"Nws tua Nws cov xub thiab ua rau lawv tawg …"
(Ntawv Nkauj 17:15)
Yog lawm, cov tub rog tau paub txog lub zog ntawm rab hneev. Muaj cov phiaj xwm txwv tsis pub siv hneev thiab hneev tua hneev taw ntawm tshav rog. Xyoo 1215, cov neeg hla hneev taw, nrog rau cov tub rog ua tub rog thiab kws phais neeg, tau lees paub tias yog cov tub rog "ntshav" tshaj plaws. Cov kev txwv no tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev siv hneev tua rog, tab sis kev ntxub ntxaug tau tshwm sim hauv lub siab ntawm cov neeg ua tub rog tshaj lij uas hneev tsis yog riam phom tsim nyog rau kev tiv thaiv kev hwm.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Beit Khanum. Los ntawm "Big Chronicle" los ntawm Matthew Paris. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1240 - 1253 (Parker Library, Lub cev ntawm Christ College, Cambridge). Kev thim rov qab hauv qab xib xub ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb sab hnub tuaj thiab cov neeg raug txhom raug ntes yog cov pov thawj zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm hneev sab hnub tuaj!
Hmoov zoo, feem ntau ntawm Sab Hnub Poob hauv lawv cov kev tsov kev rog suav tsis txheeb tau cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg tawm tsam siv riam phom ib yam li lawv tus kheej. Tab sis rau cov uas tawm tsam hauv Palestine, xws li kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg yog qhov tseem ceeb. Pib nyob rau xyoo pua 12th, Saracen cov neeg hneev taw tau pib ntiav nyob hauv thaj av Dawb Huv thiab thoob plaws hauv Mediterranean, cov neeg ua hauj lwm zoo li no tau hu ua turcopols, thiab Frederick II tau siv lawv ntau zaus hauv kev sib tw Italian. Hauv Mediterranean, cov txuj ci zoo ntawm cov hneev taw thiab cov neeg hla hneev tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab lig, yog li cov neeg hneev taw tau dhau los ua cov tseem ceeb hauv feem ntau cov tub rog sab hnub poob.
Cov hneev taw me me los ntawm "Phau Ntawv Matsievsky". Pierpont Morgan Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv.
Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tua los ntawm lub eeb. Lawv dhia tawm sai li sai tau thaum lawv tuaj txog ntawm tshav rog. Lawv cov nees tau muab kev txav mus los thaum lub sijhawm taug kev thiab muab sijhawm rau lawv kom caum tus yeeb ncuab uas khiav tawm, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg xav tau los ntawm lawv cov kws tua hneev taw, uas yog, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tsis ntseeg. Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias tau ntiav Saracen cov neeg hneev taw, ib tus tuaj yeem pom tias qhov kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv cov neeg caij nees tua cov lus hais tawm tswv yim txawm tias nyob hauv cov zej zog qis dua, uas, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tau muab tso rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj no. Vim tias tsis muaj kev txaus siab qhia los ntawm cov tub rog hauv hneev, kev txawj tua cov neeg caij nees hauv Sab Hnub Poob yeej tsis tau txog qhov siab li nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Nws kuj tseem ua rau cov tub rog sab hnub poob poob qis ntawm kev tawm tsam los tsoo cov nees hnyav hnyav, piv txwv li cov tub rog, hnav khaub ncaws hnav thiab siv xub hneev xub thawj, thiab tom qab ntawd rab hmuv thiab ntaj.
Mongolian hneev thiab xub. Thaum tsis ua haujlwm, hneev khoov hauv qhov kev coj rov qab. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Tsuas yog ob peb qhov kev zam rau txoj cai no tsuas yog txhawb qhov kev pom tias nws tsis quav ntsej rau cov tub rog caij nees uas muaj txuj ci tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv chav kawm, hnav hneev. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VI. Chronicle ntawm Franks Gregory of Tours hais txog Suav Ludasta, uas hnav ib tus neeg xa xov hla saw xa ntawv. Hauv txhua qhov kev hwm, suav tau yog tus tswv cuab ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Franks: nws muaj lub kaus mom hlau, hnav ris tsho thiab, tsis ntseeg, nws caij nees. Tab sis nws kuj hnav hneev. Tej zaum qhov kev nthuav dav no tau ntxiv los qhia tias nws yog "parvenue". Nws tau sawv los sai sai los ntawm ua noj ua haus thiab nraug vauv kom suav thiab yog li ntawd tsis muaj kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm tus tub rog muaj tseeb tiag. Nws tau raug liam los ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm kev tshaj tawm tias poj huab tais tab tom muaj kev xav nrog tus npis sov.
