Txoj kev xav ntawm "nyiag yeej" lossis "thim rov qab" yog qhov kev ntseeg ruaj khov thiab txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm tiam 20th thiab tiam 21st. Lub sij hawm "thawb nraub qaum" tau siv thawj zaug thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 17, 1918, hauv Xov Xwm Tshiab Zurich. Tib qho kev sib tw ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees swb hauv Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis-Kaum Ob Hlis 1919 tau lees paub los ntawm ob tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog German: Erich Ludendorff thiab Paul von Hindenburg. Xyoo 1925, Social Democrat tus tshaj tawm Martin Gruber hu ua backstab theory fiction. Nationalist Kossman foob Gruber thiab yeej rooj plaub no. Gruber raug yuam kom raug nplua 3,000 Reichsmarks. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev raug tua nyob tom qab ntawm Social Democrats thiab cov neeg Yudais tau tas li los ntawm Nazi xov xwm thiab, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg, tsis yog tsis ua tiav. Xyoo 1930s - 1940s, feem coob ntawm cov neeg Germans ntseeg nyob rau tom qab.
Yog kev pab ntawm cov phooj ywg tseem ceeb
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1918, Asmeskas cov chav tuaj txog rau Sab Hnub Poob, thiab Cov Phoojywg tau pib tawm tsam. Thaum lub Cuaj Hli, Entente pab tub rog nyob rau sab hnub poob European theatre muaj 211 cov tub rog thiab 10 pab tub rog sib cais tawm tsam 190 tus tub rog German. Txog thaum kawg Lub Yim Hli, cov tub rog Asmeskas nyob hauv Fab Kis muaj txog 1.5 lab tus tib neeg, thiab thaum pib lub Kaum Ib Hlis nws ntau dua 2 lab tus tib neeg.
Ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev poob loj, Allied rog hauv peb lub hlis tau tswj hwm ua ntej txog 275 km dav mus rau qhov tob ntawm 50 txog 80 km. Txog Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1, 1918, kab hauv ntej tau pib ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Sab Hnub Poob, ob peb kilometers sab hnub poob ntawm Antwerp, tom qab ntawd hla Mons, Sedan thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau Swiss ciam teb, uas yog, txog rau hnub kawg, kev ua tsov rog tsuas yog tshwj xeeb hauv thaj av Belgian thiab Fabkis.
Thaum lub sijhawm Allied tawm tsam thaum Lub Xya Hli -Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, Cov Neeg German poob 785, 7 txhiab tus neeg raug tua, raug mob thiab raug ntes, Fabkis - 531 txhiab tus neeg, Askiv - 414 txhiab tus neeg, ntxiv rau, Asmeskas poob 148 txhiab tus neeg. Yog li, qhov kev poob ntawm cov phoojywg ntau tshaj qhov poob ntawm cov neeg German los ntawm 1,4 zaug. Yog li txhawm rau mus txog Berlin, Cov Phooj Ywg yuav plam tag nrho lawv cov tub rog, suav nrog Asmeskas.
Xyoo 1915-1916, Cov Neeg German tsis muaj lub tso tsheb hlau luam, tab sis tom qab ntawv German cov lus txib tau npaj lub tank loj loj tom qab xyoo 1918 - thaum ntxov xyoo 1919. Xyoo 1918, Kev lag luam German tau tsim 800 lub tso tsheb hlau luam, tab sis lawv feem ntau tsis tswj kom mus txog rau pem hauv ntej. Cov tub rog pib tau txais cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank thiab rab phom loj uas muaj rab phom loj, uas yooj yim thim cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tub rog Askiv thiab Fabkis. Kev tsim khoom loj ntawm 37 mm phom tiv thaiv lub tank pib.
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, tsis yog ib tus neeg German txaus ntshai (kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm yam tshiab kawg) raug tua. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, hais txog tus naj npawb ntawm dreadnoughts thiab sib ntaus sib tua cruisers, Lub teb chaws Yelemees yog 1, 7 zaug qis dua rau Askiv, tab sis German sib ntaus sib tua tau zoo dua rau cov phooj ywg sawv daws nyob hauv qhov zoo ntawm cov phom loj, kev tswj hluav taws, cov nkoj tsis txaus, thiab lwm yam. Txhua yam no tau ua pov thawj zoo hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua Jutland nto moo thaum lub Tsib Hlis 31 - Lub Rau Hli 1, 1916. Cia kuv ceeb toom koj tias kev sib ntaus sib tua tau kos, tab sis cov neeg Askiv poob ntau dua li cov neeg German.
