… ntev npaum li cas, koj tsis quav ntsej, koj puas yuav nyiam qhov tsis paub?..
(Paj Lug 1:22)
Niaj hnub no peb yuav hloov pauv me ntsis los ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm kev kawm txog kev ua tub rog ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Central America thaum xyoo Spanish kev kov yeej. Yog vim li cas tsis tseem ceeb. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm yav dhau los tau ua rau muaj ntau cov lus pom, zoo, cia peb hais, muaj cov lus uas nyob deb ntawm qhov tseeb. Ntxiv mus, lawv tus kws sau ntawv txawm tsis thab kom nco qab tias muaj Is Taws Nem, thiab muaj Google hauv nws, thiab ua ntej koj sau qee yam, koj tuaj yeem saib mus rau lawv, thiab tsawg kawg tau txais me ntsis hauv qhov teeb meem no. Thaum kawg, koj tuaj yeem tig mus rau phau ntawv, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv Internet hauv daim ntawv pej xeem. Ntawm lawv, ob qhov tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov yooj yim kawm thiab nthuav los ntawm txhua qhov kev pom: thawj - "Kev poob ntawm Tenochtitlan" (Detgiz, 1956), Kinzhalova R.) Kuzmischeva V. Cov no yog cov ntawv tshaj tawm txog science txog qib siab heev, uas yog kev hwm rau peb li keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb Soviet, thiab ua tau zoo, txawm tias txhua yam lawv "muaj koob meej", nyob rau qib kawm ntawv siab heev. Txhua yam no tuaj yeem muab cov lus teb rau lo lus nug tseem ceeb - "koj puas paub txhua yam no?"
Tab sis phau ntawv yog phau ntawv, thiab tsis muaj qhov thib ob, tab sis thawj qhov chaw ntawm peb qhov kev paub txog lub sijhawm nyob deb, uas yuav tsis tau sau los ntawm "dag Spaniards" uas tsuas yog sim hais lus phem rau Isdias Asmesliskas thiab yog li ua pov thawj lawv qhov kev kov yeej?
Nws hloov tawm tias muaj cov peev txheej zoo li no thiab lawv tau sau los ntawm Isdias Asmesliskas lawv tus kheej, leej twg, nws hloov tawm, muaj cov ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab muaj peev xwm nthuav qhia peb ntau cov ntaub ntawv nthuav txog lawv yav dhau los. Cov no yog cov hu ua "chaws". Thiab txij li qhov no yog qhov nthuav heev thiab qhia paub, nws ua rau peb nkag siab hauv peb zaj dab neeg kom ua "taug kev me" thiab … tau paub cov ntaub ntawv qub no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub neej thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg Mesoamerica.
Nov yog qhov zoo li cas "Madrid Code" zoo li.
Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias Mesoamerican cov lej tau sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam - Cov neeg Khab, koom nrog ob qho ua ntej neeg Hispanic thiab lub sijhawm nyob rau thaum muaj hnub qub, uas yog, feem ntau hauv daim duab, ntau yam keeb kwm thiab dab neeg dab neeg tau piav qhia, lawv cov kev cai dab qhuas thiab lub neej txhua hnub tau piav qhia (piv txwv li, nws tham txog kev nthuav dav kev sau se thiab kev sib foob). Ib qho ntxiv, lawv kuj muaj cov lus qhia hnub qub thiab tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev sib tham thiab ntau ntxiv.
Kev luam dua ntawm "Madrid Code" ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Copan, Honduras.
Cov phau ntawv tshwj xeeb no suav nrog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Mesoamerican keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Lawv feem ntau hu los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, cov tswv, lossis los ntawm qhov chaw uas lawv tau khaws cia niaj hnub no (piv txwv li, "Florentine Codex" tau khaws cia hauv Florence). Ntau lub tsev khaws khoom pov thawj pom cov ntawv fax ntawm cov lej no. Zoo, thawj tus lej Mesoamerican uas tau txhais ua lus Lavxias yog Telleriano-Remensis Code (2010).
Txoj Cai Feyervary-Mayer. Tsev khaws puav pheej kev sib haum xeeb, Liverpool.
