Qhov loj txaus ntawm cov chav nyob thiab kev tsim ntawm cov tub rog niaj hnub nrog tso tsheb hlau luam thiab lwm lub tsheb tiv thaiv thaum kawg coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias lawv tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Yog li ntawd, kev tawm tsam ntawm riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank (PTS) nrog lawv, raws li qhia los ntawm ntau qhov kev tsov rog hauv nroog ntawm xyoo pua nees nkaum, yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua niaj hnub no.
Kev paub nplua nuj heev hauv kev tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam thiab kov yeej nws qhov kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv lub tank tau txais thaum Tsov Rog Loj Patriotic. Cia peb xav txog qee cov lus qhia ntawm kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib ntaus PTS thaum kov yeej kev tiv thaiv lub tank tiv thaiv ntawm cov tub rog German.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov tso tsheb hlau luam, cov lus txib fascist tau siv dav thiab tiv thaiv dav hlau tua phom, kev ya dav hlau, tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv riam phom thiab tso tsheb hlau luam. Txhawm rau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov phom loj hauv kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov tub rog Soviet zoo, cov yeeb ncuab pib suav nrog cov phom loj hauv cov mos txwv ntawm cov tshuab muaj peev xwm txog 155 mm hauv xyoo 1943. Lawv tsoo lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv ntawm thaj tsam li ntawm 800 m. Lub dav hlau tseem tau txais cov cuab yeej ua phom thiab cov foob pob los tiv thaiv lub tank. Qhov tshwj xeeb PTS ntawm pab tub rog German kuj tau txhim kho tas li. Qhov tua hluav taws tau zoo thiab muaj peev xwm nkag tau ntawm cov tub rog German tiv thaiv lub tank tau nce peb npaug los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1943. Cov phom loj tiv thaiv tus kheej-tiv thaiv lub tank thiab tshwj xeeb melee PTSs (cov phom tsis zoo, phom tiv thaiv lub tank, foob pob tawg, thiab lwm yam) tau tsim.
Cov tso tsheb hlau luam, ua riam phom sib ntaus sib tua ntau yam, kuj yog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tawm tsam thiab txawb tiv thaiv. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua poob ntawm Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam qhia tau tias, qhov nruab nrab, 75% ntawm lawv raug ntaus los ntawm rab phom loj thiab tua hluav taws ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500-1500 m. tank mines - 9%, dav hlau - 3.4%.
Rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov lus qhia tseem ceeb hauv 1944-1945. Hitlerites tsim qhov siab PTS. Txawm hais tias cov yeeb ncuab tau txheeb xyuas PTS, txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm lawv tau nyob hauv txoj hlua tseem ceeb, nrog qhov tob ntawm 6 txog 8 kilometers. Kwv yees li 80% ntawm MTS hauv nws tau nyob hauv thawj ob txoj haujlwm. Cov yeeb ncuab siv dav hlau thiab rab phom ntev los tua yeej Soviet lub tsheb loj thaum lub Peb Hlis, hauv qhov tos-thiab-pom thiab tawm mus. Nrog txoj hauv kev ntawm peb cov tso tsheb hlau luam mus rau pem hauv ntej ntawm German kev tiv thaiv thiab nrog kev ua tiav ntawm nws thaj tsam tseem ceeb, txhua tus yeeb ncuab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub tank tau txuas nrog kev sib ntaus tawm tsam lawv.
Raws li kev paub dhau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm thib peb ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum II tau pom, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev tiv thaiv German tiv thaiv kev vam khom, ua ntej tshaj plaws, ntawm qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank, nrawm ntawm kev tawm tsam, nrog rau ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev txhawb nqa hluav taws ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam nce qib. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog kev swb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab PTS los ntawm kev siv phom loj thiab cua tawm tsam hauv kev npaj rau kev tawm tsam. Qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm Lvov-Sandomierz, Vistula-Oder, Berlin thiab lwm yam haujlwm tau qhia tias kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev tua hluav taws ntawm PTS tau ua tiav nyob rau lub sijhawm luv tab sis muaj rab phom phom loj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tua hluav taws thaum pib thiab xaus ntawm kev tua phom loj yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv lub tank tau raug tshem tawm thaum lub sijhawm npaj phom loj mus rau qhov tob ntawm thaj tsam tiv thaiv tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov tseeb tias qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm yuav luag 70% ntawm cov phom loj tsawg dua 100 hli, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom ntseeg tau ruaj ntseg tus yeeb ncuab PTS tsuas yog thawj zaug thiab thib ob txoj haujlwm, uas yog, mus rau qhov tob txog 5 km.
Txhawm rau rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab pom PTSs thaum lub sijhawm phom sij loj, rab phom tua ncaj qha tau siv zoo heev. Lawv qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom feem ntau yog 20-30, thiab hauv ntau qhov haujlwm - txog li 60 lossis ntau dua tus ncej ib 1 km ntawm kev kov yeej. Ua ke nrog cov phom loj, ua ntej dav hlau dav hlau tau ua haujlwm ntau ntawm kev koom tes tua hluav taws ntawm tus yeeb ncuab PTS, uas thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog tau ua tiav 46.5% ntawm tag nrho nws cov phiaj xwm txhawm rau txhawb nqa kev sib ntaus ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab tub rog.
Kev ya dav hlau tau txwv tsis pub tiv thaiv lub tank, xa kev tawm tsam loj nrog rau kev tawm tsam thiab foob pob foob pob huab cua thiab cov tub rog tawm tsam tiv thaiv lub zog tiv thaiv lub tank, txoj haujlwm siv phom loj, thiab tiv thaiv lub tank tso tseg ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Feem ntau, cov haujlwm no tau txuas nrog lub sijhawm thiab cov khoom siv nrog kev siv phom loj, kev ua haujlwm ntawm tso tsheb hlau luam thiab tub rog.
Cov yam ntxwv tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no hauv kev xa huab cua thiab rab phom loj (nws tuaj yeem taug mus rau qhov piv txwv ntawm 3rd Belorussian Front hauv East Prussian kev ua haujlwm). Ua ntej pib npaj cov phom loj, muaj kev tawm tsam loj ua raws nrog kev koom tes ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov foob pob thiab nce txog 20% ntawm kev ya dav hlau tawm tsam cov hom phiaj nyob hauv thaj tsam tseem ceeb tiv thaiv German. Nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm rab phom loj, kev ya dav hlau tau tawm tsam tawm tsam PTS, tso tsheb hlau luam thiab lwm yam riam phom tua yeeb ncuab ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev kov yeej, sib sib zog nqus hauv thawj ob kab ntawm nws kev tiv thaiv. Kev qhia dav hlau tau xaus tam sim ua ntej pib tawm tsam nrog kev tawm tsam loj los ntawm cov tub rog loj tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv lub tank lub hom phiaj hauv kev ua tiav.
Hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov yeeb ncuab muaj kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv lub tank sib sib zog nqus nrog qhov siab ntawm PTS hauv thaj chaw tiv thaiv tseem ceeb (Kev ua haujlwm sab hnub tuaj Prussian, Vistula-Oder thiab Berlin kev ua haujlwm), kev siv phom loj rau kev tua ntawm Soviet lub tank thiab cov tub rog tau ua tiav nrog ib lossis ob lub thoob ntawm qhov hluav taws kub mus rau qhov tob ntawm 2-4 km lossis los ntawm kev suav nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov hluav taws. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo qis qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv lub tank hluav taws thaum kov yeej thawj thiab thib ob txoj haujlwm ntawm txoj kab tseem ceeb ntawm nws kev tiv thaiv.
Txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws rau hluav taws ntawm PTS thiab lwm yam riam phom tua yeeb ncuab thaum raug tua los ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom ua tiav kev hloov pauv mus los ntawm kev npaj phom loj mus rau kev siv phom loj rau kev tawm tsam. Yog li, thaum lub sijhawm Vitebsk-Orsha ua haujlwm, qhov hluav taws kub ntawm qhov kev tua zaum kawg tau nce ntxiv, mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws hom tso cai. Hais txog lub zog thiab tus yam ntxwv, nws tau sib raug zoo nrog kev tua hluav taws, uas ua tiav qhov kev hloov pauv mus rau qhov xav tsis thoob. 2-3 feeb ua ntej qhov kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua phom loj, ib feem peb ntawm cov phom loj tsom lawv cov hluav taws ntawm thawj kab ntawm kev sib ntaus (200 metres los ntawm ntug pem hauv ntej). Thaum kawg ntawm kev tua phom loj, seem ntawm cov phom loj tseem xa hluav taws mus rau tib txoj kab, tab sis nws tau ua hauv kev dhia me me (qhov hluav taws kub tau "zawv zawg") raws li qhov ua ntej ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov tub rog. Qhov no ua kom ntseeg tau ntawm thawj txoj haujlwm nrog qhov poob me me hauv cov tso tsheb hlau luam.
Kev swb ntawm PTS thiab cov tso tsheb hlau luam los ntawm kev ya dav hlau, nrog rau thaum pib ntawm kev txhawb nqa huab cua rau cov neeg tawm tsam, feem ntau tau ua hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 40-60 lub dav hlau. Cov chaw tawm tsam ntawm txhua lub dav hlau ntawm lub dav hlau tau hloov pauv mus los ntawm 1-1.5 km mus rau qhov tob ntawm kev tiv thaiv fascist, muab kev tua hluav taws txuas ntxiv ntawm nws PTS los ntawm huab cua. Kev siv phom loj ntawm cov tub rog tawm tsam mus rau qhov tob ntawm thaj tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm German kev tiv thaiv tau ua tiav ob qho hauv thaj tsam npaj ua ntej los ntawm kev sib zog ua kom muaj zog ntawm hluav taws, thiab hluav taws ntawm kev hu xov tooj ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub tank subunits thiab cov phom loj pom nyob hauv radium. tso tsheb hlau luam.
Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev tua hluav taws rau PTS thiab cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam los ntawm cov phom loj nyob rau lub sijhawm no, nws tau npaj siab tias yuav rov tswj hwm nws rau cov tub rog phom, cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau nthuav tawm qhov xav tau sai sai txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm thawj kab kev sib ntaus nrog cov phom loj ntawm tus kheej (ACS), uas nrog lawv cov hluav taws tau rhuav tshem PTS thiab tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam. Txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem no, tau tsim cov phom loj tiv thaiv tus kheej. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1943, nws tau koom ua ib feem ntawm kev tsim lub tank thiab yog qhov hluav taws kub zoo tshaj plaws rau kev nqa cov tsheb thauj mus los tawm tsam. Ua tsaug rau kev tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo, cov phom tua tus kheej tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ncaj qha hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tank, thiab lawv cov riam phom muaj zog dua ua rau nws tuaj yeem rhuav tshem tus yeeb ncuab PTS txawm tias ua ntej peb cov tsheb tiv thaiv nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw tua hluav taws. Hauv kev ua haujlwm tau zoo tshaj plaws, qhov sib piv ntawm rab phom thiab lub tank tso tawm thaum tawg los ntawm kev tiv thaiv German yog 1: 2, piv txwv li. txhua ob lub tso tsheb hlau luam tau txhawb nqa los ntawm ib rab phom uas nws tus kheej tau tsim.
Kev paub ntawm ntau qhov haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Peb tau qhia tias thaum ua tiav kev tua phom loj thiab kev qhia dav hlau, tso tsheb hlau luam txhawb nqa cov tub rog ntawm qhov tob ntawm ob mus rau tsib kilometers tau raug tua los ntawm cov seem German PTS thiab tso tsheb hlau luam xa mus rau qhov chaw hla kev. Qhov ntom ntawm cov phom loj tom qab ua tiav ntawm cov phom loj phom sij tsawg. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tawm tsam PTS thiab cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam yog nyob ntawm kev tsim kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, cov tswv yim ntawm kev nqis tes ua thiab lawv kev sib raug zoo nrog rab phom uas siv tus kheej. Cov phom loj ntawm tus kheej tau tawm tsam, raws li txoj cai, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev tua cov tub rog thiab txhawb nqa lub tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm thawj kab kev sib ntaus nrog hluav taws. Qhov thib ob ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam (thaum tsim lub tank tub rog nyob hauv ob lub echelons) tau txav tom qab cov tub rog nyob deb li ntawm 200 m.
Thaum ua txhaum los ntawm kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv lub tank muaj zog (kev ua haujlwm Berlin, hauv 1st Belorussian Front thiab East Prussian kev ua haujlwm hauv 2nd Belorussian Front), tau siv cov tso tsheb hlau loj, suav txog 33% thiab 70% ntawm NPP tso tsheb hlau luam, raws li, hauv cov haujlwm no. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau qhia tawm tias cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm cov tsheb tiv thaiv tub rog yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo nrog PTS thiab cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub xyoo ua rog, txhua hom Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam tau txhim kho tas li. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam nruab nrab tau nce los ntawm 76 mm txog 85 mm, thiab hnyav - los ntawm 76 txog 122 mm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaj tsam ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha nce 30-50%, thiab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ntaus lub hom phiaj tau nce. Kev tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tau ntxiv dag zog, los ntawm kev teeb tsa tus thawj coj lub cupola ntawm cov tsheb sib ntaus, pom kev zoo dua, qhov tseeb ntawm qhov hluav taws kub thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau nce.
Thaum lub sijhawm nkag mus rau hauv kev ua tiav ntawm kev tsim ntawm pawg pab pawg ntawm cov tub rog thiab lub ntsej muag, kev swb ntawm PTS thiab cov tso tsheb hlau luam nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm txoj kev kov yeej thiab ntawm nws cov flanks tau ua los ntawm cov phom loj thiab dav hlau thaum lub sijhawm txhawb nqa kev nkag mus, los ntawm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, rab phom tua tus kheej, cov phom loj ntawm cov khoom sib dhos rau tom ntej (cov tub rog ntawm thawj lub nroog). Piv txwv li, txhawm rau muab kev txhawb nqa phom loj rau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus ntawm Tus Saib Xyuas thib 3. cov tub rog tank thaum lub sijhawm Lvov-Sandomierz kev ua haujlwm, tsib pawg tub rog loj thiab cov phom loj ntawm plaub phom sib faib tau koom nrog, thiab qhia txog Tus Saib Xyuas Thib Ob. cov tub rog tso tsheb hlau luam hauv Berlin tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm tsib pawg tub rog loj, ob lub tub rog thiab cov phom loj los ntawm tsib phom sib faib. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nyiam los ntawm yim mus rau kaum ob kev sib cais ntawm cov phom loj thiab cov tshuaj phom kom swb cov yeeb ncuab PTS hauv thaj chaw nkag ntawm cov tub rog tank.
Cov phom loj feem ntau tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv lub tank nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej thiab ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm pab pawg txawb mus rau qhov tob ntawm plaub txog tsib kilometers ntawm kab nkag, tab sis feem ntau ntseeg tau-mus rau qhov tob ntawm 2-2.5 km. Qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev swb ntawm PTS tau ua tiav thaum hluav taws tau npaj ua ntej, thiab cov tub ceev xwm siv phom loj los ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam tawm mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv tub rog tau hu thiab kho los ntawm xov tooj cua.
Kev ya dav hlau tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev swb ntawm PTS thiab cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam thaum qhia txog pab pawg txawb. Kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv lub tank thaum lub sijhawm no tau ua tiav, raws li txoj cai, thaum lub sijhawm huab cua tawm tsam nrog kev koom tes txog li 70% ntawm lub dav hlau ua ntej. Kev tawm tsam huab cua suav nrog: kev qhia ua ntej huab cua, thaum lub tank thiab tiv thaiv lub tank tseg tau raug txwv; kev qhia dav hlau ncaj qha (dav hlau txuas ntxiv lawv cov kev tawm tsam ntawm German cov peev txheej, thiab tseem txwv PTS, tso tsheb hlau luam, phom loj); kev txhawb nqa huab cua rau kev tawm mus tom ntej thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, nrog rau kev tawm tsam ntawm cov peev txheej, kev ya dav hlau tau txwv PTS thiab cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm kev tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog tsim. Qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm huab cua cuam tshuam rau kev tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv lub tank yog thawj 2-3 teev tom qab qhia txog pab pawg txawb.