Xyoo 1917, Cov Neeg German tau tsim 87 lub nkoj submarines, thiab tsis suav nrog 72 lub nkoj submarines los ntawm cov npe vim kev poob, cov laj thawj kev ua haujlwm, kev raug xwm txheej hauv nkoj thiab lwm yam. Xyoo 1918, 86 lub nkoj tau tsim, thiab 81 tau raug cais tawm ntawm cov npe. Muaj 141 lub nkoj nyob hauv qhov kev pabcuam. Thaum lub sijhawm kos npe rau ntawm kev swb, 64 lub nkoj tab tom tab tom tsim.
Raws li tus neeg tim khawv, Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Obolensky, tau sau tias, "thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1918, Cov tub rog German tau nkag mus rau Sevastopol nrog kev ua koob tsheej, thiab thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis lawv tau tawm mus, ua cov noob."
ANTANTA LUB BLUFF
Ob lub tebchaws Russia thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau raug coj mus rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog vim yog kev ruam ntawm lawv cov vaj ntxwv. Lavxias-German ciam teb, tsim nyob rau xyoo 1814, yog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tshaj plaws rau 100 xyoo thiab haum rau ob tog. Cov neeg saib pom kev deb ntawm ob lub xeev tsis xav kom muaj kev ua phem thiab tsis muaj kev cia siab rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Zoo, tom qab kev tawm tsam kev ua tsov rog, xov xwm ntawm ob lub tebchaws "kos tawm nrog saj", piav qhia kev ua phem ntawm Lavxias thiab Teutonic barbarians.
Tsis yog lub luag haujlwm tsawg tshaj plaws hauv kev lees paub ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau ua los ntawm kev hais lus zoo ntawm Entente. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 8, 1918, Thawj Tswj Hwm Woodrow Wilson tau thov kom muaj 14-point phiaj xwm kev thaj yeeb. Raws li nws, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yuav tsum tau muab Fabkis Alsace thiab Lorraine, kev tsim lub xeev Polish tau xav txog, tab sis nyob rau thaj tsam twg nws tsis meej. Txhua lub xeev, ob lub tebchaws Yelemes thiab Entente, yuav tsum tau tam sim tom qab qhov xaus ntawm kev thaj yeeb txo lawv cov tub rog mus rau "yam tsawg kawg nkaus", thiab ntxiv rau.
Hauv cov lus, Entente txhawb txoj kev npaj no. Tsheej lab ntawm cov neeg German tseem pom zoo rau nws. Kuv yuav nco ntsoov tias kev ua tsov rog qaug zog nyob hauv txhua lub tebchaws, suav nrog Entente. Cia peb rov nco txog kev tua neeg ntau txhiab leej tub rog Fab Kis hauv xyoo 1917. Thiab tom qab tsov rog, cov neeg ntawm Askiv thiab Fabkis, hauv txoj ntsiab cai, tsis xav koom nrog txawm tias ua tsov rog nrog tus yeeb ncuab tsis muaj zog. Hais lus rau kev tshem tawm ntawm pab tub rog Askiv los ntawm Russia thaum Lub Xya Hli 1919, Premier Lloyd George tshaj tawm tias "yog tias kev ua tsov rog txuas ntxiv mus, peb yuav tau txais Council ntawm Thames." Askiv thiab Fab Kis xyoo 1920-1922 tsis tau xa tub rog tawm tsam cov tub rog Turkish General Mustafa Kemal thiab txaj muag khiav tawm ntawm Constantinople thiab cheeb tsam Strait.