Pob zeb xub xub Lub sijhawm ntawm Paleolithic lig.
Hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog, cov tub rog nrog hneev yog cov cuab yeej sau ntawv thiab kos duab uas qhia txog kev dag thiab kev tsis paub, tawm ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas tiag tiag nrog dab tsi tshwm sim.
Siege ntawm Avignon. Miniature los ntawm Chronicle ntawm Saint Denis. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1332-1350 (British Tsev qiv ntawv). Artist Cambrai Missal. Ua tib zoo mloog rau qhov zoo sib xws ntawm qhov me me nrog Assyrian nyem, qhov uas cov phiaj xwm nquag nquag yog kev tiv thaiv lub fortress thiab cov hneev tua hluav taws.
Hauv tsab ntawv mus rau Abbot Furland, Emperor Charlemagne qhia nws kom txhawb nws pab tub rog nrog cov neeg caij nees uas muaj lub ntsej muag tiv thaiv, hmuv, ntaj, rab riam thiab hneev thiab xub. Qhov xwm txheej zoo li no tsis tau yaum leej twg, thiab nws tau suav hais tias yog ib feem ntawm kev rov txhim kho ntawm Roman kab lis kev cai txhawb nqa los ntawm kev rov qab los ntawm Charlemagne. Cov pov thawj tom ntej uas Carolingians muaj tus hneev taw nees yog qhov piv txwv hauv Golden Psalter ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th. Ntawm ib qho ntawm nws qhov me me, ntawm cov hmuv-horsemen ntawm Carolingian pab tub rog, tawm tsam lub nroog, ib tus tub rog ua tub rog hnyav tau qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntawv qub, hauv lub kaus mom hlau thiab nrog hneev hauv nws txhais tes. Tab sis ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, txiav txim los ntawm cov ntawv sau nruab nrab thaum ub, kev sib ntaus sib tua hneev taw rau cov tub rog uas muaj peev xwm dhau los ua tau tsuas yog lawv koom nrog kev yos hav zoov. Hauv Poj huab tais Mary tus hu nkauj, khaws cia hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Askiv, muaj cov ncauj lus qhia pom tus huab tais tua tus tsiaj phem los ntawm nraub qaum nraub qaum. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias kev tua nees yog qhov tsim nyog hauv qhov xwm txheej no. Nws yog lub ntiaj teb sib cais los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, vim nws tsis yog tib neeg raug tua, tab sis tsiaj. Tab sis nws muaj peev xwm hais tias ob qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus no tau ua raws cov duab los ntawm cov ntawv sau sab hnub tuaj uas siv los ua cov khoom siv zoo nkauj.
Lub hauv paus pib kawg ntawm kev hwm Germanic muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau Celtic kos duab ntawm kev hneev nees. Nov yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua Greek. Hauv kev ua si sau los ntawm Euripides nyob rau xyoo pua 5 BC, ib tus phab ej tau thuam tus nqi ntawm Hercules: "Nws tsis tau hnav daim ntaub thaiv lossis hmuv. Nws siv hneev nti, rab phom rab phom, ntaus thiab khiav. Bows tsis ua tus phab ej. Ib tug txiv neej tiag tiag tsuas yog ib tus uas muaj zog ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab txaus siab sawv tawm tsam hmuv. " Txiv Hercules hais hauv nws qhov kev tiv thaiv: "Ib tus neeg muaj txuj ci hauv kev tua hneev tuaj yeem xa tus xib xub da dej thiab khaws lwm yam tseg. Nws tuaj yeem khaws nws nyob deb kom cov yeeb ncuab tsis pom nws, tsuas yog nws xub xub pom xwb. Nws yeej tsis nthuav tawm nws tus kheej rau tus yeeb ncuab. Nov yog thawj txoj cai ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog - ua phem rau tus yeeb ncuab, thiab ntau npaum li ua tau, thiab tib lub sijhawm tsis muaj kev phom sij. " Ntawd yog, qhov kev xav ntawd muaj nyob ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum ntawd, thiab lawv kuj yog koom nrog cov neeg ntawm Lukophobia. Cov neeg Loos kuj suav hais tias rab hneev yog riam phom tsis zoo thiab menyuam yaus thiab tsis siv nws tus kheej, tab sis ntiav (yog tias tsim nyog) tshem tawm cov hneev nyob sab hnub tuaj.