Dab tsi yog vim li cas rau lub npe ntawm "phau ntawv" no? Lo lus "chaws" (lat. Codex) txhais tau tias "ib daig ntoo", thaum pib lawv tau sau rau ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj ntoo. Hauv Indian cov lej, daim ntawv tau siv los ntawm cov tawv ntoo ntawm ntau hom ficus, hu ua amatl hauv Aztec lus, uas ua lus Mev tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam. Hauv cov lus ntawm Maya cov lus qub, nws zoo li huun (lossis hun) - "phau ntawv", "tawv tawv" lossis "khaub ncaws ua los ntawm tawv tawv."
Ib daim ntawv theej ntawm phau ntawv "Chilam Balam" Ntawm National Museum of History and Anthropology hauv Mexico City.
Raws li koj paub, koj tuaj yeem ua ntawv hauv ntau txoj kev. Piv txwv li cov neeg Isdias, tau zom cov kab ntoo ntev los ntawm cov ntoo thiab ntxuav lawv ntawm txheej tuab tuab. Tom qab ntawd cov kab no tau tsau rau hauv dej, qhuav thiab raug ntaus los ntawm cov pob zeb lossis cov laug cam ntoo. Ua li no, cov ntawv tau txais uas tau mus txog ob peb metres hauv qhov ntev, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tau du, lawv tau txhuam nrog cov pob zeb thiab pleev xim rau xim av. Ib qho ntxiv, txij li tib tus Yucatan Peninsula tau hu ua Mayan lus "lub teb chaws qaib ntxhw thiab mos lwj", uas yog, mos lwj tau pom muaj, qee qhov ntawm cov lej no tau sau rau ntawm deerskin.
Cov duab los ntawm Codex Borgia piav qhia txog cov neeg nyob saum ntuj ceeb tsheej ntawm ib ntawm 20 hnub ntawm lub hli. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov ntawv Mesoamerican qub tshaj plaws kev ntseeg thiab cov ntawv sau los yav tom ntej. Nws ntseeg tias nws tau tsim ua ntej kev kov yeej ntawm Mexico los ntawm Spanish kev kov yeej hauv xeev Pueblo. Nws yog phau ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Borgia pab pawg ntawm cov ntawv sau, thiab nws yog qhov zoo siab tias txhua daim ntawv no tau txais lawv lub npe. Codex muaj 39 nplooj ntawv, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov tawv tsiaj tawv. Cov ntawv yog nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub xwmfab 27X27 cm, thiab nws tag nrho qhov ntev yuav luag 11 meters. Cov duab npog ob sab ntawm nplooj ntawv. Hauv tag nrho, lawv tau sau 76 nplooj ntawv. Koj yuav tsum tau nyeem Txoj Cai los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug. Nws yog tus tswv los ntawm nto moo Italian Cardinal Stefano Borgia, tom qab uas nws tau txais los ntawm Vatican Library.
Cov txhuam txhuam tau ua los ntawm plaub tsiaj luav, thiab cov xim muaj ntxhia.
"Vatican Code B (3773)"
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lej yog tias lawv tau muab tais zoo li lub accordion, nrog "npog" ua los ntawm ntoo lossis tawv, nrog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua los ntawm kub thiab pob zeb muaj nqi. Lawv nyeem lawv los ntawm kev nteg daim ntawv accordion los ntawm ib daim ntawv, lossis tam sim nthuav cov phau ntawv ntawd mus rau qhov ntev tag nrho.
Nov yog txhua yam uas cuam tshuam txog cov lej lawv tus kheej raws li cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb. Tam sim no cia saib thaum twg thiab nyob qhov twg lawv tau tshwm sim thiab yuav ua li cas lawv thiaj nkag mus rau hauv cov neeg European. Txhawm rau pib nrog, qhov twg raws nraim li Indian cov ntawv sau uas tau sau rau ntawm daim ntawv tsis paub.
