Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 25, Georgia ua kev zoo siab hnub so tsis txaus ntseeg - Hnub ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Soviet. Yog lawm, nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm lub xyoo ntawm "kev ua haujlwm" uas yog kev coj noj coj ua tom qab Soviet Georgian tau sim piav txog xya xyoo lawm uas Georgia yog ib feem ntawm Soviet Union. Thiab qhov no txawm yog qhov tseeb tias Yauxej Stalin (Dzhugashvili) coj lub Koomhaum rau peb lub xyoo lawm, ntau tus neeg tuaj txawv tebchaws tuaj ntawm Georgia tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nom kev tswv, nyiaj txiag, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm txhua lub tebchaws Soviet, thiab Georgia tau suav tias yog ib tus neeg nplua nuj tshaj plaws. Soviet republics. Qhov tseeb, Hnub ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Soviet nyob rau niaj hnub Georgia tau hu ua hnub nkag los ntawm Pab Pawg Liab mus rau Tiflis - Lub Ob Hlis 25, 1921. Nws yog hnub no uas kev tawm tsam kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Soviet Russia thiab Georgia koom pheej ywj pheej koom pheej, tsim thiab txhawb nqa los ntawm cov xeev txawv teb chaws ua raws lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj hauv Transcaucasia, tau xaus tas li.
Yuav ua li cas Georgia tau txais "kev tswj hwm"
Ib qho digression me me yuav tsum tau ua ntawm no. Ua ntej Lub Ob Hlis Kev Tawm Tsam Xyoo 1917, thaj av ntawm Georgia yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, thiab cov neeg Georgians, uas yog ib tus neeg ncaj ncees tshaj plaws rau tsoomfwv Lavxias ntawm cov neeg Caucasian, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kws tshaj lij Orthodoxy, tau koom nrog hauv lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Tib lub sijhawm, nws yog neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Georgia uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam hauv Transcaucasus thiab hauv Russia tag nrho. Muaj ntau tus neeg Georgians ntawm Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Anarchists, thiab Socialist-Revolutionaries. Tab sis yog tias ib feem ntawm Georgian cov nom tswv, feem ntau yog kev tawm tsam, zoo li lawv cov neeg nyiam los ntawm lwm thaj chaw ntawm lub teb chaws, tsis tau qhia txog kev xav ntawm haiv neeg, tom qab ntawd cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ywj pheej feem ntau yog cov coj ntawm kev xav sib cais. Nws yog lawv leej twg, rau qhov ntau dua, tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov koom pheej ywj pheej ntawm Georgia. Georgian Mensheviks thiab Socialist -Revolutionaries zoo siab tos txais Lub Kaum Hli Kev Hloov Pauv tsis zoo - thiab hauv qhov no lawv tau sib koom tes nrog lwm lub teb chaws rog ntawm Transcaucasia. Ntxiv mus, Transcaucasian Commissariat, tau tsim thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 15, 1917 hauv Tiflis, uas ua tiav txoj haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv Transcaucasian, qhib siab txhawb cov tub rog tiv thaiv Soviet hauv cheeb tsam.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj haujlwm ntawm Transcaucasian Commissariat yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees. Tshwj xeeb hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib. Kev hem thawj rau Transcaucasia los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv tseem nyob. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 3, 1918, Brest Peace tau kos npe ntawm Russia thiab nws cov neeg tawm tsam. Raws li nws cov lus, thaj av ntawm Kars, Ardogan thiab Adjara tau raug xa mus raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, uas tsis haum rau kev coj ua ntawm Transcaucasia - qhov thiaj li hu ua. "Transcaucasian Seim". Yog li ntawd, Seim tsis lees paub cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Brest Peace Treaty, uas ua rau muaj kev rov pib ua phem los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Lub zog ntawm ob tog tsis sib xws. Twb tau nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 11, Turks nkag mus rau Erzurum, thiab thaum lub Plaub Hlis 13 lawv coj Batumi. Kev coj noj coj ua Transcaucasian tau tig mus rau Turkey nrog kev thov kom muaj kev tsis sib haum, tab sis cov tub ceev xwm Turkish tau tshaj tawm qhov kev thov tseem ceeb - thim Transcaucasia los ntawm Russia.
