Thaum ib tus neeg tsis paub khob rau ntawm kuv lub qhov rooj, Nws npau taws lossis ua siab zoo, Kuv tsis nkag siab txhua txoj kev.
Thiab nws muaj kev hlub ntau npaum li cas hauv nws lub siab?
Thiab puas muaj kua txob ntau hauv nws cov ntshav?
Thiab Vajtswv uas nws yawg tau txib nws, Kuv tsis nkag siab yog tias nws hwm hnub no.
("Tus neeg sab nrauv" los ntawm Rudyard Kipling)
Hneev nti thiab xub txuas ntxiv yog cov riam phom sib kis ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Ib tus neeg tua tsiaj Tatar zoo tuaj yeem tso tawm txog 10 tus xib xub ib feeb, txhua tus, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 200 m, tua tus nees ntawm qhov chaw lossis txhawm rau tus tub rog txoj saw hlau txoj cai xa mus. Qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb yog kev siv hneev los ntawm cov neeg coob ntawm cov neeg caij nees, uas txhais tau nchuav nag los ntawm cov xub ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Lawv kuj tseem siv nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv lub nroog.
Cov tub rog caij nees hnyav ntawm Timurid era (1370-1506). (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Islamic Art, Chaw nres nkoj ntawm Doha, Qatar)
Cov tub rog Bulgaria ntawm XIV ib puas xyoo, thaum Bulgaria tau nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Mongols: 1 - tus sawv cev ntawm Bulgar tus neeg siab ncaj, 2 - Ugric warrior, 3 - Golden Horde tus tub rog raws li kev rov tsim kho ntawm M. V. Gorelik.
Hom khaub ncaws tiv thaiv feem ntau nyob rau xyoo pua 16th yog kev rub, - khaub ncaws hnav khaub ncaws hnav mus txog rau lub hauv caug, mus rau hauv kab hauv ob sab ntawm cov saw hlau nets lossis hlau plaques tau xaws, thiab saw xa ntawv (kebe) sau los ntawm kaum tawm txhiab tus hlau nplhaib (hom tshiab ntawm kev xaws thiab lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, lub dab tshos sawv ntsug siab, quilted nrog tawv tawv, qhwv lub dab tshos loj thiab hnyav dua 10 kg). Ib hom ntawm cov saw xa ntawv, paub los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm, yog baydana (los ntawm Arab, badan) - cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, zoo li saw xa ntawv, tab sis sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj.
Turkish yushmans (zoo li "pansyri") "nrog lub tsho khuam tooj dag" tau nrov nyob hauv Russia ib yam. Tsev khaws puav pheej Topkapi hauv Istanbul.
Qhov kev hloov pauv loj tshaj plaws tau ua nyob rau xyoo pua 16th thiab cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov phaj hlau (yarak). Cov tsoos tsho ib txwm muaj ntawm cov neeg Kazan yog kuyak - lub tsho tsis muaj lub tsho ua los ntawm cov hlau loj, riveted rau ntawm lub hauv paus tawv, feem ntau nrog lub xub pwg pluaj, dab tshos thiab ib sab ceg. Nrog rau kuyak, yushman tau siv - cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov saw xa ntawv thiab cov phaj loj tau ntim rau hauv nws lub hauv siab thiab sab nraub qaum, kolontar - cov ris tsho ua ke tsis muaj lub tes tsho nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kab rov tav nyob hauv cov phaj loj txuas los ntawm cov nplhaib, thiab pob taws (los ntawm Persian, bekhter - lub plhaub), suav nrog cov kab hlau nqaim luv luv ua ke hauv kab ntsug ntawm lub hauv siab thiab nraub qaum. Txhua yam ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv no feem ntau tau npog nrog cov paj ntoo zoo nkauj, tsim cov paj zoo nkauj. Cov hlau bracers kuj tau siv los tiv thaiv cov tub rog lub caj npab mus txog rau lub luj tshib.