Lub teb chaws Yelemees lees txais Wilson txoj kev npaj, thim nws cov tub rog los ntawm Fabkis thiab Belgium, thiab pib tshem riam phom. Thiab nws yog thaum ntawd Entente hloov pauv nws txoj cai sai li sai tau. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1919, Daim Ntawv Cog Lus ntawm Versailles tau kos npe, raws li Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau tso tseg yuav luag ib feem peb ntawm nws thaj chaw. Cov tub rog German tau txo qis rau 100 txhiab leej. Ntxiv mus, nws tsis xav kom muaj cov tso tsheb hlau luam, tsheb tiv thaiv tub rog, txhua lub dav hlau, txawm tias suav nrog cov xa xov, tiv thaiv dav hlau, tiv thaiv lub tank thiab phom loj. Cov neeg German tau raug yuam kom rhuav tshem tag nrho lawv cov kev tiv thaiv. Hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, kev tsim cov dav hlau thiab txawm tias lub xov tooj cua muaj zog tau txwv. Rau 30 xyoo, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau them nyiaj ntau rau Entente.
Qhov kev kub ntxhov no tsuas yog piv nrog tus cwj pwm ntawm Western hwj chim rau Russia xyoo 1991–2016. Thaum xub thawj, Sab Hnub Poob tau cog lus tias NATO yuav tsis nthuav mus rau sab hnub tuaj thiab tseem yuav tsis mus rau yav dhau los GDR, uas tau koom ua ke nrog FRG. Leej twg thiaj yuav ntseeg tias Asmeskas lub dav hlau, tso tsheb hlau luam thiab foob pob hluav taws yuav xaus rau ntawm ciam teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Baltic xeev, hauv Poland thiab Romania?
Kuv paub tseeb tias yog Sab Hnub Poob thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1918 thiab lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1991 ncaj ncees qhia qhov tseeb tag nrho txog nws cov phiaj xwm yav tom ntej, tom qab ntawd tag nrho lub tebchaws German yuav tawm tsam kom tuag rau Sab Hnub Poob, thiab kuv tsis suav tias Paris yuav yog coj ua ntej pib xyoo 1919. Zoo, raws li rau cov neeg Lavxias, nws tsis nyuaj twv seb txoj hmoo yuav tos li cas Messrs.
HISTORICAL IGNORANCE
Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia xyoo 1917-1922, ntxiv rau tom qab ntawd, txoj kev xav ntawm "thawb tom nraub qaum" thiab "nyiag yeej" yeej tsis kis mus. Thiab qhov kev xav zoo li tsuas yog tshwm sim tom qab xyoo 1991. Lawm, qhov kev xav tshiab uas tau tshwm sim tau muaj kev txhawb nqa kev nom kev tswv. Lub hom phiaj yog kom tsis lees paub cov neeg Communist, txoj kev ua neej nyob Soviet thiab xav ua kom muaj kev lag luam lag luam "nrog lub ntsej muag tsis zoo" hauv lub tebchaws.
Ib qho kev ua tiav ntawm txoj kev xav "nyiag yeej" yog ua raws keeb kwm tsis paub txog ntawm ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm peb cov pej xeem, leej twg siv tus lej thiab qhov tseeb rau qhov tseeb, yam tsis tau sim txheeb xyuas lawv.
Yog li, qee qhov E. Trifonov tshaj tawm: "Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, kev lag luam tau paub txog kev tsim cov riam phom tshiab, xws li Rosenberg trench cannon, Lender's anti-aircraft gun, mortar (lawv tau hu ua bombers) … Thaum kawg xyoo 1916, Kev lag luam Lavxias pib tsim phom loj Fedorov - tsuas yog ib qho hauv ntiaj teb ua qauv zoo ntawm rab phom tshuab lub sijhawm ntawd."
Raws li lawv hais, tsawg kawg sawv, tsawg kawg yog ntog. Txog thaum Lub Yim Hli 1914, Lavxias pab tub rog tsis muaj tub rog lossis tsis siv phom loj, thiab, raws li, lawv cov khoom siv. Cov phom loj (nws tau hu ua siege) tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho hauv xyoo 1910-1911, nws cov khoom siv tau raug xa mus rau cov chaw ruaj khov, tab sis feem ntau yog rau seem. Kuv yuav nco ntsoov tias los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv cov phom loj, peb tsuas muaj phom ntawm cov qauv ntawm xyoo 1877, 1867 thiab 1838. Lawv lub peev xwm tsis tshaj 6 ntiv tes (152 mm), tshwj tsis yog, ntawm qhov ob thiab tsib phaus phom ntawm 1838 tus qauv.
Tus thawj coj phom loj, Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich, tau cog lus tias yuav rov tsim cov phom loj hnyav qee zaum ntawm xyoo 1917 thiab 1921.
Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1914, kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv av tau pib, thiab tsis muaj rab phom loj los ua nws hlo li. Lub qhov tau txuas nrog txhua yam lawv tuaj yeem ua tau. Thiab yog li tus kws tshaj lij Rosenberg tau siv lub pob zeb 37-mm qhia, siv rau rab phom ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv thiab tub rog, thiab muab tso rau ntawm lub rooj thauj ntoo uas nyuaj uas tsis tau muaj lub tshuab ua viav vias. Yog li rab phom trench tig tawm.
Shkilena's Petrograd cog tau ua tiav ntawm 6-pounder mortars, tsim los ntawm Baron Kegorn xyoo 1674. (Qhov no tsis yog typo!)
Tab sis tom qab ntawd qhov kev tsim khoom ntau ntawm Fabkis-style mortars pib: 89-mm Aazen, 58-mm FR thiab lwm yam; German qauv: 9 cm GR. Raws li 17-cm German Erhardt mortar qauv ntawm 1912, Putilov cog xyoo 1915 pib tsim nws cov 152-mm mortar.
"Tawm ntawm lub siab nyiam kev xav," peb cov neeg ua lag luam pib tsim txhua yam ntawm cov tshuaj qub thiab cov foob pob, uas ua rau muaj kev hem thawj tshwj xeeb rau lawv tus kheej cov tub qhe. Txhua yam no tau txaus siab yuav los ntawm cov qib nyob tom qab ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Rog, thiab nyob rau pem hauv ntej lawv tsis kam txawm lees txais lawv. Raws li lub taub hau ntawm GAU, Tus Thawj Coj Alexei Manikovsky, thaum Lub Xya Hli 1916, 2,866 cov tshuaj khib nyiab tau sau rau tom qab lub tsev rau khoom, uas cov tub rog tso tseg.
Cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 76 -hli qiv muaj qhov zoo, tab sis tau tsim tawm hauv qhov tsawg heev: 1915 - 12 units, 1916 - 26, 1917 - 110 thiab 1918 - tsis muaj. Ntxiv mus, thawj rab phom ntawm Lender tsoo rau pem hauv ntej nkaus xwb thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1917, thiab tsis yog vim qhov tsis saib xyuas ntawm cov thawj coj, tab sis vim lawv txhua tus tau mus tsim kev tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm Tsarskoe Selo. Nco ntsoov tias txog xyoo 1917, tsis muaj ib lub dav hlau German tuaj yeem mus txog Tsarskoye Selo, thiab Lender cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau yuav tsum tau tua tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv tus kheej lub dav hlau. Cov tub rog tau txais cov ntaub ntawv uas cov tub rog koom nrog tau npaj ua kom tsar tsau nrog lub foob pob poob los ntawm lub dav hlau.
Zoo, qhov phom sij Fedotov tsis siv neeg phom ntev tuaj yeem nthuav dav hauv Lavxias pab tub rog, tsuas yog vim nws tau tsim los rau 6, 5-mm Nyij Pooj Nyij Pooj. Xyoo 1923, rab phom no (tsis siv neeg) tau pib ua ntu me me, tab sis kev tsim khoom tau nres xyoo tom ntej. "Kev sim phom tshuab hauv pab tub rog tau qhia tias cov riam phom no tsis yooj yim rau kev pabcuam kev sib ntaus thiab thaum muaj plua plav thiab muaj kuab paug, rab phom tshuab tsis kam ua haujlwm," D. N. Bolotin "Keeb kwm ntawm Soviet caj npab me me thiab cov mos txwv."
Txog xyoo 1917, 60% ntawm cov phom tshuab ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob tau raug xa tuaj. Russia tsis tau tsim lwm lub tshuab phom, tshwj tsis yog rau lub easel 7, 62-mm maxim. Tag nrho 100% ntawm lub teeb thiab dav hlau tshuab phom tau yuav txawv teb chaws.
