"Qhov me dua qhov muaj rab peev xwm, rab phom zoo dua, thiab rov ua dua."
(Keeb Kwm Ntawm Cov Phom Phom. Sau los ntawm F. Engels lig lub Kaum Hli 1860 - thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1861. Luam tawm hauv Phau Ntawv Teev Npe Pab Dawb, rau Lancashire thiab Cheshire thiab hauv Cov Lus Hais rau Cov Tuaj Pab Dawb. London, 1861)
Tus kheej, Kuv tsis nyiam sau ntawv txhua vim tias lawv them rau nws. Lawv them zoo rau ntau heev … Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog thaum koj tab tom sim xa qee yam rau lwm tus hauv kev sau ntawv, koj tus kheej - ua ntej, koj nkag siab nws zoo, thiab qhov thib ob, koj kawm ntau yam uas koj tsis tau paub ua ntej lossis tsis tau them nyiaj mloog. Ntawd yog, qhia qee yam rau lwm tus, koj ib txhij kawm nws tus kheej, tshuaj xyuas, sib piv, thiab yog vim li cas koj thiaj ntse dua. Zoo, nws tsis yog tsis muaj ib yam uas Lobachevsky tau tsim los nrog nws tus kheej, qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tsarist ruam hauv kev ua lej siab dua, thiab Mendeleev - sim qhia tshuaj lom neeg rau cov tub ntxhais kawm. Ntawm no nws yog nrog kuv …
Daim duab hu ua "Lub taub hau ntawm Turkomans", thiab nws zoo dua tsis txhob txiav txim siab ua ntej. Nws nyuaj rau txiav txim siab tias haiv neeg twg ntawm cov neeg tua neeg sawv tom qab, tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb ib yam dab tsi sab hnub tuaj. Tab sis yam lawv muaj hauv lawv txhais tes tsim nyog saib. Tag nrho cov arsenal! Werndl phom ntev nrog crane ntsia liaj qhov rooj, tom qab - Martini -Henry, thiab ntawm no yog qee cov phom (lossis carbines) nrog cov nkhaus ntsia liaj qhov rooj, tej zaum txawm tias Mauser, tab sis txawm tias nrog lub iav tsom iav nws nyuaj heev kom pom tseeb.
Kuv paub, ntawm chav kawm, txog xyoo 1895 Winchester, ntxiv rau, kuv raug rho tawm ntawm nws tus kheej, Kuv paub txog rab phom Mauser (zoo, leej twg nyob hauv Soviet thaum yau tsis tau nyeem Louis Boussinard?), Tab sis … Kuv tsis paub txhua yam uas Kuv kawm (zam txim rau txim!) Thaum kuv pib npaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Mauser. Thiab, tau kawg, kuv "tuav" rau txhua tus ntawm lawv. Tau kawg, rau txhua rab phom kuv yuav zoo li feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem "tuav". Tab sis nws yog qhov ua tau thiab tsim nyog los sib piv cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj niaj hnub no, thiab tsuas yog kev sib piv yog lub ncauj lus ntawm kab lus no. Tab sis dab tsi peb yuav piv nrog?
Thiab ntawm no yog dab tsi: phom ntev, ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau tib lub sijhawm zoo li rab phom thawj zaug ntawm Paul Mauser, uas yog, nrog M1871 phom ntev li ntawm tsis pub dhau 10 xyoo, vim qhov no yog lub sijhawm loj heev rau kev ua tub rog nyob rau xyoo ntawd. Ntawd yog, cov uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm 1870 txog 1881. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias txhua qhov "tsis-Mauser" ntawm lub sijhawm no yog cov muaj peev xwm sib tw ntawm "Mauser" nws tus kheej. Thiab, tau kawg, lawv cov neeg tsim khoom xav kom "tshaj" cov txuj ci German. Tib lo lus nug yog, lawv puas ua tiav lossis tsis yog?
Ib rab phom tua ib leeg Hotchkiss 1875, patent No. 169641.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj nrog lub zog rov ua haujlwm tau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tsis meej rau tus tsim lossis cov tub rog. Qhov kev pom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov no yog rab phom Martini-Henry, uas tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam hauv tebchaws Askiv xyoo 1871, uas tau piav qhia qee yam ntawm no ntawm TOPWAR. Ntxiv mus, rab phom no nyob rau xyoo 1914-18. hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, nws tau hloov pauv mus rau Mauser cartridges ntawm caliber 7, 65-mm, uas yog, nws tau hloov mus rau hauv rab phom Martini-Mauser thiab tau siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Caucasian theatre ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Hotchkiss patent rau rab phom nrog cov ntawv xov xwm hauv qab hauv xyoo 1876 No. 184285.
