Thaum kuv nrog kuv tus kheej
Nws tus ntsuj plig feem ntau tsis txhais tau tias dawb.
Tab sis yog tias nws dag, Kuv tsis txaj muag:
Kuv cunning ib yam nkaus li nws yog.
Peb ua muag thiab yuav khoom, yws yws, Tab sis txhua yam zoo ib yam, peb tsis tas yuav nrhiav tus neeg txhais lus!
("Tus neeg sab nrauv" los ntawm Rudyard Kipling)
Cov phiaj xwm ntawm Turks tawm tsam Byzantium thiab xeev Balkan kuj tau ua tiav thaum xub thawj. Xyoo 1389, Serb cov tub rog tau swb hauv Kosovo teb. Xyoo 1396, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Nikopol, cov tub rog Turkish muaj peev xwm swb cov tub rog Hungarians, Vlachs, Bulgarians thiab Western European cov tub rog, suav txog 60,000 tus neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, kev nce qib ntxiv ntawm Turks hauv Tebchaws Europe tau nres los ntawm Timur kev ntxeem tau ntawm Asia Me, qhov twg hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Angora (Ankara) thaum Lub Xya Hli 20, 1402, Cov tub rog Turkish ntawm Sultan Bayezid I, lub npe menyuam yaus "Xob" los ntawm "Iron Lame".
Arab lub kaus mom hlau 1734 Nyhav 442.3 g (Metropolitan Museum, New York)
Raws li ib txwm muaj, cov tub rog caij tsheb tau pib sib ntaus sib tua, tom qab ntawd Timur, nrog kev tawm tsam hnyav ntawm cov tub rog hnyav, ua rau cov pab pawg ntawm cov tub rog Turkish poob siab thiab tawm mus. Qhov no tau pab txhawb los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm ta-tar mus rau Timur thiab kev ntxeev siab ntawm Anatolian beys, txawm hais tias cov pab pawg Serb khaws lawv txoj kev ncaj ncees rau Sultan thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tawm tsam no tsis tau ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb, txij li Timur tso rau hauv qhov muaj peev txheej tshwj xeeb, uas tau tswj hwm kom thim rov qab cov tub rog Serb thiab ua tiav kev ncig thiab yeej ntawm Janissaries, uas sawv hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua Turkish. Bayazid nws tus kheej raug ntes los ntawm Timur, sim ua kom tawg tawm ntawm ib puag ncig.
Qhov txaus siab, Bayezid tau nkhaus hauv ib lub qhov muag. Nws tau npau taws heev los ntawm Timur thaum nws pib luag thaum nws pom nws cov neeg raug txhom. Bayazid hais rau nws tias, "Tsis txhob luag kuv ntawm qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo." "Kuv paub tsis muaj koj," teb tus yeej, "hais tias Vajtswv tau muab cov yas. Kuv tsis luag koj qhov hmoov tsis zoo, thov Vajtswv foom koob hmoov rau kuv, tab sis thaum kuv ntsia koj, qhov kev xav tau los rau kuv tias rau Vajtswv tag nrho cov yas no thiab sceptres ntawm peb yog pheej yig, yog tias nws faib lawv rau cov neeg zoo li koj thiab kuv - nkhaus, zoo li koj, tab sis tus neeg ceg tawv zoo li kuv."
Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau qhia pom lub zog ntawm cov tub rog hnyav hnyav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws raug rau kev qhuab qhia nruj. Hmoov zoo rau cov Turks, Timur sai sai tuag, thiab lawv lub xeev tsis tuaj yeem rov qab los ntawm qhov kev ua phem rau nws, tab sis kuj tseem pib ua kev thaj yeeb tshiab. Tam sim no lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev nthuav dav Turkish yog Constantinople - peev ntawm kev txo qis Byzantium.
Misyurk lub kaus mom hlau, xyoo 17th - 18th. Qaib ntxhw. Nyhav 1530 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Kev xav kov yeej Constantinople tas li haunted Sultan Mehmed II (1432-1481). Nws, raws li cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, txawm tias hmo ntuj tau hu cov neeg paub txog kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub nroog thiab kos cov phiaj xwm rau Constantinople thiab nws ib puag ncig nrog lawv txhawm rau txhawm rau npaj tau zoo tshaj plaws.