Hauv Entente lub tebchaws thiab hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, lub teeb thiab loj-caliber (12, 7-13, 1 mm) rab phom tshuab tau pib rau hauv kev tsim khoom loj, thiab hauv tebchaws Yelemes lawv tseem tau siv ob lub dav hlau dav hlau tshuab ntawm Gast system, uas yog 40 (!) Xyoo ua ntej ntawm riam phom hauv tsev. Hauv tsarist Russia, tsis muaj qhov loj-muaj peev xwm lossis lub tshuab rab phom loj tau tsim. Dab tsi yog rab phom tshuab! Peb tsis tau tsim rab yaj phom, tab sis tsuas yog rab phom me me, rab phom me me. Xyoo 1900-1914, Cov tub ceev xwm Lavxias ntawm lawv tus kheej cov nyiaj siv yuav Mauser, Lugger, Browning thiab lwm rab phom ntawm German, Belgian thiab Asmeskas cov khoom lag luam.
THOUGHTING OFFICERS YUAV TSUM TAU HNUB
Rau peb qhov kev tu siab loj, hauv pab tub rog Lavxias txij li xyoo 1825, cov neeg ua haujlwm ywj pheej thiab xav tsis tau tso cai txav mus. Koj yeej tsis paub tias Orlovs tshiab, Potemkins thiab Denis Davydovs tuaj yeem ua dab tsi! Romanovs nco tau zoo tias los ntawm 1725 txog 1801, peb tau xaiv tus huab tais, thiab kev xaiv tsa kev xaiv tsa tau ua los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm pab tub rog.
Xyoo 1904-1905, cov tub ceev xwm Lavxias thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau poob kev ua tsov rog rau cov neeg Nyij Pooj, xyoo 1914-1917 lawv poob kev ua tsov rog rau cov neeg German, thiab xyoo 1918-1920 lawv poob kev ua tsov rog rau lawv tus kheej, txawm tias ntau txhiab phom, tso tsheb hlau luam thiab dav hlau los ntawm Entente. Thaum kawg, pom lawv tus kheej raug ntiab tawm, kaum tawm txhiab tus tub ceev xwm tau nce thoob plaws ntiaj teb hauv kev sib ntaus ntau thiab ntau dua - hauv Finland, Albania, Spain, South America, Suav, thiab lwm yam. Yog lawm, ntau txhiab leej tau ua siab loj thiab tau txais khoom plig. Tab sis leej twg tau hais kom ua tsis yog ntawm kev faib, tab sis tsawg kawg ntawm cov tub rog? Puas yog cov neeg phem-Bolsheviks cuam tshuam rau ntawd?
Tab sis hauv keeb kwm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Europe, yuav luag ib feem peb ntawm cov neeg muaj npe nrov yog cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Hauv tebchaws Russia, kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm cov marshals yog cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, nco ntsoov Minich, Barclay de Tolly, thiab lwm tus.
Leej twg yuav pib sib cav, Kuv yuav dhau nrog cov piv txwv. Vim li cas thiaj tsis muaj lub tawb nqa phom tshuab hauv Manchuria? Cov phom phom Maxim tau ua haujlwm tau 30 xyoo, cov tsheb laub lawv tus kheej yog dime kaum ob. Thiab los ua ke lawv, xav tau lub taub hau tshiab, txawm tias qaug cawv Makhnovist. Vim li cas cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog caij nkoj nyob rau xyoo 1895-1912 muaj lub kaum sab xis ntawm 10-15 degrees thiab tua ntawm lub rooj tua hluav taws ntawm 6 km, thiab kev xav ntawm-10 km. Tab sis cov neeg phem-Bolsheviks, tau los rau lub hwj chim, tam sim ntawd tshem lawv lub cev los ntawm 45-50 degrees thiab tib lub foob pob pib tua ntawm 26 km.
Cov tub rog coj tus cwj pwm zoo li cas? Lawv tsuas tsis muaj dab tsi los tawm tsam! Tsar thiab ntau dua li tsarina yog haiv neeg German. 20 xyoo dhau los, lawv tau siv tag nrho tsawg kawg ob xyoos hauv Tebchaws Yelemees nrog cov txheeb ze. Tus Empress tus tij laug, General Ernst of Hesse, yog ib tus thawj coj ntawm German Tus Thawj Coj Loj.
Cov neeg Lavxias tau teb rau qhov mob ntawm lwm tus, thiab kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev pab rau cov kwv tij Slav hauv thawj lub lis piam ntawm kev ua tsov rog tau ua tiav. Tab sis thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1915 Bulgaria tshaj tawm ua tsov rog rau Russia, lossis theej, raws li nws tau tshaj tawm, ntawm "Rasputin clique".
Cov tub rog Lavxias tau nkag siab zoo tias Wilhelm II tsis muaj lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntes Ryazan thiab Vologda, thiab txoj hmoo ntawm ntug hiav txwv xws li Finland lossis Poland yog kev txhawj xeeb me ntsis rau cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua teb. Tab sis peb tuaj yeem hais dab tsi txog cov neeg ua teb, yog tsar nws tus kheej thiab nws cov thawj coj tsis paub yuav ua li cas nrog Poland thiab Galicia txawm tias kev ua tsov rog tau ua tiav.
Cov dav hlau German tau xa cov ntawv me nrog cov ntawv sau ntawm Lavxias teb sab trenches - Kaiser ntsuas qhov hnyav 800 -phaus loj loj nrog ib centimeter, thiab Nicholas II, nyob hauv tib txoj haujlwm, ntsuas Rasputin tus qau. Tag nrho cov tub rog tau paub txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm "txwj laug". Thiab yog tias cov neeg German siv 42-centimeter cuaj cuaj tsuas yog hauv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm sab xub ntiag, tom qab ntawd yuav luag txhua tus ntawm peb cov tub rog pom cov qhov av tawg los ntawm 21-centimeter mortars.
Cov neeg raug mob, rov qab mus rau qib, zemgussars thiab kws saib xyuas neeg mob tau qhia cov tub rog li cas cov txiv neej taug kev mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv khw noj mov ntawm Moscow thiab Petrograd.
Kev tua neeg ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Baltic Fleet cov neeg tsav nkoj tau pib tsis yog thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1917, tab sis nyob rau hnub uas huab tais Nicholas II tso tseg. Kronstadt thiab Baltic Fleet twb dhau los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv nruab nrab thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1917. Hauv tag nrho, cov tub rog Lavxias dhau los tsis muaj peev xwm sib ntaus los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1917. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, tag nrho ntawm Central Russia tau pom los ntawm qhov ci ntawm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov khoom lag luam zoo, thiab cov tswv av tau raug tshem tawm. Nyob rau tib lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1917, kev tsim cov koomhaum hauv tebchaws tau pib hauv Finland, xeev Baltic, Ukraine thiab Caucasus. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov koom haum hauv tebchaws yuav tsis tawm tsam nrog cov neeg German - yuav muaj yeej li cas!
Yog li LEEJ TWG YUAV TSUM MUAJ TSHUAJ QHOV TSEEB
Hauv txhua phau ntawv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm GAU Alexei Manikovsky thiab nws tus lwm thawj Yevgeny Barsukov, tus kws ntaus phom nrov npe Fedorov, nws tau lees paub tias tus nqi ntawm lub foob pob tawg loj thiab tawg ntawm tib lub peev xwm, tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab ntiag tug thiab xeev, txawv los ntawm ib thiab ib nrab lossis ob zaug.
Qhov nruab nrab cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam ntiag tug xyoo 1915 piv rau xyoo 1913 tau nce 88%, thiab xyoo 1916 - los ntawm 197%, uas yog, yuav luag ob npaug. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim khoom lag luam, suav nrog cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv, pib poob qis hauv xyoo 1916. Rau thawj 7 lub hlis xyoo 1916, kev thauj khoom ntawm cov tsheb nqaj hlau muaj 48, 1% ntawm qhov xav tau.