Hauv Teotihuacan, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm tau pom pob zeb uas yog hnub tim rau xyoo pua AD. e., Zoo ib yam li cov uas siv los ua ntawv. Ntawm cov neeg Mayans, cov phau ntawv sau rau ntawm daim ntawv nthuav tawm ib puag ncig qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th. Ib qho ntxiv, tib neeg xws li Zapotecs thiab Toltecs, twb nyob rau xyoo III xyoo BC. NS. muaj cov ntawv sau nyob hauv ntawv, thiab phau ntawv twb muaj txog li 660 lawm.
Aztecs muab cov ntawv tsim tawm ntawm "kev tsim khoom lag luam", thiab Amatl tau muab rau lawv raws li khoom plig rau cov pab pawg uas lawv tau kov yeej, thiab siv ntawv los sau thiab … feem ntau ua haujlwm tshaj lij. Nws kuj tseem paub tias hauv nroog Teshkoko muaj lub tsev qiv ntawv nrog sau ntau ntawm Maya, Zapotec thiab Toltec cov ntawv sau. Ntawd yog, hauv qhov no, Isdias Asmesliskas ntawm Mesoamerica txawv me ntsis los ntawm tib neeg Greek thiab Loos nyob rau theem pib ntawm lawv txoj kev txhim kho.
Cov Cai Bodley, p. 21.
Thaum Cov Neeg Mev tau pib kov yeej Asmeskas, cov lej, zoo li ntau lwm yam kev cai dab qhuas ntawm Khab, raug rhuav tshem yam tsis suav nrog. Ntau cov ntawv sau tau ploj thaum lub sij hawm raug kaw ntawm Tenochtitlan xyoo 1521. Tab sis txij li muaj "phau ntawv" ntau, qee leej ntawm lawv tau muaj txoj sia thiab raug xa mus rau Spain ua khoom plig thiab khoom plig. Thiab qhov no tsis xav tsis thoob. Ntawm cov neeg Spanish uas tsis muaj leej twg paub tsawg thiab txawm tias kawm paub cov neeg uas xav paub keeb kwm ntawm lwm haiv neeg, tsis hais txog qhov tseeb tias cov lej tsis txawv thiab zoo nkauj. Thiab yog tias muaj, yog li … vim li cas ho tsis coj lawv mus rau koj lub tsev hauv Spain?
Thiab qhov no yog li cas cov nplooj ntawv ntawm Bodley Code zoo li. Bodleian Library, Tsev kawm ntawv Oxford.
Tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov lej uas tau sau thaum lub sijhawm kav tebchaws, thiab ntawm qhov kev qhia ncaj qha ntawm cov tub txib nyob sab Europe, uas ntseeg tias lawv yuav pab lawv hloov pauv neeg Isdias mus rau kev ntseeg tau zoo dua. Cov lej no tau ua raws li hauv qab no: cov kws kos duab hauv nroog, nyob hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm Spaniards, tau kos duab, tom qab uas kos npe thiab piav qhia tau ntxiv rau lawv ua lus Mev lossis ua lus Indian hauv zos, sau ua ntawv Latin, lossis ua lus Latin. Yog li, cov ntseeg, tshwj xeeb yog Franciscans, tau sim kho Indian kev lis kev cai thiab txawm tias kev ntseeg. Ntawd yog, "piav qhia cov lus piav qhia" ntawm lub neej hauv zej zog tau tsim, uas tau pab cov neeg Mev uas tuaj rau Tebchaws Asmeskas sai sai kom paub txog kev coj noj coj ua hauv ib cheeb tsam thiab … kawm kom "nkag siab Isdias Asmesliskas".
Selden Txoj Cai. Bodleian Library, Tsev kawm ntawv Oxford.