Txog lub sijhawm no, kev tsim cov phom tau ua rau pom cov phom loj hlau. Piv txwv li, hauv Suav teb, ib qho ntawm cov foob pob tooj liab tau muab pov rau hnub tim 1332. Hauv XIII-XIV ib puas xyoo, cov phom phom tshwm ntawm cov Neeg As Kiv thiab hauv Europe, tab sis txog thaum nruab nrab ntawm XIV xyoo pua lawv tau siv tsawg heev. Thawj thawj zaug, rab phom hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tau koom nrog hauv Battle of Crécy xyoo 1346 hauv Fab Kis, qhov uas cov neeg Askiv siv peb lub foob pob thaum ub, cuam tshuam ob txhais ceg ntawm Fab Kis nees thiab tua pob zeb pob zeb. Xyoo 1382, rab phom thiab lub txaj (los ntawm Türkic tyu -feng - rab phom) tau siv los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Moscow hauv kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv tub rog ntawm Tokhtamysh, thiab xyoo 1410 - los ntawm Teutonic Order cov neeg tawg rog hauv Tsov Rog Grunwald.
Lub diorama mob siab rau txhawm rau ntes Constantinople los ntawm Turks hauv 1453. Nws yog los ntawm cov foob pob no uas cov Turks tau tua ntawm nws phab ntsa. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Tsov Rog, Istanbul)
Mehmed II xav tau los ua kom lub nroog muaj zog tiv thaiv zoo, thiab yog li ntawd cov neeg Sultan tsis muaj sijhawm thiab nyiaj txiag los tsim cov khoom siv phom sij thawj zaug. Nws tau pab nyob rau qhov no los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Hungarian tus kws tshaj lij hu ua Nroog, uas tau ntov phom loj loj txog 12 m ntev thiab hnyav 33 tons rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm Constantinople. Km. Nws nqa 60 tus nyuj thiab 200 tus tub rog tua phom coj nws mus rau hauv nroog! Tag nrho ntawm 69 rab phom tau teeb tsa nyob ib puag ncig lub nroog, sib koom ua ke hauv 15 lub roj teeb, tua tas li ntawm lub nroog tiv thaiv thaum thawj ob lub lim tiam ntawm kev raug kaw, ob hmo thiab thaum nruab hnub.
Thiab txawm hais tias ntev lub sij hawm cov tub rog tub rog Turkish tsis ua tiav hauv kev ua cov phab ntsa, cov neeg Turkish sultans nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm rab phom zoo heev rau lawv tus kheej.
Tom qab kev ntes Constantinople (1453), cov tub rog Turkish tau txav mus ntxiv rau Tebchaws Europe, thiab nws nyob ntawm no tias lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev cob qhia zoo, qhuab qhia cov tub rog, yam tsis muaj kev pabcuam European fortresses tsis tuaj yeem ua, tau pom ntau dua. Lawm, qhov kev ntshaw ntawm cov neeg sultans kom siv nws nrog cov riam phom zoo tshaj plaws, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog rab phom, muaj peev xwm txhawm rau txhawm rau hnav cov cuab yeej zoo thiab tsoo txhua qhov kev tiv thaiv.
Cov phom loj ntawm Lub Tebchaws Ottoman tau hnyav dua thiab muaj zog dua li Western cov phom loj, thiab cov phom loj loj hauv lawv pab tub rog tau dhau los ua txoj cai ntau dua li qhov tshwj tseg. Cov phom phom Turkish kuj tseem zoo dua li European thiab muab cov pa luam yeeb dawb thaum raug rho tawm, tsis yog xim dub.
Tus sau yog nyob ntawm cov cores los ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom nthuav tawm hauv Kazan Kremlin.
Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Constantinople, Sultan Mehmed II tau tsim cov tub rog tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog tub rog, uas, ntxiv rau phom, kuj tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev siv lub fortresses thiab foob pob ua los ntawm tooj liab, hlau thiab … iav! Cov tsos ntawm cov phom ntev nrog cov carbines (los ntawm Turkish karabuli - tus tua) - rab phom ntev sib ntaus, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li rab phom, tau hnyav dua li cov nyob sab Europe, kuj yog tib lub sijhawm. Thaum ntxov li 1500, Cov neeg Esxias (suav nrog Turks) pib siv Arabian flintlock - lub pob zeb zoo nkauj heev nrog lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, uas dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws hauv Sab Hnub Poob. Cov phom ntev ntev thiab cov phom sib tsoo hauv cov tub rog Turkish tau txais feem ntau los ntawm cov janissaries, thaum cov cuab yeej ua rog ntawm cov tub rog Turkish ntawm Sipahi tseem nyob ntsiag to ib ntus.