Lub tswv yim ntawm ntau tus nqi tsis pom tseeb ib yam, txawm hais tias nws tau maj mam ua nws txoj hauv kev. Yog li, xyoo 1870, Asmeskas lub tuam txhab riam phom "Winchester" tau nthuav tawm qhov piv txwv zoo ntawm rab phom nrog cov zawv zawg thiab cov ntawv xov xwm hauv pob tw rau rau puag ncig ntawm Hotchkiss tsim. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias cov hmoov av hauv lawv tau haus luam yeeb, ib lub raj mis uas muaj lub tog raj kheej nrog lub foob thiab daim ntawv qhwv, uas zoo ib yam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Ntxiv mus, txij li cov tub rog thov kom lub khw hloov ntawm cov riam phom no, nws tau teeb tsa rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias muaj qhov hloov pauv no, rab phom tau tsis quav ntsej hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Europe.
Cov cuab yeej ntawm rab phom Hotchkiss xyoo 1877 nrog cov ntawv xov xwm hauv qab taub.
Xyoo 1867 tus qauv phom, tsim los ntawm Joseph Werndl (1831-1889) thiab Karel Golub (1830-1903), tau ua haujlwm nrog pab tub rog Austro-Hungarian, thiab zoo li nws tsis nyob ntawm no. Tab sis qhov tseeb yog tias nws tau hloov kho tshiab ob zaug hauv kaum xyoo tshwj xeeb: thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1873 thiab thib ob hauv xyoo 1877. Ntxiv mus, txog xyoo 1877, txog 400,000 rab phom thiab 100,000 Verndl M1873 carbines tau tsim, thiab kwv yees li 300,000 rab phom ntawm 1877 tus qauv, thiab lawv cov khoom tau nres tsuas yog xyoo 1886, thaum Steyr-Mannlicher phom xyoo 1886 nkag mus rau kev pabcuam. Thiab cov phom no kuj tau koom nrog Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, vim tias lub tebchaws tsis sib haum tsis muaj riam phom niaj hnub txaus.
Rifle Werndl 1867 Stockholm Army Museum.
Cov phom ntawm thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm tau siv rab phom loj ntawm 11, 15 × 42 mm R, thiab txij li xyoo 1877 nws tau txais daim cartridge tshiab 11, 15 × 58 mm R. 731873 /77, feem …
Rifle cartridge rau Verndl 11, 15 x 42R.
Cov phom muaj lub npe hu ua crane ntsia liaj qhov rooj ntawm cov cuab yeej yooj yim heev. Qhov tseeb, nws yog lub tog raj kheej tig rau ntawm lub axis thiab nrog lub qhov tso rau nws rau daim cartridge. Hauv nws, cov channel tau tsim rau tus nruas, uas ua rau tus ntaus raug ntaus thiab qhov ntawd yog txhua yam! Nws ntseeg tias txog li 20 ncig ib feeb twg tuaj yeem raug tua los ntawm rab phom no. Txawm li cas los xij, nws rauj tau ua haujlwm ntawm tus kheej, uas xav tau kev txav tes ntxiv, uas tsis xav tau hauv rab phom-ua haujlwm! Cov phom tau tsim ua ob yam: phom ntev thiab carbine. Ntawd yog, thaum cov neeg German twb muaj lawv li 1871 Mauser hauv kev pabcuam, cov tub rog Austrian tseem … raug rho tawm ntawm lawv rab phom nrog cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj, uas qhia … qhov tsis pom tseeb ntawm qhov zoo ntawm Mauser system rau Austrian cov tub rog. Lossis tej zaum lawv tsuas yog thov txim rau cov nyiaj tau nqis peev hauv qhov kev tsim no? Tom qab tag nrho, tom qab tag nrho, nws tau tsim los ntawm lawv tus kheej, Austro-Hungarian cov ncauj lus!
Crane ntsia liaj qhov rooj ntawm rab phom Verndl.
Qhov txaus siab, hauv tib lub tebchaws Austria-Hungary xyoo 1871, Fruvirt carbine tau siv tshwj xeeb rau cov tub rog Austrian cov tub rog, tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm tiv thaiv ciam teb, uas muaj rau ib puag ncig cov ntawv xov xwm thiab ob daim cartridges ntawm tus pub thiab ib qho hauv lub thoob. Cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj ntawm cov carbine no tau swb nrog txoj hlua nkhaus, ib yam li G98 Mauser, tab sis nws cov mos txwv tsis muaj zog, txawm hais tias lawv lub peev xwm yog 11 hli. Tag nrho yim qhov kev sib tw no tuaj yeem raug rho tawm hauv 16 vib nas this, thiab rov qhib cov ntawv xov xwm nrog rau rau puag ncig hauv 12!
Cov cuab yeej ntawm Verndl phom ntev, qauv 1873.
Hauv tib lub xyoo 1871, rab phom uas tsim los ntawm Edouard de Beaumont nrog tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj zawv zawg rau 11 hli nkag rau hauv pab tub rog Dutch. (11, 3x52R) nrog cov mos txwv. Cov phom muaj qhov ntev tsis muaj lub dav hlau - 1320 mm, nrog lub dav hlau (cov tub rog muaj rab koob, thiab cov tub rog caij nkoj muaj yatagan bayonet ntawm tus qauv Fabkis xyoo 1866) - 1832 hli. Nws hnyav 4, 415 kg, nrog tus xov tooj cua - 4, 8 kg. Qhov ntev ntawm lub thoob nws tus kheej yog 832 hli. Kev pom ntau yam ntawm kev tua los ntawm cov phom me me qauv M71 yog 803 meters (qauv M71 / 79 - 1800 m).
Tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj ntawm rab phom Edouard de Beaumont. Pom tau ntau dua qhov pom, hauv kev sib piv nrog lwm tus, kaw qhov rooj thiab xauv qhov ntsia hlau rau ntawm nws tau pom meej.
Kev tsim ntawm rab phom Dutch no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj thiab cov thoob, qhia cov tswv yim qiv los ntawm Fab Kis Chaspo rab koob rab phom. 1866 thiab … dua ntawm German Mauser arr. 1871 xyoo. Tab sis, tsis muaj teeb meem li cas peb tham txog qiv nyiaj, rab phom no muaj nws tus kheej, ntxiv rau, qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb zest, uas yog, nws qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua V-lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav tau muab tso los ntawm tus tsim qauv … uas tau raug ntsia los ntawm ob qho tib si! Cov tshuaj, piv txwv li, yog ntau tshaj qhov qub! Lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav tau npog zoo heev, qhov no yog, ua ntej, qhov thib ob, kev tsim cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj, yog tias koj saib nws hauv ntu, yog qhov yooj yim heev. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem yog qhov nyuaj heev, tsis siv thev naus laus zis thiab xav tau kev coj noj coj ua zoo. Cov ntaub ntawv siv lub thawv ntim khoom siv nyob ntawm tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj nws tus kheej, thiab tsis tau teeb tsa hauv tus txais, raws li feem ntau ua tiav. Ntawd yog, tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm, thiab qhov no ib txwm muaj qhov tsis zoo nrog qhov tseeb tias cov ntsia hlau yuav ploj, thiab koj yuav tsis tuaj yeem sib dhos nws ntxiv thiab thaum kawg koj yuav tsis muaj riam phom. Yog li ntawd, tshem cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj txawm tias yuav ntxuav phom yog qhov tsis xav tau. Tsis muaj fuse, ntxiv rau kev ruaj ntseg tub rog, ntawm Beaumont phom loj!
Pom tawg ntawm Beaumont phom ntsia liaj qhov rooj. Tsis yog nws thawj?
Qhov txaus siab, cov phom phom thiab cov cuab yeej tau qiv los ntawm Fab Kis Chasspot phom loj. Ntxiv mus, raws nraim peb xyoos tom qab, Tus Thawj Tub Rog Gras tau siv Beaumont system ua tus qauv thaum tsim nws tus kheej rab phom ntawm 1874 tus qauv. Yog li ntawd, lawv muaj ntau yam sib xws.
Beaumont infantry phom ntev txais.
Zoo li German Mauser, cov hlau ntawm 1871 Beaumont phom ntev tsis tau oxidized, tab sis xuab zeb blasted kom muab lawv ci. Tab sis cov phom xa mus rau Dutch cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Indonesia muaj cov xim oxidized dub.
Cov kws tshaj lij tau sau tseg tias, feem ntau, rab phom Beaumont tau hla dhau xyoo 1871 Mauser hauv cov lej ntsuas thiab, yam tsawg kawg, tsis zoo rau nws. Tab sis … Mauser 1871 tom qab hloov mus ua qauv ntau dua, tab sis rab phom Beaumont … kuj … tab sis nyob rau hauv txoj kev winding heev. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, los ntawm 1870 txog 1892. ntau tshaj 147 txhiab Beaumont phom tau tsim. Tab sis ib zaug ntxiv … vim li cas Dutch cov tub rog siv Remington carbines nrog lub thav duab thim rov qab, thawj zaug hauv qab Remington daim cartridge, thiab tsuas yog tom qab piv txwv chambered rau rab phom Beaumont. Cov no yog cov zigzags ntawm txoj cai tub rog. Tab sis … cov tub rog tub rog, cov neeg tsav nkoj, thiab tub rog muaj lawv tus kheej rab phom - yog Dutch!