Lawm, tsoomfwv Transcaucasian tsis muaj kev xaiv tab sis pom zoo nrog Qaib Cov Txwv xav tau. Kev tsim ntawm Transcaucasian Democratic Federal Republic (ZDFR), ywj siab ntawm Russia, tau tshaj tawm. Yog li, tsis muaj lus nug txog kev tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej los ntawm Russia - keeb kwm ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Transcaucasian xeev nyob rau lub sijhawm hloov pauv yog tsis txuas nrog tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog kev cog lus yuam kom muaj zog hauv Qaib Cov Txwv. Los ntawm txoj kev, Cov Turks tsis tau tso tseg - txawm hais tias ZDFR tshem tawm los ntawm Russia, cov tub rog Turkish tau tuav yuav luag txhua thaj chaw uas Istanbul tau thov. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev nce qib ntawm cov tub rog Turkish tau hu ua kev txhawj xeeb rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg Muslim nyob rau sab qab teb hnub poob thiab thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm Georgia - nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub Adjara, ntxiv rau Akhaltsikhe thiab Akhalkalaki cov cheeb tsam.
Kev coj noj coj ua Transcaucasian raug yuam kom tig mus rau Qaib Cov Txwv "tus khub laus" - Lub teb chaws Yelemees, vam tias Berlin yuav muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau Istanbul thiab kev ua phem rau Turkish yuav raug tso tseg. Txawm li cas los xij, kev pom zoo ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev cuam tshuam tau muaj zog ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, raws li thaj chaw ntawm Georgia, tshwj tsis yog nws qhov "Muslim" ib feem (Akhaltsikhe thiab Akhalkalaki cov cheeb tsam ntawm Tiflis xeev), nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm German nyiam. Kaiser tsoomfwv, txaus siab rau kev sib faib ntxiv ntawm Transcaucasus, pom zoo tias cov kws lij choj hauv tebchaws Georgia tshaj tawm txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm Georgia los ntawm Transcaucasian Democratic Federal Republic. Cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm Georgia txoj cai tswjfwm, raws li cov thawj coj German, yog ib kauj ruam txuag los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zaum kawg ntawm lub tebchaws los ntawm cov tub rog Turkish.
Thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 24-25, 1918, pawg thawj coj ntawm National Council of Georgia tau lees paub qhov kev pom zoo ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab thaum lub Tsib Hlis 26 tshaj tawm txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm Georgia koom pheej ywj pheej. Nyob rau tib hnub ntawd, Transcaucasian Seim tsis muaj nyob. Yog li, los ntawm kev tswj hwm nom tswv los ntawm tsoomfwv German thiab Turkish, "ywj pheej" Georgia tau tshwm sim. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tsoomfwv ntawm Georgia Kev ywj pheej koom pheej (GDR) tau ua los ntawm Mensheviks, Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Socialists thiab National Democrats, tab sis tom qab ntawd kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tsoomfwv Georgia tau dhau mus rau hauv Mensheviks txhais tes hauv kev coj ntawm Noah Jordania.
Nau-ees Jordania (1869-1953) hauv nws cov hluas yog ib tus tsim ntawm Georgian Social Democratic txav, kawm ntawm Warsaw Veterinary Institute, zoo li ntau lwm tus neeg tawm tsam, raug kev tsim txom los ntawm tsoomfwv tsarist. Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, nws txhawb txoj kab "tiv thaiv kab" ntawm G. V. Plekhanov.
Lawm, "kev ywj pheej" ntawm Georgia hauv cov xwm txheej tam sim hloov mus rau nws txoj kev vam khom - thawj zaug hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv tebchaws Askiv. Ob hnub tom qab tshaj tawm ntawm kev ywj pheej, thaum lub Tsib Hlis 28, 1918, Georgia tau kos npe pom zoo nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, raws li qhov uas peb txhiab txhiab tus tub rog German tuaj txog hauv tebchaws. Tom qab ntawd, cov tub rog German tau pauv mus rau Georgia los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine thiab los ntawm Middle East. Qhov tseeb, Georgia tau dhau los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees - tsis muaj lus nug txog kev ywj pheej ntawm nom tswv tiag. Ib txhij nrog kev tso cai kom muaj cov tub rog German nyob ntawm nws thaj chaw, Georgia raug yuam kom pom zoo nrog Qaib Cov Txwv thaj av thov, hloov Adjara, Ardahan, Artvin, Akhaltsikhe thiab Akhalkalaki nyob hauv nws txoj kev tswj hwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txawm tias muaj tseeb tias cov tub rog German tau tso rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Georgia, thiab ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws tau muab rau Turkey, Berlin tsis raug cai lees paub Georgia txoj kev ywj pheej - nws tsis xav ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Soviet Russia.
