Cov xov tooj 39
Sverdlovsk. Xyoo 1942. TsNII-48 tab tom kawm ntes cov phom loj raws li tau thov rau kev nkag mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam cov tso tsheb hlau luam hauv tsev. Nws tsis yog tib lub koom haum koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb ntxaws ntxaws ntawm kev tua phom loj ntawm German. Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam ntawm Cov Thawj Coj Hluav Taws Xob, Cov Thawj Coj Ua Haujlwm Loj thiab Tus Thawj Coj Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab, rau qib sib txawv, pab txhawb rau kev tshawb fawb. Nyias, tsim chav lis haujlwm ntawm tsob ntoo 112 (Krasnoe Sormovo) ua haujlwm, qhov twg, ntawm lwm yam, kev xaiv rau cov cuab yeej ntxiv rau T-34 tau ua tiav. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntau heev sau los ntawm 1942, TsNII-48 hauv Sverdlovsk tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom tsis pub lwm tus paub ntawm nqe lus 39 "Kev kawm txog kev nkag mus tob tob ntawm German ntes cov phom nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej ntawm peb lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab txhim kho kev ntsuas los tawm tsam lawv." Thaum pib ntawm cov khoom siv, peb tab tom tham txog ntau hom caws pliav siv los ntawm cov neeg German nyob rau hauv cov tsheb tiv thaiv hauv tsev, thiab hais txog kev nkag mus siab. Nws yog rau cov laj thawj no uas txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm Hitler lub plhaub hauv Soviet Union tau txais qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb.
Cov tub rog German thiab cov tsav tsheb, raws li kev txawj ntse hauv xyoo 1942, muaj cov khoom siv phom loj tiv thaiv lub tank nrog kev xaiv loj ntawm cov ntsuas. Cov kws tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Soviet faib cov phom German rau hauv peb chav kawm: thawj nrog lub peev xwm txog li 37 hli, qhov thib ob - los ntawm 37 txog 75 hli suav nrog, thiab qhov thib peb - ntau dua 75 hli. Hauv qhov kev faib tawm no, suav 22 hom phom loj uas suav nrog Czechslovak 37-mm M-34 phom tiv thaiv lub tank thiab 47-mm Skoda rab phom, nrog rau Puteaux 47-mm anti-tank phom ntawm xyoo 1937. Nws tau sau tseg tias Wehrmacht tseem siv 7 lub tsheb tiv thaiv, rab phom ntev 92 mm tiv thaiv lub tank thiab txawm tias 15-mm Czechoslovak phom tshuab hnyav. Txawm hais tias muaj cov khoom siv dav dav, Cov neeg German feem ntau siv 37 mm thiab 50 mm calibers tiv thaiv cov tso tsheb hlau luam Soviet - tsuas yog vim tias muaj cov phom no ntau dua. Nrog lawv, peb yuav pib zaj dab neeg txog qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov mos txwv ntes hauv qhov tob ntawm Soviet lub tsheb tom qab.
Thaum xub thawj, lub plhaub tau raug tso tawm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cartridge thiab tso tawm. Hauv 37-mm cov cuab yeej-tho cov cuab yeej nrhiav, ib tus tuaj yeem pom 13 grams ntawm phlegmatized pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), uas yog qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov cuam tshuam. Cov fuses feem ntau yog qis ua qeeb. Hauv Czechoslovak 37-mm shells, TNT qee zaum siv. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv riam phom German thawb sabot projectile ntawm xyoo 1940 tus qauv tsis muaj cov foob pob tawg kiag li, muaj qhov hnyav txo mus rau 355 grams thiab pib nrawm txog 1200 m / s. Tom qab qhov projectile tau tawg los ntawm cov khoom tawg, nws tau txiav nrog cov kab sib luag ntawm qhov sib luag kom tshem tawm cov duab kos thiab ntsuas qhov hnyav hauv ntau qhov chaw. Thawj qhov yog lub taub hau ntse rab phom-tho qhov projectile nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 37 hli. Raws li nws tau muab tawm, lub cev ntawm qhov projectile yog homogeneous, tig los ntawm cov khoom forging ntawm high-carbon chromium hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Cov kws siv phom German tshwj xeeb ua rau tawv taub hau rau qhov tawv tawv txog li 2, 6-2, 7 raws li Brinell. Tus so ntawm lub plhaub yog pliable ntau dua - lub qhov taub txog 3.0 Brinell. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej pom pom cov hauv qab no "vinaigrette": C- 0, 80-0, 97%, Si- 0, 35-0, 40, Mn- 0, 35- 0, 50, Cr - 1, 1%(cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb), Ni - 0.23%, Mo - 0.09%, P - 0.018%thiab S - 0.013%. Cov seem ntawm cov hlau tsis huv yog hlau thiab kab ntawv ntawm lwm yam tsis huv. Qhov ua tau zoo dua 37 -mm APCR projectile, qhov tseeb dua, nws cov tub ntxhais, suav nrog W - 85.5%, C - 5.3%thiab Si - 3.95%.
