Kev hloov pauv los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau hauv forged armor, caij muaj zog thiab zoo ib yam li "armored" nees, mus rau lub teeb cavalry, riam phom nrog rab yaj phom thiab ntaj, tshwm sim hauv tsawg dua ib puas xyoo. Cia peb nco txog Pua pua Xyoo Tsov Rog. Nws tau pib nyob rau lub sijhawm "sib koom ua ke daim hlau phaj" thiab xaus rau lub sijhawm "hlau hlau dawb", tab sis nws siv sijhawm ib puas xyoo. Vim li cas? Yog, vim tias lub zog tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog hmuv thiab ntaj, tab sis hneev thiab hneev taub hau, nrog rau tag nrho lawv lub zog rhuav tshem, yog riam phom pab. Ib qho ntxiv, hauv Tebchaws Europe, txawm hais tias caij hneev taw tsis tuaj yeem tua los ntawm tus nees, vim nws ntseeg tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem koom nrog qhov kev tsis quav ntsej, zaum ntawm tus tsiaj zoo! Ntawm qhov tod tes, txhawm rau rub tawm tus tub rog lub hniav lawv tau rub tus nees, txhawm rau kom tsawg kawg ntawm txoj kev no mus rau "lawv lub siab dawb siab zoo"!
Pikemen ntawm Tsov Rog Rocroix hauv 1643 Xim los ntawm Sebastian Renx.
Txoj cai lij choj ntawm Fab Kis tus vaj ntxwv Charles VII tau tsim cov tub rog los ntawm "cov tub rog uas muaj cuab yeej ua tau zoo" thiab cov tub qhe uas muaj txiaj ntsig, tsis muaj ntaub thaiv npog, vim lawv tsis xav tau ntxiv lawm - cov cuab yeej siv tau mus txog qhov ua tiav. Thaum Tsov Rog Ntawm Fornovo hauv 1495, nws yog cov neeg caij nees uas tau tawg ua Italians zoo li tus pin, thiab hauv Ravenna xyoo 1512, cov tub rog Fabkis tau tsoo los ntawm cov qib ntawm German Landsknechts, ua pov thawj tias lawv yeej ua tsis tau.
Tab sis pab tub rog no tau thov kom muaj nyiaj txaus thiab tsuas yog Fabkis txoj yas tuaj yeem txhawb nqa nws. Muaj kev sim los ntawm Burgundian duke los ntawm Habsburg dynasty los luam cov tuam txhab Fabkis no ntawm cov tub rog, tab sis qhov tseeb lawv tsis tau ua tiav nrog kev ua tiav. Yog, muaj cov neeg caij tsheb zoo li no, tab sis lawv muaj tsawg tus. Thaum Askiv Henry VIII tau tawm tsam Fab Kis xyoo 1513, nws tau siv zog ua cov txiv neej uas nws xav tau, thiab txawm li ntawd los lawv yuav tsum hnav tsuas yog ib nrab cov cuab yeej lossis "peb lub hlis twg cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv" thiab caij nees tsis muaj tub rog.
Cov txheej txheem no tau hloov pauv nyob rau nruab nrab -1540s nrog kev tsim tshiab hauv Tebchaws Yelemees: lub log xauv rab yaj phom. Thiab sai sai no, cov neeg caij tsheb pib siv rab phom zoo li no, vim lawv yooj yim heev rau lawv. Yog li thaum lub sijhawm Siekesfehervar raug kaw hauv Hungary xyoo 1543, cov phom me no twb tau siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Xyoo tom qab, tag nrho chav tsev ntawm cov neeg caij nees nrog rab phom tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov pov tseg ntawm German Emperor Charles V. Qhov txaus siab, Henry VIII hauv tib lub xyoo tau yws tias German cavalry uas nws tau ntiav tsis yog lub zog hnyav heev, tab sis tsuas yog rab phom caval. Yog li nws tsis yog tus pom, txawm hais tias nws nyiam ntau yam kev ua tub rog.
