Oddly txaus, ib txwm muaj cov nom tswv tog hauv tebchaws Russia. Yog lawm, tsis yog kev txhais lus niaj hnub no, uas txhais tias pawg nom tswv yog "koom haum pej xeem tshwj xeeb", lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov uas yog kev txeeb hwj chim ntawm nom tswv hauv lub tebchaws.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau paub tseeb tias, piv txwv li, hauv tib lub Novgorod qub, ntau yam "Konchak" ob tog ntawm Ivankovich, Mikulchich, Miroshkinichi, Mikhalkovichi, Tverdislavichi thiab lwm cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj nyiaj muaj npe tau nyob ntev thiab tau tawm tsam tas li rau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tawm ntawm Novgorod tus kav nroog. Qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau pom nyob rau hauv Tver medieval, nyob qhov twg xyoo dhau los ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg nrog Moscow muaj kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua ntawm ob ceg ntawm Tver lub tsev tseem ceeb - "Prolitovskaya" tog ntawm Mikulin cov thawj coj los ntawm Mikhail Alexandrovich thiab "pro" "Moscow" tog ntawm Kashiri cov thawj coj los ntawm Vasily Mikhailovich, thiab lwm yam.
Txawm hais tias, tau kawg, hauv kev nkag siab niaj hnub no, cov nom tswv hauv tebchaws Russia tau tshwm sim tuaj lig. Raws li koj paub, thawj ntawm cov no yog ob qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm tog neeg ntawm kev yaum kom muaj kev sib raug zoo - Lavxias Social Social Labour Party (RSDLP) thiab Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (AKP), tsim tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 19th thiab 20th xyoo pua. Rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb, cov tog nom tswv no tsuas tuaj yeem ua txhaum cai thiab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov nruj tshaj plaws zais cia, nyob rau qhov kev nyuaj siab tas li los ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia, uas nyob rau xyoo ntawd tau coj los ntawm xws li aces ntawm kev tswj hwm nom tswv kev nom kev tswv raws li tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm Vladimir Piramidov, Yakov Sazonov thiab Leonid Kremenetsky.
Tsuas yog tom qab Tsarist Manifesto tsis zoo ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 17, 1905, uas thawj zaug tau tso cai ywj pheej kev nom tswv rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab crown, tau pib muaj txheej txheem cua daj cua dub ntawm kev tsim cov tog nom tswv raug cai, tus naj npawb uas los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tshaj ib puas thiab tsib caug. Muaj tseeb, feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem kev nom tswv no tau ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm "rooj zaum tog" tsim tshwj xeeb kom txaus siab rau lub hom phiaj thiab kev nyiam ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam kev ua nom ua tswv clowns, uas tsis tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv lub tebchaws txoj haujlwm kev nom kev tswv. Txawm hais tias qhov no, yuav luag tam sim tom qab cov txheej txheem tshwm sim ntawm cov tog neeg no, thawj zaug tau sim ua kom cais lawv.
Yog li, tus thawj coj ntawm Lavxias Bolsheviks, Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), hauv nws tus lej ntawm nws cov haujlwm, xws li "Kev Txawj Ntse ntawm Kev Txheeb cais ntawm Lavxias Kev Ncaj Ncees" (1906), "Cov Kws Ua Haujlwm Hauv Tebchaws Russia" (1912) thiab lwm yam, vam khom nws tus kheej thesis hais tias "Kev tawm tsam ntawm ob tog yog qhov qhia meej ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov chav kawm", tau thov cov kev faib tawm hauv qab no ntawm Lavxias cov nom tswv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd:
1) tus tswv tsev-vaj ntxwv (Dub Pua pua), 2) bourgeois (Octobrists, Cadets), 3) petty-bourgeois (Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks)
thiab 4) proletarian (Bolsheviks).
Hauv kev tsis txaus siab ntawm Lenin kev faib pawg ntawm ob tog, tus thawj coj paub zoo ntawm Cadets, Pavel Milyukov, hauv nws phau ntawv me Cov Kev Ncaj Ncees Hauv Lub Tebchaws thiab Duma (1909), ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tau hais tias cov tog nom tswv tsis yog tsim los ntawm kev nyiam hauv chav kawm, tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm cov tswv yim sib xws. Raws li qhov kev tshawb fawb yooj yim no, nws tau thov nws tus kheej kev faib tawm ntawm cov tog nom tswv Lavxias:
1) monarchical (Ntau pua Dub), 2) bourgeois-conservative (Octobrists), 3) kev ywj pheej ywj pheej (cov tub rog)
thiab 4) socialist (Socialist-Revolutionaries, Socialist-Revolutionaries).