Xyoo 1915-1916, teeb meem zaub mov tau hnyav zuj zus tuaj. Txog rau xyoo 1914, Russia yog tus thib ob loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev xa zaub mov tom qab Tebchaws Meskas, thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yog lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb ntawm kev xa zaub mov. Tab sis German "Michel" txog thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918 tau pub zaub mov rau cov tub rog thiab lub tebchaws tas li, feem ntau muab txog li 90% ntawm cov khoom lag luam ua liaj ua teb. Tab sis Lavxias teb sab neeg tsis xav ua. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1915, vim kev nce nqi ntawm ruble thiab kev nqaim ntawm cov khoom lag luam los ntawm lub nroog, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau pib zais cov qoob loo "kom txog thaum lub sijhawm zoo dua." Qhov tseeb, dab tsi yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm muab cov nplej ntawm tus nqi ruaj khov rau "ntoo" rubles (thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, ruble poob nws cov ntsiab lus kub), uas tsis muaj dab tsi yuav? Lub caij no, yog tias cov qoob loo tau khaws cia zoo, tom qab ntawd nws cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam tau khaws cia rau 6 xyoo, thiab cov txiaj ntsig thev naus laus zis - 10-20 thiab ntau xyoo, uas yog, tsis pub dhau 6 xyoo, feem ntau ntawm cov noob qoob loo yuav tawg, thiab nws tuaj yeem yog tau noj hauv 20 xyoo ….
Thaum kawg, cov nplej tuaj yeem siv rau moonshine lossis rau pub tsiaj txhu thiab nqaij qaib. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tsis yog cov tub rog, tsis yog kev lag luam, lossis cov pejxeem ntawm cov nroog loj tuaj yeem nyob tsis muaj mov ci. Raws li qhov tseeb, raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias hais tias, "kwv yees li ib plhom plhom cov pob kws khaws cia tsis tuaj yeem xa mus rau thaj chaw siv tau," Tus Minister of Agriculture Rittich thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1916 "txawm txiav txim siab ua qhov ntsuas hnyav: nws tshaj tawm qhov yuav tsum tau tsim cov qoob loo. " Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1917, tsuas yog 4 lab poods tau ua tiav qhib. Txog kev sib piv, Bolsheviks tau khaws 160-180 lab poods hauv ib xyoos rau qhov tsim nyog tau txais.
Mikhail Pokrovsky, hauv kev sau kab lus "Imperialist War", luam tawm xyoo 1934, hais txog cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no: "Thaum lub caij ntuj no, Moscow xav tau 475 txhiab poods ntawm cov ntoo, 100 txhiab poods ntawm cov thee, 100 txhiab poods ntawm cov roj seem thiab 15 txhiab poods txhua hnub. peat. Lub caij no, thaum Lub Ib Hlis, ua ntej pib te, qhov nruab nrab ntawm 430,000 poods ntawm cov ntoo, 60,000 poods ntawm cov thee thiab 75,000 poods ntawm cov roj tau raug coj tuaj rau Moscow txhua hnub, yog li qhov tsis txaus hais txog cov ntoo yog 220,000 poods txhua hnub; Txij li thaum Lub Ib Hlis 17, kev tuaj txog ntawm cov ntoo hauv Moscow tau poob rau 300-400 wagons hauv ib hnub, uas yog, mus rau ib nrab ntawm cov kev cai tau teev tseg los ntawm pawg neeg saib xyuas hauv cheeb tsam, thiab yuav luag tsis tau txais roj thiab thee. Cov khoom siv roj rau lub caij ntuj no ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab chaw tsim khoom hauv Moscow tau npaj rau kwv yees li ob lub hlis xav tau, tab sis vim qhov kev xa khoom qis, uas tau pib thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis, cov nyiaj khaws tseg no tau raug txo kom tsis muaj dab tsi. Vim tias tsis muaj roj, ntau lub tuam txhab, txawm tias cov ua haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv, twb tau tso tseg lawm lossis yuav sai sai no. Lub tsev cua sov hauv nruab nrab tsuas muaj 50% ntawm cov roj, thiab cov ntoo uas kub hnyiab tas lawm … txoj kev teeb pom kev hauv tsheb tau nres tag."