Lub kaus mom hlau Burgonet. Fabkis, 1630 Luj 2190 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Thaum ntxov li 1550, German hnyav cavalry yuav luag tag pov tseg hmuv nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm ib khub lossis ntau rab phom phom. Ntxiv mus, lawv tseem raug suav hais tias yog cov tub rog hnyav, vim lawv hnav ob lub tsho tiv thaiv tag nrho thiab "peb lub hlis twg cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv", tab sis lawv twb tau siv rab yaj phom los ua riam phom loj. Cov tub rog tiv thaiv tam sim ntawd dhau los ua qhov dhau los thiab, yog li, xyoo 1560 German tus nees rau cov tub rog hnyav tau hnyav dua li tsuas yog peb caug xyoo dhau los. Cov txiaj ntsig yog dab tsi? Yog, yooj yim heev - koj yuav tsum tau siv nyiaj tsawg dua ntawm cov khoom noj, thiab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov cavalry hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis raug kev txom nyem, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nce!
Lwm qhov laj thawj yog qhov tshwm sim thaum xyoo 1540s ntawm muskets hnyav 20 phaus lossis ntau dua thiab nce txog 20 mm hauv qhov muaj peev xwm. Cov mos txwv txhuas ntawm cov musket tuaj yeem nkag mus rau txhua yam cuab yeej ua haujlwm, yog li tsis muaj kev nkag siab tsawg dua hauv nws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Fab Kis thiab Italians pib ua haujlwm Albanian stradiots; Germans - Hungarians; Cov neeg Mev siv lawv tus kheej lub horsemen lub teeb - ginets, riam phom nrog daim ntaub thaiv thiab hmuv (tab sis kuj rab yaj phom!); Zoo, hauv tebchaws Askiv tau tsim tag nrho cov txheej txheem, raws li cov neeg caij nees tau siv riam phom raws li lawv cov nyiaj tau los!
Musket. Lub teb chaws Yelemees, XVI - XVII ib puas xyoo Caliber 17.5 hli. Nyhav 5244, 7 g Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Xauv rau lub musket no.
Tag nrho cov tub rog no tau pheej yig, txawb, nyiag thiab tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis … lawv tso nrog nws. Vim li cas? Vim tias, qee lub sijhawm, ib tus neeg caij tsheb nrog lub ntsiab lus tsis pub tua tuaj yeem xa mus rau lub ntiaj teb tom ntej tus nqi kim thiab "raug" tus neeg ncaj ncees hauv cov cuab yeej kim thiab kim nees!
Kev kos duab German thaum pib xyoo pua 17th piav qhia cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv phom phom los ntawm cov neeg sib ntaus hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Nrog kev pib ua tsov rog Fab Kis ntawm kev ntseeg nyob rau xyoo 1562, Fab Kis kuj tau pib hloov pauv los ntawm kev tswj hwm cov tub rog hnyav hnyav mus rau lub cav cav tub rog. Thaum pib, cov tuam txhab kev cai lij choj hauv lub xeev suav nrog 600 tus neeg caij nees, suav nrog 100 "hmuv", nyeg, faib ua 10 leej. Hauv kev coj ua, lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem muaj los ntawm 30 txog 110 "luam" hauv nws qhov kev tsim, uas yog, tus lej tiag yog nyob deb ntawm ib txwm sib npaug rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. "Hmuv" suav nrog rau rau tus neeg: ib tug tub rog ("txiv neej muaj riam phom") nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej hnyav, uas tsis tas yuav yog tus tub rog, tus tub rog hu ua boozer, tom qab ntawd peb tus tua (cov no tuaj yeem yog tus hneev thiab cov hneev tua hneev) thiab nplooj ntawv rau kev pabcuam. Raws li lwm qhov chaw, muaj ob tus neeg tua, thiab tus thib rau hauv "hmuv" yog tus tub qhe. Lub tuam txhab tseem muaj nws lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm, uas tus thawj coj yog tus thawj tub rog, tus thawj tub rog (nws yog tus thawj tub rog), thiab ntxiv rau lawv muaj ob tus qauv ntxiv-tus neeg nqa khoom thiab ib tus tub ceev xwm. Cov tuam txhab kev cai lij choj hauv pab tub rog ntawm Charles the Bold tsuas yog qhov uas lawv suav nrog cov tub rog.
Tab sis ntawm no hauv Tebchaws Yelemees qhov kev hu ua Schmalkalden War ntawm Catholics thiab Protestants tau pib, thiab thaum kawg nws cov neeg caij nees tshiab tau tshwm sim, siv ob qho riam phom tshiab thiab kev tawm tsam tshiab - "dub horsemen", rov los lossis rab phom. Lawv txawv ntawm lawv cov kws ua zaub mov noj niaj hnub no hauv qhov tseem ceeb rau lawv yog phom, thiab tsis yog riam phom ib txwm muaj. Muaj nrog lawv ntau rab phom loj-caliber hnyav, feem ntau yuav luag ib meter ntev, lawv siv lawv thawj qhov thiab tso siab rau lawv. Thiab rab ntaj ua raws li riam phom thaub qab "ib yam nkaus."