Muaj lub ntsiab lus pom tias "cov cai tswj hwm lub tebchaws tau txhais los txhim kho lub siab thiab nco txog ntawm Mesoamericans hauv paus txawm. Cov lej no, txawm tias cov uas tsim los ntawm Aztecs lawv tus kheej, tau tsim cov keeb kwm keeb kwm los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lus Spanish. " Feem ntau qhov no yog qhov tseeb. Ntawd yog, lawv tuaj yeem "kos npe" qhov txaus ntshai ntawm tib neeg kev txi kom pom - "qhov ntawd yog yam peb tau cawm koj ntawm." Tab sis … txawm hais tias qhov no tsis muaj tseeb, ob yam yog qhov pom tseeb. Ua ntej, txoj hauv kev no tau pab txhawb kev khaws cov duab Indian. Thiab qhov thib ob, tias cov lej ua ntej Hispanic tseem muaj txoj sia nyob, uas yog, muaj lub hauv paus rau kev sib piv thiab sib piv lawv cov ntawv. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias ntau ntawm cov ntawv tom qab tau ua raws ua ntej, ua ntej Hispanic, lossis txawm tias tau theej tag nrho los ntawm lawv. Zoo, ntau npaum li cas kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub paub txog cov lis dej num ntawm lub sijhawm nyob hauv lub tebchaws? Txog tsib puas! Tsis yog tus lej me, tsis yog, thiab muaj kev cia siab tias raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev sau cov ntawv qub, lawv tus lej yuav loj hlob. Qhov tseeb yog muaj ntau lub tsev qiv ntawv ntiag tug thiab txawm tias … lub tsev nyob hauv cov tsev fuabtais ntawm Spain thiab Fabkis, qhov uas muaj ntau ntau ntxiv, tseem tsis tau raug rhuav tshem kiag li, tab sis tus tswv lawv tus kheej tsis xav ua qhov no, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb yog tsis pub mus ntsib lawv.
"Codex Becker".
Kev faib tawm niaj hnub ntawm Indian cov ntawv sau li cas? Txhua tus lej tau muab faib ua ob pab pawg loj: kev ua tub rog thiab, raws li, kev ua ntej ua ntej អាណានិគម. Kev faib tawm thib ob yog cov lej paub thiab tsis paub keeb kwm.
Pawg loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov lej, tau kawg, yog cov uas tau sau tom qab kev ua haujlwm loj. Pua pua ntawm Aztec cov lej tau muaj txoj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no, ntawm cov uas nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no: "Codex Askatitlan", "Codex Boturini", "Bourbon Codex", "Vatican Codex A (3738)", "Codex Veitia", "Codex" Koskatzin "," Codex Maliabeciano, Codex Tudela, Codex Ixtlilxochitl, Codex Mendoza, Codex Ramirez, Codex Auben, Codex Osuna, Codex Telleriano-Remensis, Annals Tlatelolco, Codex Huescino, "Florentine Codex" thiab ntau lwm tus, rau npe tsuas yog tsis muaj chaw txaus.
"Codex Rios"
Cov lej Maya, ntxiv rau lwm haiv neeg, muaj tsawg dua thiab lawv muaj npe tom qab cov tsev qiv ntawv uas lawv tau khaws cia. Cov no yog: "Mishtek Code", "Grolier Code", "Dresden Code", "Madrid Code", "Paris Code". Nov yog qee qhov keeb kwm sib xyaw ua ke: Becker Codes I thiab II, Bodley Code, Zush Nuttall Code, Colombino Code.
Muaj qhov hu ua "Borgia Codes", tab sis tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv keeb kwm los yog leej twg lawv tau tsim los ntawm. Ntxiv mus, qhov xav tsis thoob tshaj plaws yog cov lej no tau mob siab rau cov ncauj lus kev ntseeg. Cov no yog: "Codex Borgia", "Codex Laud", "Vatican Codex B (3773)", "Codex Cospi", "Codex Rios", "Codex Porfirio Diaz" thiab lwm tus.
Zush Nuttall Code p. 89. Ritual duel. Kev ua niaj hnub. Tus neeg raug kaw, khi rau pob zeb fij rau nws txoj siv, sib ntaus nrog ob tus tub rog jaguar ib zaug. Lub kua muag ntws los ntawm tus neeg raug txim qhov muag. Qhov txaus siab, nws tau siv riam phom nrog ob tus pas (lossis lawv puas yog cov pob zeb ua hmoov nplej?), Tab sis nws cov neeg sib tw muaj cov ntaub thaiv npog thiab riam phom coj txawv txawv hauv cov hnab looj tes nrog jaguar claws.
Tam sim no cia yam tsawg kawg xaiv ua tib zoo saib qee qhov ntawm cov lej hauv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws kom muaj lub tswv yim ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus …
