Mexican eagle warriors thiab jaguar warriors tawm tsam Spanish conquistadors. Cov lej qub suav rov qab (ntu plaub)

Mexican eagle warriors thiab jaguar warriors tawm tsam Spanish conquistadors. Cov lej qub suav rov qab (ntu plaub)
Mexican eagle warriors thiab jaguar warriors tawm tsam Spanish conquistadors. Cov lej qub suav rov qab (ntu plaub)

Video: Mexican eagle warriors thiab jaguar warriors tawm tsam Spanish conquistadors. Cov lej qub suav rov qab (ntu plaub)

Video: Mexican eagle warriors thiab jaguar warriors tawm tsam Spanish conquistadors. Cov lej qub suav rov qab (ntu plaub)
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"Thiab kuv tau mus rau tus tim tswv thiab hais rau nws:" Muab phau ntawv rau kuv. " Nws hais rau kuv tias: “Coj nws thiab noj nws; nws yuav iab hauv koj lub plab, tab sis hauv koj lub qhov ncauj nws yuav qab zib li zib ntab."

(Tshwmsim ntawm John lub Divine 10: 9)

Tam sim no cia peb tham txog cov cai qub ntawm Aztecs thiab Mayans kom ntxaws ntxiv. Cia peb pib nrog "Code of Grolier" - Mayan cov ntawv sau, uas tau khaws cia hauv Mexico City, hauv National Museum of Anthropology, tab sis tsis tau nthuav tawm rau pej xeem hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej no. Kev khaws cia ntawm cov cai tsis zoo. Tab sis nws tau tshwm sim rau pej xeem thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1971 ntawm kev nthuav tawm hauv Grolier club hauv New York (txawm hais tias nws tau pom txawm tias ntxov dua!), Uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li tau txais lub npe no. Raws li nws tus tswv, cov ntawv sau tau pom nyob hauv ib lub qhov tsua hauv hav zoov Chiapas. Yog li, nws tau muab tawm tias qhov no yog plaub phau ntawv Mayan muaj txoj sia nyob.

Mexican eagle warriors thiab jaguar warriors tawm tsam Spanish conquistadors. Cov lej qub suav rov qab (ntu plaub)
Mexican eagle warriors thiab jaguar warriors tawm tsam Spanish conquistadors. Cov lej qub suav rov qab (ntu plaub)

Nplooj ntawv puas ntawm "Codex Grolier".

Codex muaj 11 daim ntawv (los ntawm cov tawv ntoo ntawm ficus) tawg, ntsuas 18 × 12, 5 cm; Ntxiv mus, cov duab tsuas yog tso rau ntawm lawv sab xub ntiag. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias thawj daim ntawv muaj ntau dua 20 nplooj. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv sau yog lub hnub qub, nws tau sau ua lus Mayan thiab qhia cov theem ntawm Venus, thiab cov ntsiab lus sib raug rau qhov paub zoo "Dresden Code".

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Colombino Codex.

Xyoo 1973, cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim ntawm cov ntawv sau tau luam tawm, tab sis kev tsis ntseeg tam sim ntawd tshwm sim tias nws yog qhov tseeb. Radiocarbon kev tshuaj xyuas pom tias nws rov qab los txog 1230, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tsis txaus ntseeg tau pib lees tias nws yog qhov cuav, ua los ntawm cov ntawv txheeb pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb av. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas zaum thib ob tau ua tiav xyoo 2007, thiab cov uas nqa nws tau hais tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj lossis tsis lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm Grolier Code. Thiab tsuas yog kev tshuaj xyuas xyoo 2016, ua hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Brown hauv Asmeskas, tau lees tias nws yog tus tiag. Nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv ntawm no tias niaj hnub no nws tsis yooj yim sua los tsim cov ntawv qub vim tias … cov xwm txheej ntawm 1945 thiab pib ntawm kev sim nuclear. Ntau lab tons ntawm cov av siv hluav taws xob, tawm mus rau hauv ntiaj teb huab cua, kis tau cov isotopes uas muaj kuab paug dav, tshwj xeeb, cov pa hluav taws xob tau ua kom cov nroj tsuag nyob ib puag ncig peb. Yog li ntawd, yog tias nws yog ntoo lossis ntawv, lossis tus lej, ces … nws yog qhov cuav. Tab sis yog tsis yog, ces tus thawj. Txawm hais tias qhov nyuaj nyob hauv qhov tseeb tias ib tus yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nrog cov atoms ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb, uas ua rau kev tshuaj xyuas no nyuaj heev thiab kim heev.

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"Madrid Code" (rov ua dua). (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm America, Madrid)

Ib qho ntxiv, codex qhia txog deities, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, uas yog, ib nrab xyoo dhau los, tseem tsis tau paub txog kev tshawb fawb, tab sis tom qab kawm paub txog lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, tus lej no muaj ntau qhov sib txawv los ntawm peb lwm tus paub Mayan cov lej los ntawm tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Dresden, Madrid thiab Paris. Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia li cas? Yuav muaj ntau qhov laj thawj, vim tias "Tale of Bygone Years" kuj tsis zoo ib yam li John Skilitsa cov ntawv sau, txawm hais tias cov duab kos hauv lawv (qee qhov) zoo sib xws.

Lwm qhov pov thawj tias txoj cai yog qhov tseeb yog tias nws tau pom nrog rau rau lwm yam khoom qub, xws li riam fij thiab ua daim npog ntsej muag. Kev tshuaj xyuas tau pom tias cov khoom cuav no tsis yog dag, thiab lawv lub hnub nyoog yog tib yam nkaus li lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov ntawv sau nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, ib txwm muaj cov uas hais lus Brito, txawm hais tias qhov tseeb lawv tau txiav plaub hau … Xws li yog qee tus neeg!