Georgia tau zam los ntawm kev muaj German los ntawm kev swb ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav luag tam sim tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm German pab tub rog los ntawm thaj av Georgia, tshiab "cov tswv yim koom tes" tau tshwm sim - Askiv. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 17, 1918, cov tub rog Askiv tau xa mus rau Baku. Hauv tag nrho, txog li 60 txhiab tus tub rog Askiv thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau raug xa mus rau thaj tsam ntawm Caucasus. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas thoob plaws xyoo 1919 tsoomfwv Georgia, uas suav nrog Mensheviks hauv nroog, vam tias Georgia yuav dhau los ua ib thaj chaw ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, Tebchaws Askiv lossis Fabkis, tabsis tsis muaj ib lub tebchaws sab hnub poob txaus siab los lav lub tebchaws Transcaucasian no. Kev ywj pheej ntawm Georgia tau tawv ncauj tsis tau lees paub los ntawm tsoomfwv European, txij li thaum kawg vam tias yuav yeej los ntawm Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Pab Dawb ntawm General A. I. Denikin hauv Lavxias Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Kawg thiab tsis xav sib cav nrog Denikinites.
Kev tsis sib haum sab hauv thiab sab nraud
Peb xyoos ntawm Georgia txoj kev ywj pheej - 1918, 1919 thiab 1920 - tau cim los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ob qho tib si hauv lub tebchaws thiab nrog cov neeg nyob ze tshaj plaws. Txawm hais tias Russia tsis zoo li cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho sab hauv ntawm Georgia, uas tau tshaj tawm nws txoj kev ywj pheej, nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj xwm txheej ruaj khov ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws. Los ntawm 1918 txog 1920 kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Georgian hauv South Ossetia tau kav ntev. Peb qhov kev tawm tsam muaj zog ua raws qhov kev tsis lees paub ntawm tsoomfwv Georgia kom muab Ossetians txoj cai los txiav txim siab txog nom tswv. Txawm hais tias pib thaum Lub Rau Hli 6-9, 1917, National Council of South Ossetia, uas suav nrog cov kev tawm tsam hauv nroog-los ntawm Mensheviks thiab Bolsheviks mus rau cov neeg tsis ntseeg, txiav txim siab xav tau kev ywj pheej ywj pheej ntawm South Ossetia. Ossetians tau txhawb nqa Soviet lub zog thiab txuas ntxiv rau Soviet Russia, uas yog vim yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Bolsheviks thiab lawv cov pab pawg sab laug sab laug hauv kev tawm tsam hauv South Ossetia. Qhov kawg, kev tawm tsam loj tshaj plaws tshwm sim thaum lub Tsib Hlis 6, 1920, tom qab tshaj tawm ntawm Soviet lub zog hauv South Ossetia. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 8, 1920, Ossetian pawg neeg tswj hwm kom yeej cov tub rog Georgia thiab tuav Tskhinvali. Tom qab ntawd, Sab Qab Teb Ossetia tshaj tawm nws txoj kev koom nrog Soviet Russia, uas ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam kev ua tub rog ntawm Georgia.
Ntxiv rau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov pejxeem Ossetian, Georgia tau nkag mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam nrog pab tub rog pab dawb ntawm General A. I. Denikin. Qhov laj thawj rau qhov kev tawm tsam no yog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Sochi thiab nws ib puag ncig, uas cov thawj coj hauv Georgia suav tias yog thaj chaw ntawm Georgia. Thaum ntxov li Lub Xya Hli 5, 1918, Cov tub rog Georgian tau tswj kom tsav cov tub rog Liab tawm ntawm Sochi, tom qab ntawd thaj chaw ib ntus tau raug tswj los ntawm Georgia. Txawm hais tias Tebchaws Askiv tau txiav txim siab ua tus tseem ceeb ntawm Denikin cov neeg, London txoj kev npaj tsis suav nrog kev xa rov qab Sochi rau Lavxias txoj cai. Ntxiv mus, Askiv qhib kev txhawb nqa Georgia. Txawm li cas los xij, A. I. Denikin, txawm hais tias muaj kev tawm tsam thiab txawm tias muaj kev hem thawj los ntawm Askiv, tau thov kom cov tub ceev xwm Georgian tso lub tebchaws Sochi.