Cuirassiers feem ntau tau tua phom ntawm rab phom ntawm cov tub rog thiab txiav mus rau nws qib, tab sis Reitars tau siv cov tub rog tua phom kom txog thaum nws khiav tawm ntawm tshav rog. Reitars kuj tseem tsis tau nce toj, tab sis raug rho tawm ncaj qha los ntawm tus nees, uas yog, qhov tseeb, lawv tau dhau los ua European sib piv ntawm cov kws tshawb nrhiav nees sab hnub tuaj!
"Peb lub hlis twg cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv" rau tsev neeg Barberini. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Kev sib cav txog qhov uas zoo dua, hmuv lossis rab phom, txuas ntxiv mus rau qee lub sijhawm, tab sis kev xyaum ua tau txiav txim siab xaiv qhov nyiam ntawm qhov kawg. Tam sim no cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb feem ntau tau dhau los ua lub kaus mom hlau-lub kaus mom hlau thiab cov cuirass, tab sis tom qab ntawd cov neeg caij sib txawv tau siv lawv tus kheej raws li qhov xwm txheej. Cuirassiers, ntau dua li lwm tus, txuas ntxiv mus zoo li cov tub rog nyob rau hauv uas lawv tau kaw lub kaus mom hlau thiab lub hauv caug ntev legguards, thiab hauv qab khau siab ntawm tawv tawv. Cov dragoons tau ua tub rog nrog carbines, muaj yam tsawg kawg ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, tab sis carbine los ntawm qhov nws muaj peev xwm tua tau, ob qho tib si nce toj thiab los ntawm lub eeb. Txhawm rau ntes lawv tom qab lawv tau ncaws pob, ib yam, hais, Reitars ua tsis tau!
Cov kaus mom kaus mom Fab Kis Morion 1575 Nyhav 1773 Feem ntau cov kaus mom hlau no tau hnav los ntawm cov tub rog, tab sis cov neeg caij nees tsis thuam lawv ib yam. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Cuirassiers feem ntau muaj ob rab phom. Lub teeb rab hmuv yog ob-ib, tab sis Reitars yog peb, tsib, rau, uas tso cai rau lawv los tua hluav taws ntev nrog cov yeeb ncuab. Ob tug tau hnav nyob rau hauv hnab tawv pojniam ntawm lub eeb, ob sab tom qab ntawm lub khau, thiab ib lossis ob qho tom qab txoj siv!
Txij li thaum lawv cov neeg sib tw tseem hnav cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, yog li ntawd txawm tias cov tub rog muaj lub kaus mom hlau thiab cov tais diav, cov Reitars tau sim tua lawv cov riam phom yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi. Txhawm rau kom txav los ze rau cov yeeb ncuab, ib qho trot feem ntau siv, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo lawv tseem tuaj yeem gallop ntawm lub teeb gallop, uas, txawm li cas los xij, vam khom ntawm thaj av, yog li kev dhia nrawm yuav tsis cuam tshuam nrog tswj kev tsim. Txij li thaum rab phom rov los qeeb heev, txheej txheem txheej txheem tseem ceeb ob qho tib si hauv cov tub rog thiab ntawm cov neeg rov ua haujlwm yog kev tsim karakole - kev tsim uas thawj kab ntawm cov tub rog raug rho tawm tam sim ntawd tig rov qab thiab rov qab, qhov chaw ntawm kab kawg, thaum kab thib ob, uas dhau los ua thawj zaug, tau ncaws pob tom ntej. Feem ntau reitars tau tsim hauv karakol nrog txog 20 tus neeg caij tsheb ua ntej thiab qhov tob ntawm 10 - 15 qib. Thawj kab ntawm cov neeg caij nees tam sim ntawd tom qab ntaus pob tau muab faib ua ob pawg: ib leeg mus rau sab laug, thiab lwm tus mus rau sab xis, thiab nkawd ob leeg tau ntsib nyob tom qab, qhov uas lawv tau ntim lawv cov phom thiab rov npaj rau kev tawm tsam.