Tom qab ntawd, lwm tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tus thawj coj ntawm Menshevik tog, Yuli Tsederbaum (Martov), hauv nws txoj haujlwm nto moo "Cov Kws Ua Haujlwm Hauv Tebchaws Russia" (1917), tau hais tias nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau muab cais ua Lavxias cov nom tswv hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog tsoomfwv uas twb muaj lawm, yog li ntawd nws tau ua qhov kev faib tawm no:
1) kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv (Ntau pua Dub), 2) kev saib xyuas me ntsis (Octobrists), 3) kev ywj pheej ywj pheej (cov tub rog)
thiab 4) kev hloov pauv (Socialist-Revolutionaries, Social Democrats).
Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog nom tswv niaj hnub no, muaj ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau qhov teeb meem no. Nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj kev nom tswv, txhais tau tias thiab txoj hauv kev kom ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj, qee tus kws sau ntawv (Vladimir Fedorov) faib cov nom tswv Lavxias hauv lub sijhawm ntawd rau hauv:
1) kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv (Pua pua Dub, cov txiv plig), 2) kev tawm tsam ywj pheej (Octobrists, Cadets, vam meej)
thiab 3) kev hloov pauv kev ywj pheej (Socialist-Revolutionaries, Popular Socialists, Socialist-Revolutionaries).
Thiab lawv cov neeg sib tw (Valentin Shelokhaev) - ntawm:
1) monarchical (Ntau pua Dub), 2) liberal (cov tub rog), 3) kev txuag (Octobrists), 4) sab laug (Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries)
thiab 5) anarchist (anarcho-syndicalists, beznakhaltsy).
Tus nyeem ntawv nyob zoo tej zaum twb tau mloog zoo rau qhov tseeb tias ntawm txhua pawg nom tswv uas muaj nyob hauv tebchaws Russia, txhua tus nom tswv, keeb kwm thiab kws tshawb fawb txog kev nom tswv tau tsom mus rau lawv qhov kev saib xyuas tsuas yog ob peb lub tog loj loj uas tau hais tawm tag nrho cov kev xav ntawm kev ua nom ua tswv, kev nyiam thiab kev nyiam hauv chav kawm ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm Lavxias crown … Yog li ntawd, nws yog cov tog nom tswv no uas yuav yog lub hauv paus ntawm peb zaj dab neeg luv luv. Thiab peb yuav pib peb zaj dab neeg nrog rau feem ntau "sab laug" cov tog kev tawm tsam-Socialist-Revolutionaries thiab Socialist-Revolutionaries.
Ib Abram Gotz
Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR), lossis Socialist Revolutionaries, yog tog neeg loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov pejxeem tis - pib hauv 1901. Tab sis txawm tias qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1890s, kev rov ua dua ntawm cov koom haum kev tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam, swb los ntawm tsoomfwv tsarist thaum ntxov 1880s, tau pib.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia pej xeem tseem tsis hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tus kws tshawb fawb tshiab, ua ntej ntawm txhua tus Viktor Chernov, Grigory Gershuni, Nikolai Avksentyev thiab Abram Gots, tsis lees paub qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua lag luam peev nyiaj txiag, txawm li cas los xij nws lees paub nws yeej hauv tebchaws. Txawm hais tias, tau ntseeg tag nrho tias Lavxias peev txheej kev lag luam yog qhov tshwm sim tsis muaj tseeb, raug yuam los ntawm tub ceev xwm Lavxias lub xeev, lawv tseem mob siab ntseeg hauv txoj kev xav ntawm "neeg zej zog neeg zej zog" thiab txiav txim siab thaj av hauv zej zog cov neeg zej zog tau npaj ua ntawm tes ntawm cov neeg zej zog socialist.
Alexey Peshekhonov, tus kws tshaj lij
Thaum tig ntawm 19th thiab 20th xyoo pua, ntau lub koom haum neo-nationalist loj tshwm sim hauv Russia thiab txawv teb chaws, suav nrog Berne Union ntawm Lavxias Socialist-Revolutionaries (1894), Moscow Northern Union ntawm Socialist Revolutionaries (1897), Agrarian-Socialist Pab Koomtes (1898) thiab "Southern Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries" (1900), uas nws cov neeg sawv cev thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1901 tau pom zoo los tsim ib pawg Central Committee, uas suav nrog Viktor Chernov, Mikhail Gots, Grigory Gershuni thiab lwm tus neonarodniks.
Hauv thawj xyoo ntawm lawv lub neej, ua ntej kev tsim cov rooj sib tham, uas tau tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1905-1906, Social Revolutionaries tsis muaj qhov kev lees txais feem ntau thiab daim ntawv cog lus, yog li ntawd lawv cov kev xav thiab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem kev qhia tau pom nyob hauv ob qho luam tawm lub cev - cov ntawv xov xwm Revolution Russia thiab phau ntawv xov xwm Vestnik russkoy kiv puag ncig.