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 26, 1918, cov Denikinites tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Georgian txoj haujlwm thiab tsis ntev nyob hauv Sochi, Adler thiab Gagra. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 10, 1919, Cov tub rog Georgian raug thawb rov hla tus dej Bzyb. Nws tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj rau cov tub rog Georgian los tawm tsam cov tub rog Lavxias niaj hnub, ntxiv rau, nws tau dhau los ua teeb meem kom nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Georgia thiab thaj av ntawm Abkhazia uas nyob ib sab rau hauv cheeb tsam Sochi. Denikin tshaj tawm thaj tsam ntawm Abkhazia kuj yog ib feem ntawm Russia thiab Denikin cov chaw tau pib tawm tsam rau Sukhumi. Kev ua tiav ntawm Denikinites tsis tuaj yeem tab sis ceeb toom rau Entente. Cov neeg Askiv tau cuam tshuam, txaus ntshai los ntawm kev tawm tsam sai ntawm Denikin thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txhawb siab ntawm lub xeev Lavxias koom ua ke. Lawv hais kom "nruab nrab" Cheeb Tsam Sochi los ntawm kev xa tub rog Askiv mus rau ntawd.
Yuav luag ib txhij nrog kev tawm tsam tawm tsam pab tub rog A. I. Denikin, Georgia tau ua tsov rog nrog Armenia nyob sib ze. Nws kuj tseem tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv thaj av, thiab tsuas yog kev cuam tshuam ntawm Great Britain tau ua rau nws tuaj yeem xaus kev ua phem - cov phiaj xwm ntawm Askiv tsis suav nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm ob lub xeev Transcaucasian hluas ib leeg. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1919, kev cog lus sib haum xeeb tau kos npe ntawm Armenia thiab Georgia, raws li qhov ntawd, ua ntej kev txiav txim siab los ntawm Supreme Council of Entente, sab qaum teb ntawm thaj tsam Borchali tsis sib haum tau raug xa mus raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm Georgia, sab qab teb. ib feem - nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Armenia, thiab ib feem hauv nruab nrab tau tshaj tawm thaj chaw nruab nrab nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm tus tswv xeev Askiv.
Kev sib raug zoo nrog Soviet Russia
Txhua lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb tsis yog Great Britain lossis lwm lub tebchaws Entente lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm Georgia, ib yam nkaus, nrog rau lwm lub xeev Transcaucasian - Armenia thiab Azerbaijan. Qhov xwm txheej tsuas yog hloov pauv thaum pib ntawm 1920, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev swb ntawm Denikin cov tub rog thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm Bolsheviks txav mus rau Transcaucasus. Fabkis, Great Britain thiab Ltalis, thiab tom qab Nyij Pooj, lees paub qhov tseeb kev ywj pheej ntawm Georgia, Azerbaijan thiab Armenia. Qhov no tau txhawb siab los ntawm qhov xav tau los tsim thaj tsam tsis nyob nruab nrab ntawm Soviet Russia thiab Middle East, muab faib ua thaj tsam ntawm cov tebchaws ntawm Entente. Tab sis nws twb lig dhau lawm - thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1920, lub zog Soviet tau tsim nyob hauv Azerbaijan. Kev coj noj coj ua Georgian, hauv kev ceeb, tshaj tawm kev sib sau ntawm cov pej xeem, ntseeg siab tias Soviet kev coj noj coj ua yuav xa pab tub rog liab los kov yeej thaj chaw Georgia. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau lub sijhawm no, kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog Georgia zoo li tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau Soviet cov tub ceev xwm, txij li kev tawm tsam kev ua tub rog nrog Poland tau tawg, thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm kev swb ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Baron Wrangel hauv Crimea tseem tsis tau daws.
Yog li ntawd, Moscow ncua kev txiav txim siab xa tub rog los ntawm Azerbaijan mus rau Georgia thiab thaum lub Tsib Hlis 7, 1920, tsoomfwv Soviet tau kos npe rau kev sib haum xeeb nrog Georgia. Yog li, RSFSR tau dhau los ua thawj lub xeev loj ntawm qib no hauv ntiaj teb kom lees paub Georgia txoj cai tswjfwm kev tswjfwm, tsis yog qhov tseeb, tabsis raug cai, los ntawm kev xaus kev sib raug zoo nrog nws. Ntxiv mus, RSFSR lees paub txoj cai lij choj ntawm Georgia yav dhau los Tiflis, Kutaisi, Batumi xeev, Zakatala thiab Sukhumi cov cheeb tsam, ib feem ntawm xeev Hiav Txwv Dub sab qab teb ntawm r. Psou. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab lub zog Soviet tau tshaj tawm hauv Armenia thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1920, Georgia tseem yog lub xeev Transcaucasian kawg sab nraum kev tswj hwm ntawm Russia Russia. Qhov xwm txheej no, ua ntej tshaj plaws, tsis txaus siab rau cov koom pheej Georgia hauv lawv tus kheej. Txij li nws yog lawv uas tau tsim lub caj qaum ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa Georgia txoj kev koom nrog rau Soviet Russia, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias kev tsim lub zog Soviet nyob hauv Georgia uas tau tshwm sim sai sai yog los ntawm qee yam ntawm "Lavxias txoj haujlwm". Ordzhonikidze lossis Yenukidze tsis muaj tsawg dua Georgians dua Jordania lossis Lordkipanidze, lawv yooj yim pom lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lawv lub tebchaws hauv txoj kev sib txawv me ntsis.
- Grigory Ordzhonikidze, paub zoo dua li "Sergo", yog ib tus neeg txhawb siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim lub zog Soviet hauv Georgia thiab hauv Transcaucasia feem ntau, thiab ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv "Sovietization" ntawm Georgia. Nws nkag siab zoo heev tias kev tsim lub zog Soviet hauv Georgia yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb rau Soviet Russia. Tom qab tag nrho, Georgia, tseem tshuav ib qho chaw uas tsis yog Soviet nyob hauv Transcaucasus, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Askiv nyiam thiab, yog li, tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tawm tsam Soviet kev xav tsim thiab qhia los ntawm Askiv tus thawj coj. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Vladimir Ilyich Lenin mus txog thaum kawg tiv thaiv lub siab los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg-hauv-caj npab, uas tau lees tias xav tau los pab Georgian Bolsheviks hauv kev tsim Soviet hwj chim hauv Georgia. Lenin tsis paub meej tias lub sijhawm twb dhau los rau qhov ua nrawm thiab xav qhia qee qhov ceeb toom.
Txawm li cas los xij, Ordzhonikidze tau lees paub Lenin ntawm kev npaj ntawm cov pej xeem Georgia rau kev lees paub ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet thiab txiav txim siab txiav txim siab txhawb nqa nws. Txawm hais tias Lenin tau hais tawm kev sib tham nrog tsoomfwv Jordanian, Ordzhonikidze tau ntseeg tias yuav tsum tau nqa cov Tub Rog Liab los txhawb nqa Georgian Bolsheviks. Nws sau hauv xov tooj mus rau Lenin: "Thaum kawg Georgia tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus chaw ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thoob ntiaj teb hauv Middle East. Cov Fab Kis tau ua haujlwm ntawm no, Askiv tau ua haujlwm ntawm no, Kazim Bey, tus sawv cev ntawm tsoomfwv Angora, tab tom ua haujlwm. nov. Tsheej lab ntawm cov kub raug pov rau saum roob, ua phem rau cov neeg phem tau tsim nyob hauv thaj tsam ciam teb nrog peb, tawm tsam peb cov ciam teb ciam teb … Kuv xav tias nws tsim nyog kom rov hais dua qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev tuag mus rau thaj tsam Baku, uas tsuas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv los ntawm tam sim ntawd muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov rog txaus rau Soviet Soviet Georgia."