Tim Newark hais txog Xenophon cov lus hais tias "rau qhov ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj tshaj plaws rau tus yeeb ncuab, saber (daim ntawv Greek zoo) zoo dua ntaj, vim tias siv txoj haujlwm ntawm tus neeg caij tsheb kom xa rab chais nrog Persian saber zoo dua. nrog ntaj. " Hloov chaw ntawm rab hmuv nrog tus ncej ntev, uas ua tau txawv txav los daws, Xenophon pom zoo ob lub Persian darts. Ib tus tub rog ua tub rog nrog lawv tuaj yeem pov ib lub dart thiab siv lwm qhov hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nws tau sau tias "Peb pom zoo," kom pov lub dart kom deb li sai tau. Qhov no muab sijhawm rau tus tub rog ntau dua kom tig tus nees thiab rub lwm lub dart."
European pavise ntawm crossbowman ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. los ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Glenbow.
Kev ntuav pob zeb tau dhau los ua ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm txhua tus neeg ua ntej ua ntej ntseeg sab hnub poob uas yog cov tub rog, suav nrog Loos thaum ub, Celts, thiab Germans. Hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum ntxov nruab nrab, cov tub rog caij nees nqa hmuv tau ntsib txog thaum Tsov Rog Hastings. Bayeux Tapestry qhia ntau tus tub rog Norman ntuav lawv rab hmuv ntawm Anglo-Saxons, thaum tus so tshuav lawv rab hmuv rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov hneev taw ntawm daim ntaub yog xyaum ua txhua tus tub rog thiab, ntxiv rau, tau piav qhia ntawm ciam teb, uas yog, sab nraum lub tshav dav hlau.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Crecy. Lub npe me me ntawm Chronicle los ntawm Jean Froissard. (National Library ntawm Fabkis)
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab nyob rau sab hnub poob Europe tau qhia tias yog lub hauv paus hauv keeb kwm ntawm tub rog. Tab sis kev sib cav thaum xub thawj tsis tau hloov pauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nees. Kev hloov pauv los ntawm javelin pov rau hauv kev tau siv ntau pua xyoo, thiab hauv qhov no, dua, kev ntxub ntxaug tawm tsam txhua yam tshiab, ntau dua li kev qhia txog kev ntxeev siab, tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj. Txawm hais tias thaum lwm qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntev tau tsim los, qhov kev ntxub ntxaug tawm tsam hneev raws li "kev ua phem phem tshaj plaws thiab rab riam phom" txuas ntxiv mus, uas yog vim li cas cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog siab tawv tsis kam siv nws. Xws li yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm cov neeg ncaj ncees, yug los ntawm kev ua tub rog German kev ywj pheej nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis nco qab. Nws txiav txim siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev coj ua ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rau txhiab txhiab xyoo - qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv zej zog, ntau dua li ib qho kev ua tub rog, ntseeg T. Newark [3].
Barbut - lub kaus mom hlau ntawm cov neeg hla hneev thiab cov hneev taw 1470 Brescia. Qhov hnyav 2,21 kg. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Qhov siv tau ntawm cov kev xav ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm Askiv zoo li pom tseeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv lawv kev sib piv nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib ntaus thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv riam phom ntawm cov neeg ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, qhov twg hnyav dhau, txhua yam hlau phom tsis tau muaj dua los vim yog hneev tseem yog riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thoob plaws hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom tseeb ntawm tus piv txwv ntawm samurai thiab ashigaru hauv Nyij Pooj, txog qhov uas Stephen Turnbull sau tas li, thiab qhov twg cov ntsiab lus ntawm "tua los ntawm hneev" thiab "sib ntaus" yeej ib txwm zoo ib yam!