Tom qab mus txog qhov ua haujlwm tob thiab cais cov pab pawg txawb los ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb, lawv poob kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov phom loj ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm caj npab. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv lub tank tiv thaiv kab nruab nrab ntawm lub sijhawm no thiab kev tawm tsam nws lub tso tsheb hlau luam tau ua los ntawm kev siv tas li thiab muab cov phom loj, kev ya dav hlau, hluav taws los ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov phom phom loj.
Kev vam meej hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam PTS thiab cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam hauv qhov tob ua haujlwm tau vam khom rau ntawm kev ua kom txaus ntawm lub tank thiab cov neeg kho tshuab (cov tub rog) nrog rab phom loj thiab tus lej ntawm kev txhawb nqa dav hlau. Kev txaus siab ntawm cov tub rog tank nrog cov phom loj nruab nrab 18-20 phom nrog cov phom rau txhua tus tub rog. Qhov sib piv ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov phom tua tus kheej yog nyob hauv qhov txwv: ib rab phom nruab nrab lossis hnyav rau tus kheej rau 3-4 tso tsheb hlau luam.
Txhawm rau koom nrog cov tub rog ua rog hauv 1st Tank Army hauv Lvov-Sandomierz kev ua haujlwm, pab pawg phom loj rau cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau tsim raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog, lub hauv paus ntawm uas yog, raws li txoj cai, nws tus kheej-propelled phom loj. Qee zaum cov pab pawg no suav nrog tiv thaiv lub tank thiab foob pob hluav taws. Kev tsim cov pab pawg loj phom loj txhawb rau cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau nce kev ywj pheej ntawm cov tub rog tub rog hauv kev tawm tsam PTS thiab cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam thaum lawv tau ua cov haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua zoo.
Raws li kev paub dhau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm thib peb ntawm kev ua tsov rog, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog tank hauv kev ua haujlwm tob tau txhawb nqa txog peb lub dav hlau. Kev siv loj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua PTSs hauv pab tub rog German ua rau pom qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib ntaus lawv thiab ua rau muaj kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev sib ntaus tank. Yuav tsum tau ntsuas ntxiv txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom cov tsheb ua rog. Tshwj xeeb, kev saib xyuas kom ntxaws ntawm tus yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm tua thiab qhov chaw ntawm PTS tau ua tiav thiab lawv kev puas tsuaj los ntawm rab phom loj thiab dav hlau. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm txhua lub tank los ntawm cov tshuab rab phom tau qhia (Berlin ua haujlwm). Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau ntxiv dag zog thaum lawv nyob hauv qhov chaw. Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev tshem tawm thiab rhuav tshem ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua PTS yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov neeg tso tsheb hlau luam nrog cov chav me me thiab pab tub rog, ob qho tib si thaum ua tiav ntawm kev tiv thaiv German thiab thaum ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm tob.
Hauv kev tawm tsam PTS thiab cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam, yuav luag txhua tus tub rog txhais tau tias cov tub rog tau nyob ntawm lawv qhov chaw pov tseg tau koom nrog. Thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam, txoj haujlwm no tau daws hauv ntau cov lus qhia tib lub sijhawm. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb yog: nce qib kev tua hluav taws ntawm cov yeeb ncuab PTS los ntawm kev siv phom loj thiab tua cua thaum npaj kev tawm tsam; txhim kho kev tsim kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub tank txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam; txhim kho cov cuab yeej sib ntaus ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom uas siv rau tus kheej; kev tsim cov txheej txheem tsim tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov chav tank thiab kev tsim; kev ua tiav ntawm kev txhawb nqa hluav taws txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thoob plaws hauv chav kawm ntawm kev ua phem.