Indian kaus mom hlau ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th Qhov hnyav 1278.6 g. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Lub kaus mom hlau Kazan kuj tseem muaj ntau hom. Feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog tau tiv thaiv lawv lub taub hau nrog daim ntawv quilted lossis tawv lub kaus mom txhawb ntxiv nrog cov ntxaij hlau lossis cov hlua. Cov kaus mom hlau kuj tau siv. Cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws yog cov misyurks (los ntawm Misra, uas yog, Egypt) - lub kaus mom hlau kheej kheej nrog lub ntsej muag hlau thiab saw xa ntawv uas tiv thaiv tus tub rog lub ntsej muag thiab caj pas, ntxiv rau erikhonki - lub kaus mom hlau zoo nrog lub pob ntseg, lub taub hau thiab visor nrog lub xub pwg-puab lub qhov ntswg. Tus tub rog lub cev tau tiv thaiv los ntawm qhov me me (kwv yees li 50 cm txoj kab uas hla) convex round shield ua los ntawm tawv lossis paj ntoo nrog hlau phaj nyob hauv nruab nrab - ib yam li Turkish kalkan.
Armor (rov kho dua) ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Kazan Khanate ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kazan Kremlin. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov cuab yeej zoo li no tsis tshua muaj, raws li qhov tseeb, cov cuab yeej ntawm Western European cov tub rog, thiab tsis yog rau cov tub rog zoo ib yam. Tab sis lawv tau.
Tau kawg, tsuas yog cov tub rog tub rog siab tawv tuaj yeem muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tag nrho, tshwj xeeb yog cov cuab yeej hlau. Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov xov xwm ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm, "lub plhaub thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv", "lub plhaub thiab lub kaus mom hlau" tau raug sau tseg tas li uas yog riam phom feem ntau ntawm Tatar cov thawj coj. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tub rog siab tawv, raws li txoj cai, suav nrog saber, rab phom lossis rab phom sib ntaus, rab phom, rab hneev nrog xub xub hauv cov hnab kim, thiab tag nrho cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, suav nrog lub kaus mom hlau, ib qho ntawm hom armor, ntaub thaiv npog thiab bracers. Cov nees muaj cov khaub ncaws hnav zoo nkauj ua los ntawm cov rooj zaum siab archak, tus pas nrig muaj nuj nqis thiab cov ntaub pua chaw. Ib tus tub rog Kazan tuaj yeem siv chaldar - cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov hlau hlau uas tiv thaiv ob sab thiab hauv siab ntawm nees tsov rog.
Kev hnav khaub ncaws ntawm tus neeg muaj koob muaj npe Tatar nobleman. Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm Kazan.
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog hnyav Kazan me me thiab tuaj yeem nyuaj dua li 10-15 txhiab tus neeg, tab sis qhov tseeb, feem ntau yuav yog, nws tseem tsawg dua. Tab sis qhov tseeb tias nws tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua siab phem yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Raws li cov lus piav qhia ntawm Tatar pab tub rog, ua los ntawm Josaphat Barbaro, nws cov tub rog tau "… tsis tshua muaj siab tawv thiab ua siab loj, thiab ntau npaum li ntawd, qee leej ntawm lawv, nrog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov zoo, hu ua" gazi bagater ", uas txhais tau tias" chim siab "… Ntawm lawv muaj ntau tus neeg uas, thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv tub rog, tsis muaj nuj nqis rau lub neej, tsis txhob ntshai kev phom sij, ntaus lawv cov yeeb ncuab kom txawm tias lub sijhawm txaj muag tau tshoov siab thiab tig mus ua lub siab tawv." Cov neeg Lavxias niaj hnub tsim cov duab hwm tus Tatar siab tawv, "ua nruj thiab lim hiam hauv kev ua tub rog," uas tsis tseg nws tus kheej lossis lwm tus lub neej hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Txhawm rau tswj hwm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab taw qhia cov tub rog, Tatars tau ua haujlwm nrog chij. Lub chij tseem ceeb ntawm khan (tug, elem) kuj tseem yog lub cim ntawm kev hwm lub xeev thiab feem ntau muaj daim duab plaub fab txuas nrog sab ntev rau ntawm tus ncej. Cov xim ntawm cov chij no nyob hauv XV-XVI ib puas xyoo xiav, ntsuab lossis liab (lossis ua ke ntawm cov xim no), nrog suras los ntawm Kaulees embroidered rau lawv.