Hugh de Beauves khiav kev sib ntaus ntawm Bouvin (1214). "Big Chronicle" los ntawm Matthew Paris., C. 1250 (Parker Library, Lub Cev ntawm Christ College, Cambridge). Nws ntseeg tias yog kev ua phem phem rau tus neeg siab tawv no. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis muaj ib tus cim uas tau piav qhia hauv qhov me me no muaj tus swb nrog cov xub!
Tus kws sau keeb kwm Askiv D. Nicole, uas tau mob siab rau qhov teeb meem no, tau sau txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg Mongols thiab cov neeg caij nees ntawm cov neeg Baltic ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, uas tau siv lub tshuab ntaus nrig rau ntawm qhov gallop. Kev tawm tsam, ntuav darts ntawm tus yeeb ncuab thiab tom qab ntawd ua rau tsis txaus ntseeg - cov no yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Estonians, Lithuanians thiab Balts, vim qhov uas lawv tseem siv lub nraub qaum ntawm tus qauv sib xws [4].
Yog li nws yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev siv qhov cuam tshuam thiab ntuav riam phom uas dag "dej" uas niaj hnub no, hauv kev xav ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm Askiv feem ntau, txiav txim siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim riam phom tiv thaiv thoob plaws Eurasia.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hais lus Askiv kuj tau lees paub qhov tseeb tias nws yog cov cuab yeej phaj uas yog qhov qub tshaj plaws thiab thoob plaws. Tab sis cov saw xa ntawv - thiab hauv qhov no lawv pom zoo nrog kev txiav txim ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm Italis F. Cardini, yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txhim kho kev hnav khaub ncaws hnav ntawm cov neeg qub thaum ub, cov khawv koob thiab cov txawj ua khawv koob uas xaws cov hlua hlau rau ntawm cov khaub ncaws los tiv thaiv lawv ntawm dab phem thiab cuam tshuam nrog lawv nrog txhua lwm yam txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov kev tiv thaiv zoo li lub suab nrov nrov. Tom qab ntawd, cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus nees thiab tsis siv hneev thiab xib xub txaus siab rau nws txoj kev yooj yim, uas ua rau cov saw xa yooj yim rau hnav, thaum tus kws tua hneev taw (thiab feem ntau yog nomads) yuav tsum xav txog yuav tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej li cas los ntawm cov xub hneev taw los ntawm nrug deb. Qhov twg, yuav ua li cas thiab vim li cas qhov kev faib no tau tshwm sim, cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm "dej" saum toj no tsis paub rau peb niaj hnub no, tab sis qhov no tsis txhais tau tias nws tsis qhia txog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov khoom qub. Tej zaum cov no yuav pom pom ntawm kev faus neeg nrog ntau tus hlau ib ncig, ob leeg txuas rau ib leeg thiab xaws ua kab ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Thaum muaj pob txha lossis pob zeb xub xub nyob hauv tib qhov kev faus, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov ua tiav tshwj xeeb, qhov xaus yuav pom tseeb tias kev tiv thaiv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd ntseeg tau heev, thiab qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntseeg siab nyob rau hauv muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv siab ntawm cov saw xa ntawv … Cov phaj xaws rau ntawm cov tawv lossis ntaub puag tau nkag tau yooj yim dua, ib txwm muaj ib tus tuaj yeem hais tias "ib txwm muaj". Vim li no, lawv tau siv raws qhov lawv xav tau tiag tiag, tom qab ntawd, raws li cov saw xa ntawv tus kheej tsis yog lub cev nkaus xwb, tab sis tseem muaj kev tiv thaiv tej yam yees siv, txawm tias nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog lawv tsis nco qab qhov no ntxiv lawm.
