Raws li koj paub, cov duab ntawm lub kaus mom hlau los tiv thaiv lub taub hau tau tsim tsis txawm rau ntau pua xyoo - rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Thiab thaum lub sijhawm no, tib neeg tau los nrog ntau yam sib txawv ntawm "hau npog". Txawm li cas los xij, tsis hais lawv nyuaj npaum li cas, hauv plawv ntawm lub kaus mom hlau tau ib txwm muaj thiab yuav nyob hauv ib lub thawv tshwj xeeb, uas tsuas yog npog nws ib feem. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lub kaus mom hlau tuaj yeem npog lub caj dab, nraub qaum ntawm lub taub hau, thiab lub ntsej muag. Tab sis … nws tsis tuaj yeem kaw nws lub qhov muag, qhov no yog, ua ntej, thiab qhov thib ob, lub kaus mom hlau yuav tsum muaj qhov ua pa. Lub sijhawm dhau los, cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm lub kaus mom hlau tau tsim: hemispherical (nrog thiab tsis muaj daim teb), sphero-conical (nrog lossis tsis muaj lub tsom iav, nrog lossis tsis muaj lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag) thiab cylindrical, ntxiv nrog lossis tsis muaj lub npog ntsej muag. Lub kaus mom hlau kawg, lub npe hu ua tophelm, yog los ntawm lub kaus mom hlau thiab yog lub kaus mom hlau nrov rau cov tub rog. Zoo, lub kaus mom hemispherical tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev pabcuam lub kaus mom hlau, uas yog Bundhugel, lub hauv paus lossis "lub kaus mom" tau tshwm sim. Ntxiv mus, nws lub koob npe nrov heev. Piv txwv li, hauv ib daim ntawv ntawm 1389 nws tau sau: "Knights thiab tub rog, cov pej xeem thiab cov tub rog muaj cov ntsej muag dev."
1. Morion - lub kaus mom hlau nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Renaissance thiab lub sijhawm niaj hnub no. Tsis muaj cov yeeb yaj kiab hais txog lub sijhawm ntawd ua tiav yam tsis muaj tub rog nrog lub kaus mom hlau ntawm lawv lub taub hau. Ib qho xwm txheej los ntawm zaj duab xis "The Iron Mask" (1962)
2. Morion thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. piav qhia qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hmuv, arquebusiers thiab horsemen. Flanders. Tooj liab, tawv. Nyhav 1326 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Qhov kawg ntawm txoj kev txhim kho ntawm cov cuab yeej knightly, raws li koj paub, yog "cov cuab yeej dawb", uas muaj lub kaus mom hlau tiv thaiv, tau teeb tsa kom nws cov hlau txuas tau yooj yim ntws ncig lub taub hau, uas, txawm li cas los xij, yeej tsis tau ntsib nrog nws cov hlau. Tab sis kev txhim kho cov phom yuav tsum tau tshem lub visor los ntawm lub kaus mom hlau, vim nws tsis tuaj yeem nqa nws hauv lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub tsom iav (ntxiv rau tua los ntawm nws!).
3. Morion, txog 1600, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Qhov hnyav 1224 g. Kho kom zoo nkauj nrog kos duab. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas bourgionot lossis burgonet tshwm sim, lub kaus mom hlau, zoo li caj npab hauv txhua yam, tab sis nrog lub qhov muag pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub lattice, lossis txawm tias tsuas yog peb lub pas nrig. Cov kaus mom zoo li no, hu ua "lauj kaub" ("lauj kaub") lossis "lauj kaub nrog tus cw ntses," tau nquag siv thaum Tsov Rog Zaum Ob hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab Peb caug Xyoo Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. Cov kws tshaj lij nco txog lawv cov neeg sab hnub tuaj, uas yog, keeb kwm keeb kwm. Txij li xyoo 1590, txhua lub kaus mom hlau sab hnub tuaj ntawm hom no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub npe "shishak", thiab hauv Tebchaws Europe lawv tseem nyob txog thaum xyoo pua 17th.
4. Lub kaus mom Savoyard bourguignot tau muab ntim nrog kwv yees. 1600-1620 Ltalis. Hlau, tawv. Qhov hnyav 4562 kg. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Tab sis yog tias nws yog lub kaus mom hlau zoo rau tus neeg caij, tom qab ntawd cov tub rog ko taw xav tau qee yam yooj yim dua. Thiab, tau kawg, pheej yig dua tus nqi, tab sis tsuas yog ua tau zoo.
5. Sab Hnub Tuaj, tau ntev, cov kaus mom hlau ua los ntawm daim hlau tau nyiam dua. Piv txwv li, lub kaus mom Mongolian lossis Tibetan lamellar ntawm 15th-17th caug xyoo. Hlau, tawv. Nyhav 949.7 g (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Morion dhau los ua lub kaus mom hlau. Txawm hais tias lub npe no los ntawm lus Spanish morro (lub ntsiab lus "cranial dome" lossis "round object") lossis raws li lo lus Ntau ("Moor") tseem tsis meej. Nws kuj tseem hu ua Moorish lub kaus mom hlau, tab sis ua raws li nws tuaj yeem ua tau, nws yog Morion uas tau muab tag nrho lwm hom kaus mom hlau uas tau siv los ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Nws tau tshwm sim hauv Fab Kis ib puag ncig 1510, thiab tau hais los ntawm cov kab ke muaj koob muaj npe ntawm Henry II thiab Charles IX, uas yog, ntawm 1547 thiab 1574.
6. Morion 1575. Ltalis. Hlau, tooj liab, tawv. Qhov hnyav 1601 g.
Thawj morions tau txawv los ntawm lub dome qis, uas muaj lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj thiab tsis siab heev rau nws. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov toj roob hauv pes, thaum xub thawj tsis tuaj ntawm caj npab, pib tshwm me ntsis. Tau kawg, lawv qhov muaj ua rau lub kaus mom hlau muaj zog dua thiab nce nws cov khoom tiv thaiv. Tab sis nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua tus tsiaj ntawv morion los ntawm cov duab ntawm nws lub dome, ntxiv rau maj mam nce hauv nws cov ntim. Tib yam uas tau tshwm sim yog qhov pom tseeb meej ntawm nws nce tuaj yeem taug qab ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm morion. Qhov tseeb, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. ntau morions tau ua, uas muaj ob lub qis dome thiab lub hav me. Tab sis qhov kev nyiam dav dav tseem yog cov hauv qab no - lub qhov taub ntawm lub morion tau loj dua thiab loj dua lub sijhawm!
7. Ib qho morion engraved tsuas yog nrog lub qhov taub loj heev. Sab qaum teb Ltalis, txawm tias yog Brescia. OK. 1580 - 1590 ib Hlau, tooj dag, tawv. Nyhav 1600 (Art Institute of Chicago)
Muaj ntau morions hauv European cov tsev khaws puav pheej, thiab lawv cov khoom tsim tau zoo txhais tau tias lawv tau nrov heev ntawm cov tub rog European. Kev sib kis ntawm morion tau nrawm heev thiab nthuav dav. Nws qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog nws lub ntsej muag qhib. Tib lub sijhawm, ob lub qhov muag, pem hauv ntej thiab tom qab, tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm saum toj no rau tus tswv ntawm lub kaus mom hlau no. Ib qho ntxiv, cov zuag tau muab nws lub zog zoo uas nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav nrog qhov cuam tshuam cuam tshuam.
Morion tau siv los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm laus tshaj plaws, suav nrog cov tub rog, thiab txawm tias yog cov thawj coj lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv muab nws tso rau hauv kev tawm tsam tub rog. Cov kaus mom zoo li no feem ntau tau pleev xim rau, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov paj ntoo thiab nrog cov paj ntoo zoo nkauj. Morion feem ntau tuaj yeem tiv thaiv mos txwv los ntawm arquebus, thiab nws qhov hnyav nruab nrab tuaj yeem kwv yees li ob kilograms.