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 12, 1921, kev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim hauv thaj tsam Borchali thiab Akhalkalaki ntawm Georgia, tsa los ntawm Bolsheviks hauv zos. Cov neeg ntxeev siab tau ntes Gori, Dushet thiab tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm cheeb tsam Borchali. Kev ua tiav nrawm ntawm Bolshevik cov neeg tawm tsam hauv cheeb tsam Borchali coj mus rau kev hloov pauv txoj haujlwm ntawm Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Nws txiav txim siab xa kev pab mus rau Georgian Bolsheviks hauv tus neeg ntawm chav nyob ntawm pab tub rog liab.
Tsim ntawm Soviet Georgia
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 16, 1921, Pawg Neeg Tawm Tswv Yim ntawm Georgia, coj los ntawm Philip Makharadze, tshaj tawm txoj kev tsim tebchaws Georgia Tebchaws Soviet, tom qab ntawd nws tau lees paub ua tus thawj coj ntawm RSFSR rau kev pab tub rog. Yog li, kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Army mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Georgia tsuas yog kev pab rau cov neeg Georgia, uas tau tsim cov koom pheej Georgia Soviet thiab ntshai tias nws yuav raug tsoo los ntawm tsoomfwv Menshevik nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kws pab cuam Askiv.
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 16, 1921, Red Army hla ciam teb sab qab teb ntawm Georgia thiab nyob hauv lub zos Shulavery. Lub sijhawm luv thiab ua haujlwm nrawm tau pib txhawb kev tsim lub zog Soviet hauv Georgia, tseem hu ua "Soviet -Georgian tsov rog" (txawm li cas los xij, lub npe no tsis yooj yim - tom qab tag nrho, peb tab tom tham txog kev sib cav ntawm Georgians - Bolsheviks thiab Georgians - kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ywj pheej, uas Soviet Russia tsuas yog muab kev pab thawj zaug thiaj li tsis muaj kev tawm tsam hauv Georgia.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tub rog hauv tebchaws Georgia hauv lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas tau muaj ntau heev. Lawv suav tsawg kawg 21 txhiab tus tub rog thiab suav nrog 16 tus tub rog sib tua, 1 pab tub rog caij nkoj, 5 pab tub rog sib ntaus sib tua, 2 pab tub rog caij tsheb, 2 pab tub rog, tsheb thauj mus los thiab 4 lub tsheb ciav hlau. Ib qho ntxiv, muaj cov tub rog tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm uas tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Lub caj qaum ntawm pab tub rog Georgian tau tsim los ntawm cov tub rog qub ntawm tsarist pab tub rog, qhov tseeb dua, ntawm nws cov neeg Caucasian pem hauv ntej, ntxiv rau cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog ntawm cov chav ntawm "tib neeg tus neeg saib xyuas" tswj los ntawm Georgia kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ywj pheej. Cov tub rog tshaj lij tau saib xyuas cov tub rog Georgia. Yog li, Tus Thawj Coj Loj Georgy Kvinitadze (1874-1970) yog kawm tiav ntawm Tsar's Konstantinovsky Military School thiab ua ntej tshaj tawm ntawm Georgia txoj kev ywj pheej tau tuav tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Caucasian Pem Hauv Ntej.
Cov koog ntawm Red Army tswj tau txav nrawm txaus rau Tbilisi. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub peev, Georgian cov lus txib tau tsim txoj kab tiv thaiv ntawm peb pab pawg ntawm pab tub rog raws li cov lus txib ntawm Generals Jijikhia, Mazniashvili thiab Andronikashvili. Raws li cov lus txib ntawm Mazniashvili, 2,500 tus tub rog, tsib lub roj teeb ntawm cov phom loj thiab cov phom loj, 2 lub tsheb tiv thaiv thiab 1 lub tsheb ciav hlau tiv thaiv tau tsom. Mazniashvili pab pawg tau kov yeej Red Army thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 18 thiab ntes 1,600 tus tub rog Liab Tub Rog. Txawm li cas los xij, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau rov tig rov los thiab hnub tom ntej tau tawm tsam thaj tsam tiv thaiv los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm tsev kawm tub rog. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 19-20, kev sib ntaus sib tua phom loj tau tshwm sim, tom qab ntawd 5 tus tub rog tiv thaiv thiab ib pab tub rog tub rog raws li kev hais kom ua los ntawm General Jijikhi tau tawm tsam. Cov tub rog Georgian rov tswj tau mus rau tom ntej, tab sis nyob rau 23 Lub Ob Hlis lawv tau rov qab los rau lawv cov kab qub ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 24, 1921, tsoomfwv Georgia tau coj los ntawm Jordania tau khiav tawm mus rau Kutaisi. Tbilisi tau tso tseg los ntawm cov tub rog Georgian.
Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov xwm txheej zoo li hauv qab no. Ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev sib ntaus ntawm Red Army hauv Georgia, Qaib Cov Txwv txiav txim siab kom txaus siab rau nws cov kev txaus siab. Lub Ob Hlis 23, 1921Brigadier General Karabekir, uas tau hais kom cov neeg sib cav Turkish nyob rau sab hnub poob Armenia, tshaj tawm lub sijhawm kawg rau Georgia, xav tau Ardahan thiab Artvin. Cov tub rog Turkish tau nkag mus rau thaj tsam Georgia, ze rau Batumi. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 7, Tsoomfwv Georgia tau txiav txim siab tso cai rau cov tub rog Turkish nkag mus rau hauv nroog, thaum tswj hwm kev tswj hwm ntawm Batumi nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm Georgian kev tswj hwm pej xeem. Lub caij no, cov tub rog liab tau mus txog Batumi. Ntshai tsam muaj kev sib cav nrog Turkey, tsoomfwv Soviet tau koom nrog kev sib tham.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 16, Soviet Russia thiab Turkey tau kos npe rau kev cog lus phooj ywg, raws li Ardahan thiab Artvin tuaj raws txoj cai Turkish, thaum Batumi yog ib feem ntawm Georgia. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog Turkish tsis tau maj nroos tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub nroog. Raws li cov xwm txheej no, Georgian Menshevik cov thawj coj tau pom zoo los xaus qhov kev pom zoo nrog Soviet Russia. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 17, Georgia Tus Kws Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Grigol Lordkipanidze thiab tus sawv cev sawv cev ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet Abel Yenukidze tau ntsib hauv Kutaisi, uas tau kos npe rau kev tawm tsam. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 18, daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe, raws li Red Army tau txais txoj hauv kev nkag mus rau Batumi. Hauv nroog nws tus kheej, cov tub rog Georgian coj los ntawm General Mazniashvili sib tsoo nrog cov tub rog Turkish. Thaum txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv txoj kev, cov tswvcuab ntawm tsoomfwv Menshevik tau tswj kom tawm ntawm Batumi ntawm lub nkoj Italian. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 19, General Mazniashvili tau tso Batumi rau pawg neeg tawm tsam.
Tom qab tshaj tawm ntawm Georgia raws li lub tebchaws Soviet, Pawg Thawj Coj hauv Georgia tau coj los ntawm Philip I. Makharadze (1868-1941). Ib ntawm cov neeg Yudais Bolsheviks qub tshaj plaws, Makharadze tau los ntawm tsev neeg ntawm pov thawj los ntawm lub zos Kariskure hauv Ozurgeti koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm xeev Kutaisi. Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm Ozurgeti Theological School, Philip Makharadze tau kawm ntawm Tiflis Theological Seminary thiab Warsaw Veterinary Institute. Txawm tias ua ntej kev tawm tsam, Makharadze pib nws txoj haujlwm kev tawm tsam, rov qab los rau cov tub ceev xwm tsarist zais. Nws yog nws tus uas tau muaj lub hom phiaj tshaj tawm qhov kev tsim ntawm Georgia Georgia koom pheej thiab thov kev pab tub rog los ntawm RSFSR.
Yog lawm, kev tsis txaus siab txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm Georgia tom qab tshaj tawm ntawm Soviet lub zog kuj tau tshwm sim ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Bolshevik Party. Tshwj xeeb, xyoo 1922 lub npe nrov "Cov ntaub ntawv Georgian" tau tawg. Joseph Stalin thiab Sergo Ordzhonikidze tau thov cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ywj pheej yooj yim rau cov koom pheej koom pheej, suav nrog Georgia, thaum Budu (Polycarp) Mdivani, Mikhail Okudzhava thiab tus lej ntawm lwm tus thawj coj ntawm Georgia koom haum Bolshevik tau hais kom tsim kom muaj kev koom tes nrog txhua lub tebchaws tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub xeev ywj pheej, tab sis nyob hauv USSR - uas yog, kev hloov pauv ntawm Soviet Union mus rau hauv lub xeev sib koom ua ke. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas pom tom kawg tau txhawb los ntawm V. I. Lenin, uas tau pom hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm Stalin thiab Ordzhonikidze qhov tshwm sim ntawm "Great Russia chauvinism." Thaum kawg, txawm li cas los xij, kab Stalinist yeej.