Ib qho me me tshwj xeeb kiag li, thiab tsuas yog ib qho ntawm nws yam (!), Uas piav qhia txog tus tub rog tua hneev taw ntawm tus nees, thiab muaj tus nplawm tib lub sijhawm. Ntawd yog, qhov no yog tus nees hneev taw tiag tiag, uas yog qhov ua tsis tau zoo rau tus neeg European sab hnub poob! Dab tsi ua rau nws ua qhov no thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, vim li cas nws thiaj xav txog qhov me me no, tsis paub. Qhov ntxim siab, qhov me me no tseem yog rau Colmarians Chronicle ntawm 1298 (Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Askiv). Ntawd yog, ob qho kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv hiav txwv thiab tus tub rog no tau kos los ntawm tib tus kws kos duab. Thiab leej twg paub tias nws xav li cas? Qhov tseeb, hauv lwm cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntawv me me ntawm lwm tus kws ua yeeb yam, suav nrog tib lub sijhawm, peb yuav tsis pom ib yam zoo li no. Ntawd yog, nws koom nrog pawg ntawm cov peev txheej ib leeg!
Tiag tiag knight armor tau khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev tshaj plaws qhov kev txhim kho ntawm zej zog tau qeeb hauv kev sib piv nrog kev nce qib sai ntawm kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo hauv Europe. Piv txwv li, nyob rau sab qaum teb Africa thiab Tibet, qhov chaw uas cov cuab yeej tau hnav txawm tias xyoo 1936. Yog li, hauv Caucasus, peb muaj lub kaus mom hlau, lub luj tshib, saw xa ntawv thiab ntaub thaiv npog - piv txwv li. "Dawb" thiab riam phom zoo tau siv los ntawm Imperial Convoy ntawm Tsar Lavxias los ntawm cov neeg roob mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19, uas yog, yuav luag ntev li Nyiv.
Fab Kis lub hauv paus 1410 Nyhav 2891, 2 g. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias hom kab mob no, raws kev faib kev coj noj coj ua los ntawm kev lees paub hneev tias yog riam phom tsim nyog, kuj tseem muaj txoj cai rau nws nyob ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntau heev, thiab nws siv tau tso cai rau peb saib tshiab ntawm ntau yam tshwm sim hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los. Tom qab tag nrho, kev ntxub tib yam ntawm cov tub rog sab hnub poob rau lawv cov neeg sab nrauv sab hnub tuaj, xyaum ua tib zoo li rab riam phom, yog, raws li peb tuaj yeem pom, tsis yog tsuas yog sib txawv hauv kev ntseeg. Cov neeg caij nees sab hnub tuaj, uas pom tsis muaj kev txaj muag siv hneev tawm tsam lawv cov phooj ywg, ntsia hauv qhov muag ntawm Western European cov tub rog kuj tseem yog cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees uas ua txhaum kev coj ua ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab yog li ntawd tsis tsim nyog ntawm tus cwj pwm sib cav! Txawm tias muaj kev sib ntxub ntau dua, hauv lawv lub qhov muag tsim nyog cov uas tsis yog "tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj" ncaj qha, tab sis siv hneev thiab xib xub rau ntawm cov phom uas zoo ib yam, uas yog, lawv tau qiv tag nrho qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm no thiab nyob ntawd, thiab, yog li ntawd, tau zoo dua qub ib txwm muaj kev ntxub ntxaug. Yog li los ntawm qhov no, nws yuav zoo li, ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb, kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev xav, uas tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho hom kev coj noj coj ua hauv txhua qhov lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg.
1. Jaspers K. Lub hauv paus pib ntawm keeb kwm thiab nws lub hom phiaj // Jaspers K. Lub ntsiab lus thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm keeb kwm, 1991. P.53.
2. Shpakovsky V. O. Keeb kwm ntawm riam phom knightly. M., Lomonosov, 2013 S. 8.
3. Newark T. Vim li cas cov tub rog yeej tsis siv hneev nti (Nees Hneev Hiav Txwv hauv Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Poob) // Cov duab piv txwv txog tub rog. 1995. No. 81, Lub Ob Hlis. PP. 36-39.
4. Nicolle D. Raiders of the Ice War. Medieval Warfare Teutonic Knights ambush Lithuanian Raiders // Cov tub rog piv txwv. Vol. 94. Peb Hlis. 1996. PIB. 26 - 29 ib.