Cov no yog cov classic German coils, uas, txawm li cas los xij, ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg ntsuas hauv tsev. Lub siab tawv tawv tungsten carbide core ntawm 37-mm projectile muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 16 mm thiab qhov siab tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb nrog rau qhov zuag qhia tag nrho ntawm cov mos txwv. Kev sim tau qhia tias tam sim no lub foob pob tsoo lub tsho tiv thaiv, lub lauj kaub tais diav tau tawg, ua ib hom mandrel rau cov tub ntxhais, tso cai rau nws nkag mus rau hauv cov cuab yeej. Tsis tas li, lub pallet lossis kauj, raws li cov ntsuas ntsuas hu nws, ua kom lub hauv paus los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntxov ntxov. Cov lus sib dhos-rau-reel ntawm qhov projectile nws tus kheej tau xaiv ib leeg kom txuag tau qhov hnyav thiab tau ua los ntawm cov hlau me me nrog qhov nyuaj txog li 4-5 Brinell. Cov phom loj me me yog qhov txaus ntshai heev, feem ntau yog rau cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv nruab nrab, uas tau nruab nrog hnyav KV. Thaum ntsib kev nyuaj-siab tawv ntawm T-34 cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, cov tub ntxhais tungsten carbide uas tsis muaj zog muaj feem yuav ua rau tawg yooj yim. Tab sis cov kauj hlau no kuj muaj nws qhov tsis zoo. Thaum xub thawj, qhov nrawm nrawm txog 1200 m / s, vim yog lub cev tsis zoo lub cev tsis zoo, sai sai rau ntawm txoj kev taug thiab nyob deb deb qhov kev tua tsis zoo li qub lawm.
Caliber hlob tuaj
Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog 50-mm shells. Cov no yog cov mos txwv loj dua, qhov hnyav uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag ob kilograms, uas tsuas yog 16 grams poob rau ntawm cov cua sov phlegmatized. Xws li lub taub hau ntse taub hau tau sib txawv hauv nws cov qauv. Nws lub taub hau ua los ntawm cov pa roj carbon siab nrog Brinell hardness ntawm 2, 4-2, 45, thiab lub cev tseem ceeb ntawm qhov projectile tau softer-txog li 2, 9. Xws li kev sib txawv tau ua tiav tsis yog tshwj xeeb tawv, tab sis los ntawm kev siv vuam yooj yim. ntawm lub taub hau. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau hais tias qhov kev npaj ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv phom sij tau muab nkag siab zoo hauv cov cuab yeej sib xyaw thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov cuab yeej ua kom tawv tawv, uas yog kev tiv thaiv ntawm T-34. Hauv qhov no, qhov chaw ntawm kev sib cuag vuam ntawm lub taub hau taub hau yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov kab nrib pleb tsim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog. Txawm tias ua ntej tsov rog, TsNII-48 tus kws tshaj lij tau sim cov phom German zoo sib xws tiv thaiv cov phaj sib xyaw hauv tsev thiab paub ua ntej txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov mos txwv mos txwv. Ntawm cov ntes cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov phom zoo li tseem muaj cov reel-to-reel sub-caliber shells. Kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj ntawm cov tub ntxhais ntawm 50-mm mos txwv tau qhia tias muaj qhov sib txawv los ntawm 37-mm cov neeg sib tw. Tshwj xeeb, hauv tungsten carbide alloy, muaj tsawg dua W nws tus kheej - txog 69.8%, ntxiv rau C - txog 4.88%thiab Si - 3.6%, tab sis Cr tshwm sim nyob rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 0.5%. Pom tseeb, nws tau raug nqi rau German kev lag luam los tsim cov cores kim nrog txoj