8. Morion ntawm Tus Saib Xyuas ntawm Duke of Saxon Christian I, c. 1580 Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv Hans Mikel (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, 1539 -1599), Nuremberg. (Art Institute of Chicago)
Morions tsis tsuas yog hnav los ntawm cov tub rog. Lawv tau hnav, piv txwv li, los ntawm tus saib xyuas txiv plig, nrog rau cov tub ceev xwm - cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov thawj coj uas tau hais kom cov pikemen. Ntxiv mus, cov qauv zoo nkauj tiag tiag tau nqis los rau peb, uas tsis tuaj yeem tab sis ua rau muaj kev qhuas rau qhov ntxim nyiam ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab ntau yam txheej txheem uas lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj. Thiab ntawm no peb tuaj yeem pom ib qho tshwm sim txaus luag, uas yog, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov tub rog, uas ua tiav kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev xav zoo. Tseeb tiag, ua ntej ntawd, cov cuab yeej ntawm tus tub rog thiab cov tub rog me me zoo ib yam li ntuj thiab lub ntiaj teb. Tab sis tam sim no cov txheej txheem sib ntaus tau hloov pauv. Tam sim no ob tus neeg siab zoo thiab cov tub rog ua liaj ua teb siv tib lub riam phom thiab hnav tib lub tsho tiv no. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias cov neeg siab phem tam sim sim kho lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog nrog kev caum, kos duab, kos duab, thiab tshuaj zom zaws. Tab sis … cov duab ntawm tib morion tsis hloov tib lub sijhawm! Thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, cov txheej txheem no tau mus tsis yog hauv Europe nkaus xwb. Hauv Nyij Pooj, cov kaus mom hlau ntawm cov neeg siab zoo ntawm kawari-kabuto yuav tsis tshwm sim rau ib qho ashigaru zoo ib yam los hnav los ntawm ib qho ashigaru. Tab sis tus ashigaru tau txais muskets thiab jingasa lub kaus mom hlau. Yog li cas? Tsis yog tsuas yog ua samurai lawv tus kheej thaum xub thawj tsis txaus siab tua los ntawm lawv, tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv mus txog thiab suav nrog tus shogun, kuj tau pib hnav lub kaus mom hlau ntawm cov tub rog zoo tib yam, txawm hais tias nyob hauv shogun lub palace, tau kawg, nws yog ib txwm coj los hnav kab tshoob kev kos.
9. Tib lub kaus mom hlau, sab saib. Tab sis los ntawm Cleveland Museum of Art.
Tab sis qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog cov txuj ci uas tsis muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kws ntaus phom, cov kws paub paub yuav ua li cas thiaj tsim cov "taub hau" no los ntawm ib daim hlau, suav nrog txawm tias zuag. Cov morions zoo li paub, thiab lawv txawv tshaj plaws los ntawm cov khoom ntxhib ua los ntawm ntau qhov hlau, riveted thiab tseem npog nrog cov xim dub. Rau kev koom tes theorists, cov morions no yog godsend. "Nws ua li cas thaum lub sijhawm? Txawm tias tam sim no nws tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua! " Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xyoo rau lawv cov khoom yog, tau kawg, yog qhov cuav, tab sis lawv txhua tus tau ua qhov tseeb nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los thiab muab tso rau hauv tsev cia puav pheej kom nce lawv cov neeg tuaj koom … Ob qho tib si, thiab kab xev … yog tag nrho,tag nrho cov cuav ntawm xyoo dhau los. Txhua qhov nyob ib puag ncig muaj kev dag ntxias thiab kev koom tes ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm! Los ntawm txoj kev, txog cabassettes …
10. Morion Cabasset. 1580 Sab Qaum Teb Ltalis. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Cleveland Art)
Txawm hais tias morion yog lub kaus mom hlau yooj yim hauv txhua qhov kev hwm, thiab nws cov zuag muab lub taub hau tiv thaiv zoo, thev naus laus zis nws tsis yog cov khoom yooj yim tshaj plaws. Thiab tseem siv cov hlau …
11. Morion-Cabasset XVI caug xyoo. Ltalis, Hlau, tooj dag, tawv. Nyhav 1410 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Yog li ntawd, ib txhij nrog cov hom qub ntawm morion, muaj kev sib xyaw tshwm sim - morion -cabasset, uas feem ntau hu ua Spanish morion, los ntawm qhov nws txawv ntawm qhov lub kaus mom hlau no tsis muaj lub qhov taub. Qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub hauv paus no tau them nyiaj los ntawm qhov siab loj ntawm lub dome thiab muaj cov kab lancet nthuav qhia, tiv thaiv cov riam phom uas tsis muaj zog.
