav rau 3.8 caliber thiab phom ntev.
Ob peb ntawm James 14-phaus phom loj tau pom nyob hauv Kev Sib Tw ntawm Manassas National Park hauv Virginia, qhov uas lawv tau tawm tsam hauv Thawj Kev Sib Tw ntawm Bull Run li Rhode Island thawj lub roj teeb.
Lwm tus neeg tsim khoom uas tau pab txhawb kev tsim cov phom loj thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Zaum Ob ntawm Sab Qaum Teb thiab Sab Qab Teb yog Sylvanus Sawyer (1822-1895), uas yog menyuam yaus ua rau pom kev nyiam rau kev tsim khoom. Raws li ib tug me nyuam tub, nws tau tsim thiab tsim lub cev reed. Vim yog kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, tab sis kawm paub ua tus kws siv phom, thiab xyoo 1843, thaum ua haujlwm hauv lub Hoobkas Boston hauv lub tshuab rhiav, tau tsim lub tshuab los ua rattan. Ntau tshaj li ib txhiab daus las tau siv los tsim lub tshuab zoo li no, tab sis Sawyer tau ua tiav, tau txais daim ntawv patent ("rattan txiav txheej txheem") thiab, ua ke nrog nws tus tij laug Joseph, qhib kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov rooj zaum. Nws qhov kev tsim khoom tau hais tias tau hloov pauv kev tsim cov rooj tog zaum, uas tau hloov pauv los ntawm Sab Qab Teb Is Nrias teb, Tuam Tshoj thiab Netherlands mus rau Tebchaws Meskas.
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1853, nws tau tsim ob peb rab phom phom loj, uas tau muaj ntawv pov thawj xyoo 1855. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim yog siv cov hlau lead txhawm rau txiav cov projectile mus rau hauv rab phom thiab tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm cov pa roj thaum raug rho tawm. Qhov zoo siab, lub sijhawm ntawd, ntau tus neeg tsim khoom tau daws qhov teeb meem no zoo heev, yog thawj txoj hauv kev. Piv txwv li, ib tus neeg Shankl tau thov lub ntsej muag zoo li lub kua muag uas muaj lub ntsej muag rov qab thiab tav tav ntawm nws qhov chaw. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub khob no, lub hau tshwj xeeb tau muab tso rau, ua … ntawm papier-mâché, uas nthuav tawm los ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov hmoov av, zoo li yog nws nkag mus rau hauv rab phom ntawm lub thoob thiab, thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm, tig nws tus kheej thiab tig lub projectile muab tso rau nws, thiab tom qab ntawd cov cua ntws los ntawm nws, tsuas yog lub hau no tawg mus.
Vim yog lub conical puab, qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm cov projectile ib txwm nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub axis, uas yog vim li cas nws lub davhlau tau raug raws li qhov ya davhlau ntawm lub xub nrog cov lus qhia loj heev. Tab sis lub plhaub Shankl kuj tseem muaj qhov tsis zoo: "iav" feem ntau swell los ntawm kev ntub dej, txawm hais tias tom qab qhov no tau raug tshem tawm nrog kev pab ntawm lub plhaub tshwj xeeb zinc, uas tau muab tso rau saum nws.
Thiab tom qab ntawd Sawyer pib tsim cov phom phom hlau thiab xyoo 1857-1858, ua ke nrog nws tus tij laug Addison, nws ua tiav sim phom nrog 24-phaus (5.86-nti) chim. Tom qab ntawd 42-phaus phom loj thiab phom rau lawv xyoo 1859 tau sim ntawm Fort Monroe. Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Saib Xyuas Kev Tsov Rog tau tshaj tawm tias qhov ua tau zoo ntawm rab phom loj thiab phom loj thaum kawg tau ruaj khov. Nws tau pom zoo kom ua plaub rab phom rau kev sim hauv pab tub rog, tab sis tom qab ntawd Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob pib hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Thawj rab phom hlau 9-phaus phom tau xaj thaum Lub Rau Hli 1861 thiab tau tsim sai tom qab ntawd. Tom qab ntawd rab phom 24 phaus, tsim los ntawm Sawyer, tau teeb tsa hauv Newport News, Virginia, thiab ib qho tau teeb tsa ntawm Rip Raps (Fort Calhoun, tom qab Fort Wool) nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm tib lub xyoo 1861. Cov phom loj ntawm Fort Wool tsuas yog rab phom Union nkaus xwb ntawm Hampton Roads uas tuaj yeem tua hluav taws ntawm Confederate fort nyob ntawm peb thiab ib nrab mais deb, uas nws tau ua nrog qhov tseeb, ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov nyob ntawd. Qee cov Sawyer cov phom poob rau ntawm cov nkoj ntawm cov neeg sab qaum teb, qhov uas lawv kuj ua tau zoo heev.
Tom qab Sawyer tau lees tias nws tau ua tsis ncaj ncees thaum Tsov Rog Zaum Ob. Nws daim ntawv patents tau siv, tab sis nws yeej tsis tau txais dab tsi rau nws. Xyoo 1864-1865. nws tau tsim lub rooj cob qhia tshwj xeeb foob pob, tos kev xaj los ntawm Asmeskas, Mexico, Brazil thiab Chile, tab sis tom qab ntawd kev tsov rog tau xaus thiab nws yuav tsum tau rov tsim kho dua.
Tab sis nws tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj rau cov cuab yeej siv lub tshuab ntsuas pa hauv xyoo 1867, lub tshuab ua pa hauv xyoo 1868, lub tshuab xaws hauv xyoo 1876, thiab lub tshuab dhos tus kheej rau tus kheej hauv xyoo 1882. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau tsim cov cuab yeej tsim khoom rau cov saib, tab sis sai sai no tawm ntawm txoj kev lag luam no thiab xav paub txog kev ua liaj ua teb. Thaum pib xyoo 1890, nws tau tsim cov chiv tsim los ntawm kev lim dej los ntawm lub nroog Fitchburg. Feem ntau, Sawyer txoj kev koom tes yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, raws li nws tau tsim tsawg kawg tsib yam ntawm cov phom me me thiab cov kab zoo ib yam rau lawv, suav nrog cov mos txwv thiab cov phom, nrog rau cov nqi tsub. Zoo, rab phom 9-pounder Sawyer, uas tau xaj rau nws thaum Lub Rau Hli 1861, dhau los, qhov tseeb, thawj rab phom hlau phom ntawm Asmeskas Tub Rog.
Ib qho ntawm nws 24-phaus phaus tau khaws cia ua ib lub monument hauv Allegany, New York. Qhov tsis txawv txav, nws tsuas muaj ob nqaim nqaim hauv qhov!