Txawm hais tias cov tswv yim no yuav zoo li yooj yim, nws yeej xav tau kev qhia zoo heev kom cov qib horsemen hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis sib xyaw, thiab tsis tig mus rau hauv pawg neeg tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau. Ib qho ntxiv, nws yuav tsum tau tua hluav taws, uas tseem xav tau kev txawj ntse thiab tsis tau ua tiav tam sim ntawd. Ib qho ntxiv, yuav tsum muaj tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub siab xav kom tawm tsam hauv txoj kev no.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm rab phom rab phom hauv kev sib ntaus. "Ironside" ntawm pab tub rog ntawm pawg tiv thaiv "cavalier" ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Charles I.
Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob ib puag ncig sau hais tias "rab phom loj tau ua rau kev sib ntaus sib tua txaus ntshai heev uas txhua tus xav kom nws xaus sai li sai tau, thiab yuav tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau ntxiv." Ntawd yog, nws pom tseeb tias nrog qee qhov feem pua ntawm kev poob, cov tub rog caij nees thiab cov neeg caij nees tau tawm tsam los ntawm pistollers tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej mus txog thaum kawg, tab sis txhua tus cuam tshuam lawv tus kheej thiab thim rov qab txhawm rau cawm lawv txoj sia! Tab sis cov mos txwv lawv tus kheej tsis mob siab rau tuag nyob rau hauv lub lawg ntawm cov mos txwv, thiab yog tias lawv raug kev txom nyem hnyav los ntawm qhov pib, lawv yuav luag tam sim ntawd thim rov qab.
Cov neeg Mev tau tuav lawv cov hmuv ntev tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe, tab sis lawv muaj lub sijhawm tsis zoo thaum lawv pib sib ntaus hauv Holland tiv thaiv tub rog tub rog los ntawm Askiv, Germans thiab Scots (zoo, Dutch lawv tus kheej, tau kawg!), Ua tub rog zoo li pistolier cavalry. Thiab tsuas yog Philip III tau hais kom tshem tawm cov hmuv thaum ntxov ntawm xyoo pua 17th.
Ob rab phom loj Charles V (1519 - 1556) Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Munich. Ntev 49 cm. Caliber 11, 7 hli. Nyhav 2550 Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kos Duab, New York.
Peb tuaj yeem hais tias txog rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th, nws yog rab phom nyob hauv Europe uas yog ib hom "phom sij rau hnub puas tsuaj", thiab lawv cov lej thiab kev siv txuj ci tau lees tias yeej. Qhov no yog qhov laj thawj vim li cas Reitarskaya cavalry tom qab Lub Sijhawm Teeb Meem tau nthuav tawm hauv Russia ib yam. Tsis muaj nws, nws nyuaj heev kom ua tiav yeej hauv kev sib ntaus ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd!
Milanese armor 1600 g. Nyhav 19, 25 kg. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, cov phom me me tau tso tseg. Vim li cas? Yog, yooj yim vim tias lawv txhua tus kuj hnav cov cuab yeej hnyav, thiab qhov no kim dhau tus nqi los them rau lawv qhov ua tsis tau. Zoo, thiab, tau kawg, nees. Kev yug menyuam nees rau cov tub rog caij nees thiab pub mis rau lawv tsis yooj yim thiab kim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov.
German carbine caliber 14, 2 hli 1680-1690 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Thiab thaum Kev Tsov Rog Thib Peb Xyoo hauv Tebchaws Europe tau xaus, thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb ntawm Westphalia tuaj, cov tub rog tau pib txiav txim siab "tshem riam phom", ntuav lawv cov cuab yeej thiab tso nees hnyav. Raws li cov xwm txheej no, cov tub rog caij nkoj tau hloov mus ua "ntau yam ntxiv", yog li nws muaj txoj sia nyob, tab sis tshwj xeeb me ntsis ntxiv, tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm cov phom me uas kim dua tau poob rau hauv qhov tsis nco qab.
Armor ntawm "winged hussars". Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Polish Army. Warsaw.
Ntev tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov version ntawm "winged hussars" lawv tau tuav hauv Poland, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd txuas ntxiv mus tua cov Turks. Tus Tsov xav tau "riam phom" txhawm rau hla dhau ntawm Janissaries thiab nws tau txais thiab siv nws, tab sis thaum kawg nws kuj tau tso tseg cov kev zoo nkauj no, siv tau, tab sis kim kim heev!