Tom qab lub zog Soviet tau teeb tsa hauv Georgia, kev tsim kho lub xeev tshiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub tebchaws tau pib. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 4, 1921, Soviet lub zog tau tsim nyob hauv Abkhazia - kev tsim ntawm Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia tau tshaj tawm, thiab thaum Lub Peb Hlis 5, Sab Qab Teb Ossetia tau tsim lub zog Soviet. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 16, 1921, SSR ntawm Abkhazia thiab SSR ntawm Georgia tau kos npe rau Txoj Cai Kev Koom Tes, raws li Abkhazia yog ib feem ntawm Georgia. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 12, 1922, Georgia tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Pab Koom Tes ntawm Socialist Soviet koom pheej ntawm Zavkazie, thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 13, 1922 nws tau hloov pauv mus rau Transcaucasian Soviet Tsoom Fwv Koom Haum Koom Haum Koom Haum. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30, TSFSR, RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR thiab BSSR tau kos npe pom zoo rau kev koom ua ke rau hauv Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Raws li USSR Txoj Cai Lij Choj xyoo 1936Georgian SSR, Armenian SSR thiab Azerbaijan SSR cais los ntawm TSFSR thiab dhau los ua ib feem ntawm USSR raws li kev sib koom ua ke koom pheej koom pheej, thiab kev sib koom ua ke Transcaucasian Soviet Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Socialist Republic tau raug tshem tawm.
Raws li ib feem ntawm USSR, Georgia tseem yog ib lub tebchaws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, thiab qhov no tau muab tias nws tsis muaj kev lag luam lossis peev txheej ntawm RSFSR lossis Ukrainian SSR. Cov thawj coj ntawm Georgia SSR tau yuav luag ib txwm raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg Georgian, ntxiv rau, Georgians tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua thawj coj ntawm USSR. Txawm hais tias koj tsis coj tus naj npawb ntawm Stalin, leej twg mus deb nws tus kheej los ntawm nws haiv neeg, feem pua ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Georgia hauv kev coj ua thawj coj ntawm USSR, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum thawj peb lub xyoo ntawm Soviet lub zog, yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Ntau tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Georgia tau tawm tsam nrog kev hwm rau ntawm qhov kev ua rog ntawm Great Patriotic War, koom nrog kev tsim kho cov tsev tsim khoom hauv Soviet, tau txais ntau yam kev kawm, thiab tau txais kev lees paub cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab kos duab. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem tham txog qhov tseeb ntawm "Soviet txoj haujlwm" ntawm Georgia. Txog rau thaum USSR poob, Georgia tau suav hais tias yog ib lub tebchaws vam meej tshaj plaws thiab muaj nyiaj nplua nuj koom pheej koom pheej.
Nco qab tias thaum lub sijhawm hu ua "kev ua haujlwm" tsis muaj kev ua tsov rog ntshav nyob rau thaj tsam Georgia, Georgians tsis tau tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm cov koom pheej, thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm kev lag luam, txawm hais tias nws tsis muaj qib siab ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab thev naus laus zis, Txawm li cas los xij tsis nyob hauv lub xeev ntawd, uas nws pom nws tus kheej tom qab kev sib tsoo ntawm lub xeev Soviet koom ua ke. Qhov laj thawj rau qhov xwm txheej nyuaj ntawm kev nom tswv thiab nyiaj txiag yog los ntawm qhov tseeb xav tau "kev tswj hwm", uas qhov tseeb siv los tiv thaiv kev coj ua Lavxias hauv yuav luag txhua qhov xwm txheej. Hauv kev hloov Georgia mus rau hauv lub xeev tsim kev tawm tsam rau Russia, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv xyoo 1918-1921 thiab tom qab xyoo 1991 tau ua los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob: Great Britain, thiab tom qab ntawd Tebchaws Asmeskas.