Beaumont phom nrog Vitali cov ntawv xov xwm.
Qhov txaus siab, yog li ntawd, xyoo 1888, Vitali system khw tau saws rau rab phom no, thiab nws tau muab tawm tias Beaumont rab phom ib leeg tau yooj yim los hloov pauv mus rau hauv khw muag phom. Qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua yog kom haum ib phau ntawv xov xwm rau plaub puag ncig rau hauv lub thawv thiab txuas rau tus neeg txais kev txiav ib txwm txiav tawm ntawm cov cartridges rau thauj nws "ib daim cartridge ib zaug". Cov clip yog qhov tsim qauv qub, muaj lub hauv paus ntoo, thiab raug tshem tawm siv txoj hlua luv khi rau nws. Qhov phom Beaumont no kuj tsis phem thiab txawm tias yooj yim heev, tab sis tsuas yog xyoo 1888 nws tau pom meej lawm-tom qab tag nrho, nws yog tib lub xyoo uas Paul Mauser tsim nws lub sijhawm ua Geweer-1888.
Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Austro-Hungarian huab tais muaj tsawg kawg yog lub zog nruab nrab. Hauv tebchaws Yelemes, hauv Saxony, rab phom Werder (qauv 1869) tau siv, hauv Bavaria - Podeville (tib lub xyoo), thiab tsuas yog hauv Prussia Mauser phom ntev tau txais, uas tsuas yog thaum kawg kis mus rau Tebchaws Yelemees, yog li hais lus, txhua qhov chaw.
Greek cov neeg ntxeev siab xyoo 1903 nrog rab phom Gras.
Cov neeg Fab Kis uas poob Franco-Prussian kev ua tsov rog nyob rau tib lub sijhawm zoo li cas? Ceev nrooj thiab tsis muaj ado ntxiv los ntawm qhov phem, lawv tau siv rab phom ntawm Gra tsim ntawm xyoo 1874 tus qauv nrog tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj ntawm 11-mm caliber. Ntawd yog, lawv tau siv tus qauv German Mauser ntawm xyoo 1871, rab phom Askiv "Martini-Henry", sim peb cov Lavxias "Berdanka", nrog rau tag nrho lwm cov phom, thiab txhua yam uas zoo nyob hauv lawv tau muab tso ua ke hauv ib rab phom! Cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj raug coj los ntawm Mauser (!), Tab sis txhim kho los ntawm nws qhov loj me, tej zaum vim qhov uas qhov hluav taws kub ntawm Gra phom loj siab me ntsis dua li Mauser. Raws li, tag nrho cov khoom qub ntawm Chaspo phom tau hloov pauv xyoo 1874 rau tus qauv ntawm rab phom Gras. Ntawd yog, lub thoob hauv nws tseem zoo ib yam, nrog rau qhov muaj peev xwm, tab sis tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj tau txais cov kab xauv thiab raug pov tseg. Kev hloov pauv tau ua tiav, pheej yig, thiab, yog li ntawd, siv tau, thiab hais txog tus nqi ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, rab phom no tsis zoo dua li Gra qauv.
Murata phom ntev, Hom 13.
Murat phom ntev, Hom 13, ntsia liaj qhov rooj thiab ntsia liaj qhov rooj.
Hauv Nyij Pooj, xyoo 1875, rab phom Murata tau tsim ntawm tus qauv ntawm xyoo 1871 Mauser, txawm tias lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws sab saud tau khaws cia ntawm tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj. Ntawd yog, txhua yam hauv nws zoo li Mauser, tshwj tsis yog txhua yam hauv nws tau ua kom yooj yim ntau li ntau tau! Yog li cov phom Nyij Pooj tau tig los ua lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj dua li German, tab sis feem ntau nws yog daim ntawv theej ntawm nws! Tab sis qhov lawv tsis xav txog yog … muaj peev xwm! Lawv muaj tib yam, uas yog, 11-mm, zoo li feem ntau cov phom European. Tab sis lawv tuaj yeem coj nws, tab sis txo nws, zoo, cia peb hais, txawm tias mus txog 8 hli. Tib lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv cov ntawv qhwv … tab sis tsis yog 11, tab sis tsuas yog 8 hli! Dab tsi phem? Nws yuav tua tib yam nkaus, tab sis rab phom yuav hnyav dua, thiab tub rog yuav siv rab phom ntau nrog nws. Tab sis … "lwm tus neeg qhov kev paub ua rau ob lub qhov muag pom" (thiab Nyij Pooj pom tseeb tsis tau nyeem F. Engels), yog li nws tiv thaiv lawv ntawm kev xav ntawm nws tus kheej.