Emirs thiab Murzas - cov thawj coj tswj hwm - muaj daim duab peb sab lossis cov duab plaub loj (kho -runga, kaum ib), thiab cov tub rog ib leeg muaj tus chij me me (zhalau) ntawm lub kaus mom hlau thiab rab phom ntawm lawv rab hmuv. Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus chij, cov thawj coj tub rog siv tus ncej nrog ponytails (tug), tus lej uas qhia txog qib ntawm tus thawj coj.
Sab saum toj (saum toj) ntawm ib qho ntawm cov chij no lossis nruj. Tsev khaws puav pheej Topkapi hauv Istanbul.
Thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua, Kazan cov tub rog caij nees, ib yam li cov tub rog ntawm lwm haiv neeg ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm lub sijhawm no, tau hla dhau ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cov qib thiab tsim ib hom kev seev cev ib puag ncig, txuas ntxiv tua ntawm cov yeeb ncuab kab los ntawm hneev. Thaum cov neeg tiv thaiv pib thim rov qab, cov tub rog caij nees hnyav tau maj nrawm mus rau lawv nrog rab hmuv ntawm kev npaj, xa lub tshuab tseem ceeb.
Cov Bulgars thaum ub kuj yog cov kws tua hneev zoo heev, leej twg txawm muaj peev xwm kov yeej cov tub rog Mongol ntawm Jebe thiab Subedei, uas tau rov qab los rau lawv cov neeg ib txwm nyob tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kalka. Nws ntseeg tias lawv cov riam phom yeej tsis txawv ntawm riam phom ntawm cov tub rog Russia. Daim duab piav qhia txog cov tub rog Bulgaria ntawm 11th - 12th caug xyoo tau tsim los ntawm Garry thiab Sam Embleton rau tus sau phau ntawv "Cov Tub Rog ntawm Volga Bulgars thiab Khanate ntawm Kazan 9th - 16th Century" (Osprey Publishing, 2013) /
Yog tias tus yeeb ncuab tau tawm tsam nws tus kheej, cov xub tawm sai sai, sim hnav thiab ua rau nws chim siab, txhawm rau nthuav tawm sai sai rau qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm lub cavalry hnyav - raws li peb pom, txhua yam yog nyob rau hauv kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Genghis Khan thiab Tamerlane.
Cov tub rog tub rog uas koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam, tshwj xeeb yog, muaj riam phom thoob ntiaj teb thiab tsis kim li: hmuv dav, rab riam dav dav, hneev thiab xub xub, ntxiv rau tawv thiab ntawv xov tooj. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb heev tsuas yog thaum muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua lawv tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ywj pheej. Cov tub rog Kazan tau tsim los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov nroog (darug) thiab Cheremis cov phoojywg (Mari thiab Chuvash).
Cov piv txwv ntawm riam phom raug rau cov tub rog sab hnub tuaj los ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Topkapi hauv Istanbul. Sab saum toj sab laug daim npog ntsej muag nees.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, rab phom kuj tau siv dav hauv Kazan Khanate. Lub tswv yim uas lawv tsis paub yuav siv nws li cas hauv Kazan, thiab cov neeg siv phom loj hauv Lavxias tau txuas rau rab phom tua los ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Kazan thaum nws ua phem rau xyoo 1552, rov qab mus rau Orthodox cov dab neeg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Kev pom niaj hnub tso cai rau peb hais tias cov phom phom tau paub hauv Bulgar thiab Kazan txij li 70s ntawm XIV xyoo pua. Ob peb phom phom ntawm hom squeaky kuj tseem rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 16th. Pob zeb phom loj los ntawm cov phom loj feem ntau pom hauv Kazan, thiab hauv Lavxias thiab European cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm hais txog rab phom tua los ntawm phab ntsa hauv nroog tau raug khaws cia: tua los ntawm hneev. Pom tau tias, hauv Kazan, tau siv ntau hom phom sib tua - los ntawm lub teeb pom kev thiab rab phom hnyav hnyav mus rau rab phom lub txaj uas tua phom loj, teb hnyav thiab rab phom tiv thaiv. Lawv tau siv tau zoo ob qho tib si hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab thaum lub sij hawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov nroog, qhov uas lawv siv phom hnyav hnyav xws li mortars, uas tau hinged hluav taws. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev muaj nyob hauv lub nroog ntawm Kazan ntawm tshwj xeeb zeichhaus, uas muaj cov phom thiab cov tiaj ua si phom.