Thiab ntawm no yog dab tsi tau qhia nyob rau hauv ntau qhov keeb kwm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob hauv USSR, luam tawm xyoo 1930: Ob xyoos tom qab pib tsov rog, kev siv cov thee hauv Donbass tau tawm tsam kom tswj nws qib ua ntej tsov rog, txawm hais tias nce ntxiv hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm 168 txhiab xyoo 1913. txog rau 235 txhiab xyoo 1916. Ua ntej tsov rog, kev tsim khoom txhua hli rau ib tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv Donbass yog 12, 2 tons, xyoo 1915/16 - 11, 3, thiab thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1916 - 9, 26 tons”.
DISTRIBUTED THE GOLD STOCK
Nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua tsov rog, cov neeg sawv cev tub rog Lavxias (raws li cov tub rog txuas ntxiv tau raug hu), cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg qhuas tau nrawm thoob ntiaj teb mus yuav riam phom. Ntawm cov khoom siv yuav khoom, kwv yees li 70% ntawm cov tshuab siv rab phom qub dhau los thiab tsim nyog rau cov tsev khaws puav pheej xwb, tab sis tsuas yog Askiv thiab Nyij Pooj, Russia tau them 505.3 tons kub rau cov thoob khib nyiab no, uas yog, txog 646 lab rubles. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 1051 lab rub rub tus nqi ntawm kub tau xa tawm. Tom qab Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Ob Hlis, Tsoom Fwv Tseem Ceeb kuj tau ua nws txoj kev koom tes rau kev xa cov kub muag mus txawv teb chaws: lus nyob rau hmo ua ntej Lub Kaum Hli Kev Hloov Pauv, nws tau xa cov nyiaj xa mus rau Sweden mus yuav riam phom hauv tus nqi ntawm 4.85 lab nyiaj kub, uas yog, kwv yees li 3.8 tons hlau.
Puas yog Russia tau yeej kev ua tsov rog hauv lub xeev zoo li no? Cia peb xav tsis thoob thiab tshem Masons, kev ywj pheej thiab Bolsheviks los ntawm kev ua nom ua tswv. Yog li dab tsi yuav tshwm sim rau Russia xyoo 1917-1918? Hloov chaw ntawm Masonic kev tawm tsam xyoo 1917 lossis 1918, kev tawm tsam Lavxias txaus ntshai yuav tshwm sim.
Qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws yog tias txhua tus lej uas kuv tau hais tawm tau tshaj tawm hauv cov ntawv tub rog rau yuav luag 100 xyoo. Ntxiv mus, xyaum tsis muaj kev hloov pauv, thiab nws tsis tau tshwm sim rau leej twg los tawm tsam cov lej no.
Tab sis sim qhia cov ntaub ntawv rau E. Trifonov lossis N. Poklonskaya. Lawv yuav tsis nyeem lawv. Yog tias qhov tseeb cuam tshuam nrog lawv txoj kev npau suav, ntau qhov tsis zoo rau qhov tseeb lawv tus kheej. Ib tus neeg tiag tiag xav tau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb nkag mus rau qhov pom ntawm cov iav nkhaus.
Cov menyuam yaus raug tua los ntawm cov foob pob poob los ntawm dav hlau Lavxias hauv Aleppo, thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua rau Asmeskas cov foob pob hauv Mosul.
Txoj kev xav ntawm "nyiag yeej" ua rau muaj kev chim siab thiab kev ntxub rau tib neeg thiab hu rau kev ua pauj. Nco ntsoov qhov laj thawj ntawm Makhnovist hauv zaj duab xis "Ob Tus Pabcuam Ua Haujlwm":
- Lub Bolsheviks muag lub kiv puag ncig.
- Lawv muag rau leej twg?
- Rau leej twg nws yog pawg neeg ntawm bula, uas tseem muag.
Tsis muaj leej twg txaus siab rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev pom zoo. Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov pom tseeb: qhov tseeb ntawm kev muag khoom thiab kev koom tes ntawm tus muag khoom. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau tshaj tawm tias lawv, cov neeg phem, tseem nyiag kev yeej los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab tam sim ntawd muag nws rau leej twg nws yog "tribna"!