12. Equestrian teeb 1570 - 1580 Milan. Hlau, gilding, tooj dag, tawv. Shield - rondash, txoj kab uas hla 55, 9 cm; nees shaffron, cabasset (hnyav 2400). (Art Institute of Chicago)
Nws yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab tias Morion Cabasset tau siv ntau dua los ntawm cov tub rog caij nees ntau dua li cov tub rog, vim tias lawv tau tawm tsam nrog cov riam phom sib ntaus, uas ua rau lub tshuab viav vias tuaj yeem kov lub siab thiab tseem tsoo nws mus rau ib sab. Thiab tom qab ntawd hauv cov tub rog lawv ib txwm nyiam siv lub kaus mom hlau ntau dua, xws li, piv txwv li, bourguignot.
13. Hnav khaub ncaws hnav: ntaub thaiv npog thiab kaus mom hlau morion. (Dresden Cov Khaub Ncaws)
14. Hnav khaub ncaws hnav: ntaub thaiv npog thiab kaus mom hlau cabasset. (Dresden Cov Khaub Ncaws)
Thaum kawg, ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw no, lub kaus mom hlau cabasset kuj tseem paub, zoo ib yam li lub raj mis calabash gourd, los ntawm qhov nws zoo li feem ntau tau txais nws lub npe. Cabasset, lossis "birnhelm", uas yog, hauv German "kaus mom hlau-pear", ua ke nrog morion, tau nthuav dav hauv tebchaws Yelemes.
Lub Cabasset feem ntau yog lub kaus mom hlau ntawm cov tub rog, ob tus pike spearmen thiab arquebusier cov cim. Txog qhov kawg, nws tsuas yog kev tiv thaiv, txij li, vim lawv cov cuab yeej hnyav thiab riam phom, lawv tsis tuaj yeem them taus tej cuab yeej ua rog. Raws li rau cov musketeers, leej twg, ntau dua lossis tsawg dua lub teeb arquebus, tau siv riam phom hnyav, rab rawg-sawv-kev txhawb nqa thaum tua, thiab cov hlua nrog cov cartridges, lawv tau tso tseg sai sai txawm tias daim kab xev thiab hnav lub kaus mom dav. Qhov tseeb yog tias tsis yog cov musketeers lossis cov arquebusiers ntshai ntawm kev tawm tsam cavalry, txij li thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua cavalry, lawv ib txwm tuaj yeem khiav ntawm nws hauv qab npog ntawm pikemen.
15. Cov tub rog pheej yig morions. Nco ntsoov tias ib sab laug yog ua los ntawm ob daim thooj ib thooj ib thooj, tuav ua ke ib sab. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Meissen)
16. Tsis paub txaj muag, tab sis xub xub npaj morion nrog qhib lub mloog pob ntseg. (Dresden Cov Khaub Ncaws)
Txee qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. tau pib ua huab hwm coj-tsim nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas txoj kev, thiab nws sai sai poob nws qhov kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws. Poob nws cov tav, thiab tom qab ntawd nws lub dome zoo li qub, nws tsuas yog hloov mus rau "cov tais diav hauv tsev" uas nws zoo li tshaj plaws, zoo li lub lauj kaub, uas yog, "hws".