Cov tub rog ntawm Kazan ntawm tiam 15th - 16th: 1 - rab phom los ntawm rab phom tuav, 2 - cov tub rog tua phom, 3 - "armored infantryman", kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th.
Cov tswv yim ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm Kazan yog qhov qhia tau. Tsis muaj cov tub rog sib npaug rau cov tub rog Lavxias zoo tshaj, cov pej xeem ntawm Kazan cia lawv nyob hauv qab phab ntsa ntawm lub nroog, qhov uas lawv tau sim ua ib puag ncig thiab txwv tsis pub lawv txhawb ntxiv. Kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hom no yog kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1467-1469, 1506-1524 thiab 1530, thiab Kazan Khanate tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam qhov kev tawm tsam thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm 1552.
Tom qab swb ntawm Kazan thiab Astrakhan khanates, xeev Moscow tau los rau thaj av uas muaj keeb kwm ntawm pab pawg neeg nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, thiab ntau tus thawj coj ntawm pawg loj thiab me hordes tau pib hla txoj cai ntawm Moscow Tsar lossis Crimean Khan, thiab qee tus Turkish Sultan, txiav txim siab nws yog tus tswv uas ntseeg tau ntau dua.
Raws li riam phom, Nogai cov tub rog tsis quav ntsej cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, tab sis lawv muaj ntau yam riam phom phem. Txhua tus tub rog muaj Saadak nrog hneev thiab xub. Lance, riam sib ntaus, thiab flails tsuas yog nrov. Cov neeg nplua nuj thiab muaj hmoo tau muaj sabers. Nws yog tus neeg nplua nuj caij nees Nogai rab phom - tus oglan ceev faj nrog lawv cov riam phom thiab cov khaub ncaws uas tau ua piv txwv rau nruab lub teeb hmuv nqa hmuv cavalry - ulans (nws lub npe rov mus rau Tatar lo lus oglan - "tub").
Lub zog sib ntaus tseem ceeb ntawm North Caucasian steppes suav nrog cov tub rog ntawm ntau pab pawg Adyg - Kabardians, Circassians, Ubykhs, Shapsugs, Bzhedugs thiab lwm tus. Cov tub rog muaj peev xwm ntawm cov pab pawg no - cov hneev taw uas ua los ntawm pshi (pab pawg ntawm cov thawj coj) - tau ua tub rog zoo ntawm kev sib tw. Feem ntau muaj cov saw xa ntawv, ntau ntawm lawv - lub kaus mom hlau thiab lub cev tsis zoo, lub siab tawv thiab qee zaum me me puag ncig tiv thaiv ntoo lossis tawv tawv nrog cov hlau txuas. Hneev thiab xub thiab saber yog cov riam phom ib txwm muaj ntawm cov tub rog Adyghe.
Turkish hneev taw los ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Topkapi hauv Istanbul.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, Kalmyks nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Khan Ayuki tau tawm tsam Don steppes vim yog yuav luag ib puas xyoo ntawm kev txav mus rau Sab Hnub Poob. Nogai tau swb sai sai, ib nrab raug ntiab tawm (tau dhau los ua ib feem loj ntawm Kazakhs thiab Bashkirs). Kalmyks, tau txiav txim siab los ntawm Don mus rau Lik, tsim khanate ntawm no, sub-vassal rau Moscow tsars, thiab ua haujlwm rau lawv ncaj ncees rau ntau pua xyoo. Kev yeej ntawm Kalmyks tsis yog tsuas yog ua siab loj, qib kev koom tes ua tub rog thiab kev qhuab qhia - cov tub rog Kalmyk muaj kev xaiv dav thiab nplua nuj ntawm riam phom. Ntau tus tub rog muaj lub plhaub - lamellar, kuyaki, saw xa ntawv, hnav tshaj lub tsho.