Yog li, nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob, tib yam tshwm sim uas tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm tib lub sijhawm. Cov tub rog uas muaj tub rog zoo pib kov yeej cov tub rog, thiab lawv txhua qhov chaw pib txhim kho lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog, vam tias lawv yuav tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm riam phom tshiab ntawm cov tub rog. Ntawm txoj kev no, cov kws siv phom los ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia tau tswj kom ua tiav qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv los ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Tab sis nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tau sim ua kom txhua yam ntxiv, txij li ntawm no cov npe nrov sab hnub tuaj tau txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm nrog cov tub rog hnyav hnyav, uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tua hauv cov cuab yeej ntawm European hom.
Nyob rau hauv Sultan Suleiman Kuv qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws (1520-1566), yog li lub npe rau nws lub zog thiab zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev hais plaub, cov tub rog Turkish tau dhau los ua ib pab tub rog muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm, uas suav nrog pab tub rog (lawv raug hu ua "qhev ntawm lub tsev hais plaub") thiab cov tub rog hauv xeev.
Nov yog li cas Sultan Suleiman kuv tau mus ua rog xyoo 1543. Sultan txoj kev thauj mus los muaj li ntawm 1000 tus karabuli riflemen, 500 tus minelayers, 800 tus tub rog loj, 400 tus tub rog caij nkoj nrog lawv cov thawj coj, pab thiab cov ua haujlwm. Txhua lub tsev hais plaub tseem ceeb tau ua raws Sultan tus neeg raug kaw, suav nrog 300 tus neeg nyob hauv tsev. Muaj 6,000 tus neeg tiv thaiv nees (3,000 ntawm sab xis thiab sab laug). Ua ke nrog Sultan, cov neeg viziers tau txav mus nrog lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov neeg xa xov thiab qhev, Sultan txoj kev yos hav zoov (falconers, hound, messengers, thiab lwm yam). Nees ntawm ntau hom tsiaj tau tsiv los ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm tus nraug vauv: Arabian, Persian, Kurdish, Anatolian, Greek. Tus neeg ntawm Sultan tau nrog 12,000 tus janissaries nrog sabers, pikes thiab arquebus. Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm Sultan, lawv nqa 7 bunchuk, 7 gilded tooj liab tus qauv, thiab 100 lub suab raj thiab 100 nruas nruas puv huab cua nrog kev npau taws thiab npau taws. Ncaj nraim tom qab Sultan yog 400 ntawm nws tus kheej tiv thaiv, hnav khaub ncaws hnav zoo nkauj, thiab 150 tus tub rog sib ntaus, hnav tsis muaj qhov zoo nkauj. Thiab thaum kawg, qhov kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem no, Sultan lub tsheb ciav hlau tau txav mus: 900 pob nees, 2100 pob mules, 5400 ntxhuav, uas tau ntim khoom thiab khoom siv rau bivouacs.
Ncaj Turkish ntaj ntawm xyoo pua 17th. Ntev 84 cm. Nyhav 548 g. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias hauv nws rab phom muaj ib lub taub ntim rau dart. Nws tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm yam tsis xav tau thiab pov rau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.
Ntawm cov koog uas tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm tsoomfwv, cov koom haum janissary, uas cov phom tau txuas nrog, sawv tawm. Ntxiv rau janissary infantry, sultan kuj muaj nws tus kheej tus nees zov, uas saib xyuas tus neeg ntawm sultan ntawm phiaj xwm, thiab npog lub flanks ntawm janissaries hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Kev poob ntawm cov janissaries tau loj heev, tab sis lawv cov lej tau nce zuj zus (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Sultan Suleiman, lawv lub cev twb suav txog 12,000 tus neeg) thiab lawv cov qib yuav tsum tau rov ua dua los ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev. Yog li ntawd, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov phoojywg ntawm Turkish sultan - Crimean thiab Kazan Tatars - ntawm thaj av Lavxias tsis tau tso tseg, nrog rau kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm Moscow txoj cai tiv thaiv Golden Horde, uas tau tawg mus rau hauv cais khanates. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog los ntawm thaj av Volga cheeb tsam, ntxiv rau Transcaucasia thiab North Africa uas "cov neeg ua haujlwm" yog li tsim nyog txhawm rau ntxiv cov tub rog ntawm Janissaries tau muab, pauv pauv uas cov riam phom Turkish raug xa mus rau ntawd.
Cov tub rog ntawm Kazan Khanate thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th: 1 - Khan, 2 - tus neeg saib xyuas vaj ntxwv thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, 3 - tus neeg caij nees ntawm Siberian khanate, phooj ywg ntawm cov neeg Kazan, 15th - 16th caug xyoo. (Daim duab Harry thiab Sam Embleton)
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tub rog ntawm cov khanates, feem ntau yog cov tub rog ntawm Kazan Khanate, tau ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj qhov qis dua li cov tub rog Turkish ntawm Sipakhi thiab nyob rau tiam 15th-16th lawv muaj riam phom zoo sib xws. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov riam phom nyob rau lub sijhawm no, txij li XIII xyoo pua, yog saber, uas muaj cov hniav ntev li 1 m ntev nrog lub ntsej muag oval - dol. Cov hniav tau xaus nrog qhov txuas ntxiv ob npaug - yelman, uas ua rau lub zog ntawm lub tshuab tawg.
Tsis zoo li cov qauv tsim ua ntej, sabers ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th-16th feem ntau muaj cov hniav dav thiab dav dua. Lawv ua rau nws muaj peev xwm xa lub tshuab txiav txiav muaj zog, nrog rau kev tua. Sabers feem ntau hnav hauv tawv tawv nrog cov hlau txuas. Cov tub rog muaj nyiaj muaj peev xwm them taus cov nyiaj thiab kub sib tshooj thiab pommels nrog cov pob zeb muaj nqi. Feem ntau, sabers tau ib txwm yog riam phom ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm, uas yog lub cim ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo ntawm cov tub rog sab hnub tuaj. Hnav thiab siv lawv tau ntim nrog lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, thaum muaj kev sib cav, tus neeg tua tsiaj yuav tsum tsis txhob nthuav tawm cov hniav ntau dua li ib feem peb, txij li tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem tso nws rov qab, tsuas yog "ntxuav" nws hauv tus neeg ua txhaum cov ntshav. Yuav plam lossis tso saber txhais tau tias yuav plam kev hwm. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias sabers thiab lawv qhov chaw yog qhov tsis tshua pom muaj los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm.
"Caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Kazan xyoo 1552": 1 - ntog "tub ceev xwm", 2 - Nogai infantryman, 3 - tus thawj coj ntawm Kazan cov phoojywg - cov tub rog ntawm Siberian khanates. (Daim duab Harry thiab Sam Embleton)
Kev sib ntaus sib tua thoob ntiaj teb yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb hauv kev sib tw thiab hauv lub neej txhua hnub, thiab thaum lub sijhawm txiav txim siab lawv tau dhau los ua qhov kev cia siab zaum kawg ntawm tus tub rog, yog li nws tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej uas ntau daim duab Tatars tau pom nrog riam.
Cov hmuv tau muaj ntau yam sib txawv hauv cov duab thiab qhov dav. Yog li, cov neeg caij tsheb hnyav hnyav nyiam cov hmuv nrog nqaim, nthuav dav, feem ntau cov lus qhia tetrahedral, tau teeb tsa ntawm qhov ntev (txog 3-4 m). Kev tshem tawm cov neeg caij nees nrog rab hmuv ntawm kev npaj, ntawm kev txav mus los, hauv kev tsim tawm (lava), tsoo rau ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ib puag ncig, sim txhawm rau hle cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tub rog yeeb ncuab, tsoo lawv tawm ntawm lawv cov nees thiab, yog tias ua tau, muab tso rau lawv. mus ya dav hlau. Cov tub rog tub rog muaj lwm yam hmuv-nrog cov hniav dav ntawm 2-3-meter shafts. Lawv yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv cov tub rog, nrog rau hauv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv. Pov hmuv - jerids (hauv Lavxias - sulitsy) kuj tau siv qee zaum.
Cov Tatars tau ua tub rog nrog ntau hom kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv - rab riam dav dav rau ntawm txoj kab ntev - tsis ntseeg tias yog riam phom me. Cov tub rog uas muaj peev xwm siv cov kaus mom kim nrog lub taub hau nthuav tawm thiab cov hniav nqaim (txaug). Ib txhia ntawm lawv tau npog nrog cov paj zoo nkauj tsim.
Riam phom ntawm pej xeem Kazan los ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kazan Kremlin.
Maces ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab tooj liab thiab xaiv kev sib ntaus nrog tus nqaim npoo zoo li tus tub rog tseem ua haujlwm ntxiv rau riam phom ntawm tus tub rog sab hnub tuaj. Lawv yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua nrawm, thaum nws xav kom xa lub zog thiab tsis tau npaj tseg uas tuaj yeem tsoo cov cuab yeej lossis ua rau cov yeeb ncuab xav tsis thoob. Kho kom zoo nkauj nrog kub, nyiaj thiab pob zeb muaj nqis, cov mace kuj tau ua lub cim ntawm kev ua tub rog lub zog.