Grigory Gershuni
Los ntawm cov pej xeem, Socialist -Revolutionaries tau lees paub tsis yog tsuas yog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus kev xav thiab tus yam ntxwv, tab sis kuj yog cov tswv yim ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tswj hwm tus kheej uas twb muaj lawm - kev ntshai. Nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1901, Grigory Gershuni, Yevno Azef thiab Boris Savinkov tau tsim nyob rau hauv tog neeg nruj me ntsis kev koom tes thiab ywj siab los ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam, "Kev Koom Tes Sib Koom ntawm Socialist-Revolution Party" (BO AKP), uas, raws li qhov tshwj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm (Roman Gorodnitsky), thaum lub sijhawm nws nyob rau xyoo 1901-1906 xyoo, thaum nws suav nrog ntau dua 70 tus neeg ua phem, nws tau ua phem ntau dua 2,000 tus neeg ua phem phem uas ua rau thoob tebchaws.
Tshwj xeeb, yog thaum ntawd Minister of Public Education Nikolai Bogolepov (1901), Ministers of the Interior Dmitry Sipyagin (1902) thiab Vyacheslav Pleve (1904), Ufa Governor-General Nikolai Bogdanovich (1903), Moscow Governor- General Grand Duke tuag ntawm txhais tes ntawm Socialist-Revolutionary cov tub rog. Sergei Alexandrovich (1905), Minister of War Viktor Sakharov (1905), Tus kav nroog Moscow Pavel Shuvalov (1905), Tus Tswv Cuab Hauv Xeev Alexei Ignatiev (1906), Tver Governor Pavel Sleptsov (1906), Penza Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Sergei Khvostov (1906), Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Simbirsk Konstantin Starynkevich (1906), Tus tswv xeev Samara Ivan Blok (1906), Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Akmola Nikolai Litvinov (1906), Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub Nkoj Nkoj Tus Lwm Thawj Admiral Grigory Chukhnin (1906)), Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Tub Ceev Xwm Tub Rog Tub Rog Tub Rog General Vladimir Pavlov (1906) thiab ntau lwm tus neeg muaj koob npe zoo hauv lub tebchaws, cov thawj, cov thawj tub ceev xwm thiab cov tub ceev xwm. Thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli 1906, Socialist-Revolutionary cov tub rog tau sim ua lub neej ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Pyotr Stolypin, uas muaj sia nyob tsuas yog ua tsaug rau qhov tshwm sim tam sim ntawm nws tus thawj, Major General Alexander Zamyatin, uas, qhov tseeb, tau them tus thawj tswj hwm nrog nws lub hauv siab, tiv thaiv cov neeg phem los ntawm nws lub chaw haujlwm.
Tag nrho txhua qhov, raws li tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas niaj hnub no Anna Geifman, tus sau thawj qhov tshwj xeeb monograph "Kev Ua Phem Ua Phem hauv Russia xyoo 1894-1917." (1997), ntau dua 17,000 tus neeg tau dhau los ua cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm AKP Lub Koom Haum Ua Haujlwm hauv 1901-1911, uas yog, ua ntej nws qhov kev tshem tawm tiag, suav nrog 3 tus thawj coj, 33 tus tswv xeev thiab lwm tus tswv xeev, 16 tus tswv xeev hauv nroog, cov thawj tub ceev xwm thiab cov kws lij choj, 7 tus thawj coj thiab admirals, 15 colonels, thiab lwm yam.
Kev cai lij choj ntawm Socialist-Revolution Party tau tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1905-1906, thaum nws tau tsim tsa lub rooj sib tham, uas nws txoj cai lij choj, txoj haujlwm tau txais yuav thiab pawg tswj hwm tau raug xaiv-Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam thiab Pawg Sab Laj. Ntxiv mus, tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm niaj hnub no (Nikolai Erofeev) ntseeg tias lo lus nug ntawm lub sijhawm tshwm sim ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam thiab nws tus kheej muaj pes tsawg leeg tseem yog ib qho ntawm qhov tsis paub daws teeb meem ntawm keeb kwm.
Nikolay Annensky, tus thawj coj
Feem ntau yuav yog, nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm nws lub neej, cov tswv cuab ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj tau yog tus tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm tog Viktor Chernov, "pog ntawm Lavxias kev hloov pauv" Ekaterina Breshko-Breshkovskaya, cov thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog Grigory Gershuni, Yevno Azef thiab Boris Savinkov, ntxiv rau Nikolai Avksentyev, GM Gotz, Osip Me, Nikolai Rakitnikov, Mark Natanson thiab lwm tus neeg.