kab uas hla 20 mm siv cov thev naus laus zis siv rau 37-mm APCR shells. Yog tias peb rov qab mus rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntse ntse taub hau 50-mm armor-piercing shells, nws hloov tawm tias nws tsis txawv ntau ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais hluas: C-0, 6-0, 8%, Si-0.23- 0, 25%, Mn - 0, 32%, Cr - 1, 12-1, 5%, Ni - 0, 13-0, 39%, Mo - 0, 21%, P - 0, 013-0, 018 % thiab S - 0, 023% … Yog tias peb tham txog kev txuag cov neeg German twb tau nyob hauv thawj xyoo ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, nws tsim nyog hais txog txoj siv sia ntawm lub plhaub, uas tau ua los ntawm cov hlau, txawm hais tias thev naus laus zis xav tau tooj liab.
Subcaliber shells tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Yelemees xyoo 1940. Cov tub rog hauv tsev tej zaum muaj qee cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv, tab sis lub rooj sib tham nrog lub plhaub nruab nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tuaj ua rau txhua tus xav tsis thoob. Xws li 50-mm projectile tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog thiab tau npaj ncaj qha rau cov cuab yeej ua kom tawv tawv tawv ntawm Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam. Cov mos txwv muaj lub taub hau welded ntawm qhov nyuaj, uas cov cuab yeej-tho qhov taub ntawm chromium hlau nrog qhov tawv tawv txog li 2, 9 raws li Brinell tau muab tso rau saum. Raws li lawv hais hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom:
"Cov lus qhia txuas nrog lub taub hau projectile los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ua kom yaj qis, uas ua rau kev sib txuas ntawm qhov taub mus rau qhov projectile muaj zog heev."
Lub xub ntiag ntawm rab phom-tho qhov taub tau nce qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv riam phom, ntawm ib sab, vim kev khaws cia los ntawm kev puas tsuaj, qhov projectile tau los rau lub neej nyob rau thawj lub sijhawm ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tawv tawv tawv hnyav (nyeem: T-34 ntu), ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tau nce lub kaum sab xis. Thaum ntaus ntawm cov ces kaum loj (ntau dua 45 degrees) los ntawm qhov ib txwm muaj, cov lus qhia "tom" cov cuab yeej ua rog, zoo li nws yog, pab qhov projectile kom ua tau zoo rau lub phaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub zog ua khub. Yooj yim muab, lub projectile tig me ntsis ntawm kev cuam tshuam thiab tawm tsam lub tank ntawm lub kaum sab xis zoo dua. Ntawm TsNII-48, cov lus xaus no tseem tau lees paub los ntawm kev ua phom phom ntawm Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam hauv chaw kuaj mob.
Tom qab ua tib zoo tshawb fawb ntawm 37-mm thiab 50-mm projectiles ntawm ntau yam kev tsim qauv, cov kws sim sim pib ua haujlwm tua hluav taws. Txog qhov no, cov peev txheej ntawm ob qhov kev qhia tau raug nyiam: Sverdlovsky kev qhia hauv av ntawm cov phom loj 9 thiab Gorokhovetsky cov phom loj tshawb fawb sim hauv av (ANIOP) hauv lub zos Mulino. Cov koom haum yog cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm TsNII-48 thiab Pawg Neeg Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab. Rau txoj haujlwm no, xyoo 1942, daim hlau ua kom tawv tawv tawv nrog tuab 35 hli, 45 hli thiab 60 hli, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab qhov hnyav nrog tuab 30 hli, 60 hli thiab 75 hli, tau npaj lawm. Hauv thawj kis, kev tiv thaiv lub tank T -34 tau ua raws, hauv qhov thib ob - KV.