Tag nrho cov tog neeg, raws li ntau yam kev kwv yees, muaj txij li 60 txog 120 txhiab tus tswv cuab. Lub hauv paus xov xwm tseem ceeb ntawm tog yog cov ntawv xov xwm "Revolution Russia" thiab cov ntawv xov xwm "Bulletin of the Russian Revolution". Cov phiaj xwm tseem ceeb teeb tsa ntawm Socialist-Revolution Party yog raws li hauv qab no:
1) kev tshem tawm ntawm huab tais thiab tsim kom muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm tsoomfwv los ntawm kev sib sau los ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev Sib Tham;
2) muab kev ywj pheej rau txhua lub nroog sab nrauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thiab kev cai lij choj suav nrog txoj cai ntawm cov tebchaws los txiav txim siab tus kheej;
3) kev suav sau kev cai lij choj ntawm cov cai tseem ceeb rau pej xeem thiab nom tswv txoj cai thiab kev ywj pheej thiab qhia txog kev xaiv tsa thoob ntiaj teb;
4) kev daws teeb meem ntawm lo lus nug ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb los ntawm kev ua tsis raug cai ntawm txhua tus tswv av, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab thaj av thaj av thiab hloov lawv mus rau kev ua tswv cuab ntawm cov neeg pluag thiab cov zej zog hauv nroog yam tsis muaj cai yuav thiab muag thiab faib av raws li txoj cai kev ua haujlwm sib npaug. (txoj haujlwm rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm thaj av).
Xyoo 1906, kev sib cais tau tshwm sim nyob rau qib ntawm Socialist-Revolution Party. Ob pawg neeg muaj feem cuam tshuam los ntawm nws, uas tom qab ntawd tsim lawv tus kheej cov txheej txheem:
1) Pawg Neeg Ua Haujlwm Tib Neeg Txoj Cai (Tib Neeg Txoj Cai Socialist, lossis Cov Neeg Ywj Pheej Zoo), uas nws cov thawj coj yog Alexey Peshekhonov, Nikolai Annensky, Venedikt Myakotin thiab Vasily Semevsky, thiab 2) Lub Koom Haum Socialist Revolutionary Maximalists, coj los ntawm Mikhail Sokolov.
Thawj pab pawg ntawm schismatics tsis lees paub qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev ua phem thiab txoj haujlwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm thaj av, thaum thib ob, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txhawb kev ua kom muaj kev txaus ntshai ntau ntxiv thiab tau thov ncua txoj cai ntawm kev sib raug zoo tsis yog rau cov neeg zej zog nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov tuam txhab lag luam.
Victor Chernov
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1907, Socialist-Revolution Party tau koom nrog hauv kev xaiv tsa rau Lub Xeev Thib Ob thiab tswj kom tau 37 txoj haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab nws tau muab tshem tawm thiab hloov pauv hauv txoj cai xaiv tsa, Social Revolutionaries tau pib tawm tsam kev xaiv tsa nom tswv, nyiam tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txoj kev tsis raug cai ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tswj hwm tus kheej.
Xyoo 1908, muaj kev txaj muag loj tshwm sim, uas tau ua rau lub npe nrov ntawm Socialist-Revolutionaries: nws tau paub tias lub taub hau ntawm nws "Lub Koom Haum Sib Koom" Yevno Azef tau ua tus sawv cev them nyiaj ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm zais txij thaum xyoo 1892. Nws tus ua tiav raws li lub taub hau ntawm lub koom haum, Boris Savinkov, tau sim rov ua nws lub zog qub, tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi zoo los ntawm qhov kev nqis peev no, thiab xyoo 1911 tog tsis muaj nyob.
Los ntawm txoj kev, xyoo no ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm niaj hnub no (Oleg Budnitsky, Mikhail Leonov) hnub kawg ntawm lub sijhawm kawg ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ntshai nyob hauv Russia, uas tau pib thaum tig xyoo 1870s-1880s. Txawm hais tias lawv cov neeg tawm tsam (Anna Geifman, Sergei Lantsov) ntseeg tias hnub kawg ntawm qhov kev tu siab "sijhawm" no yog xyoo 1918, cim los ntawm kev tua neeg ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab kev sim siab rau V. I. Lenin.
Nrog rau kev tawm tsam Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib, kev sib cais tau tshwm sim ntxiv hauv cov tog neeg mus rau Socialist-Revolutionaries-centrists coj los ntawm Viktor Chernov thiab Socialist-Revolutionaries-internationalists (Left Socialist-Revolutionaries) coj los ntawm Maria Spiridonova, uas txhawb nqa Leninist cov lus hais " kev yeej ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias hauv kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua tsov rog tsis muaj tebchaws mus rau hauv kev ua tsov rog ".