Colombino Codex zwm rau Mixtec cov lej thiab muaj cov lus piav qhia txog kev ua ntawm Mixtec tus thawj coj npe hu ua Yim Deer (lwm lub npe yog Tiger Claw), uas nyob rau xyoo pua 11th, thiab tus kav lub npe Four Winds. Nws tseem sau cov kev cai dab qhuas uas tau ua hauv lawv lub meej mom. Nws ntseeg tias tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 12th, yuav los ntawm National Museum hauv xyoo 1891, thiab luam tawm hauv xyoo 1892. Ntawm qhov kev qhuas ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Yim Deer, tau cog lus ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm Spaniards, kev kov yeej ntawm cov av tseem ceeb ntawm Mixtecs li Tilantongo thiab Tututepec. Ua tsaug rau lawv, nrog rau kev sib koom tes muaj txiaj ntsig kev sib yuav uas nws nkag mus, Yim Yim Deer tau tswj hwm los koom ua ke ntau yam khoom ntawm Mixtecs hauv lub sijhawm hu ua post-classical. Tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm Mev thiab keeb kwm Alfonso Caso (1896-1970), uas kawm cov neeg ntawm Mexico ua ntej kev kov yeej lus Mev, tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias tus lej no, nrog rau Becker I code (nyob hauv tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Vienna), yog ib feem ntawm ib qho chaws. Lawv qhov kev teeb tsa dav dav tau luam tawm xyoo 1996, thiab nws tus kheej tau hu ua "Code of Alfonso Caso" hauv nws lub meej mom.

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Txoj Cai Wamantle

Codex ntawm Huamantla tau tsim los qhia zaj dab neeg ntawm Otomi cov neeg ntawm Huamantla. Nws piav qhia li cas Otomi cov neeg los ntawm Chiapana (niaj hnub no thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev Mexico) hauv Huamantlu tau tsiv mus rau thaj av ntawm lub xeev tam sim no ntawm Tlaxcala. Otomi ntseeg tias hauv kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw no lawv tau txhawb nqa los ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam Shochiketzal thiab Otontecuhtli - tus vaj tswv ntawm hluav taws nws tus kheej. Cov npe ntawm cov thawj coj uas coj kev hloov chaw nyob tau raug hu ua, thiab cov pyramids ntawm Teotihuacan tau nthuav tawm raws li tau npog nrog cov nroj tsuag, piv txwv li. lub sijhawm ntawd lawv tau tso tseg. Tom qab ntawd, twb tau nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, Otomi kab lis kev cai tau tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai, lus thiab lus dab neeg ntawm Nahua. Ib pawg duab thib ob tau ntxiv los ntawm lwm tus kws ua yeeb yam saum toj ntawm thawj. Nws siv sijhawm tsawg dua qhov chaw thiab piav qhia txog kev koom nrog ntawm Otomi Isdias Asmesliskas hauv kev kov yeej Mexico thiab lawv lub neej twb nyob rau tiam neeg Spanish txoj cai.

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Florentine Codex.

Qhov hu ua "Florentine Codex" lossis "General History of Things of New Spain" kuj yog qhov nthuav heev-cov ntawv sau los ntawm Franciscan tus hauj sam Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590). Txoj haujlwm yog phau ntawv txhais lus tiag tiag, thiab nws tau sau yim xyoo tom qab Cortez ua tiav kev kov yeej New Spain. Florentine Codex poob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm Medici tsev neeg nyob ib puag ncig 1588, thiab niaj hnub no khaws cia hauv Medici Laurentian Library hauv Florence. Sahagun txiav txim siab sau nws phau ntawv txhawm rau txhawm rau nkag siab txog cov ntseeg Indian cuav, kom ntseeg lawv tus kheej, thiab tshem tawm kev ntseeg hauv lawv cov vajtswv vim qhov kev kov yeej ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau them khoom plig rau cov neeg txawv tebchaws, tsis txhob maj sau ntawv tias cov neeg Mevkas "raug suav hais tias yog neeg phem ntawm tus nqi me me, tabsis hais txog kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev txawj ntse lawv yog lub taub hau thiab xub pwg siab dua lwm tus neeg ua piv txwv kom ua siab zoo." Nws tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov txwj laus los ntawm ntau lub nroog hauv nruab nrab Mexico, cov tub ntxhais kawm Nahua, thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm Santa Cruz College hauv Tlatelolco, qhov uas Sahagun qhia kev ntseeg. Cov txwj laus tau sau cov ntaub ntawv rau nws, tom qab uas lawv tau sau tseg hauv daim duab sau, uas yog li no tau khaws cia. Nahua cov tub ntxhais kawm, ntawm qhov tod tes, tau koom nrog txiav txim siab cov duab uas twb muaj lawm, nrog rau ntxiv cov ntawv, sau cov suab ntawm cov lus Nahuatl siv cov tsiaj ntawv Latin. Tom qab ntawd Sahagun saib los ntawm cov ntawv sau tiav hauv Nahuatl, thiab muab nws tus kheej txhais lus, ua lus Mev. Xws li txoj haujlwm nyuaj yuav tsum yuav luag 30 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav thiab thaum kawg ua tiav qee zaum hauv 1575-1577. Tom qab ntawd nws raug coj mus rau Spain los ntawm tus tij laug ntawm Rodrigo de Sequera, tus thawj nyob hauv Franciscans hauv Mexico, uas txhawb Sahagun txhua lub sijhawm.

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Txoj Cai Huexocinco txawm tshwm rau hauv tsev hais plaub Spanish!

Txoj cai nws tus kheej suav nrog 12 phau ntawv, muab faib ua plaub ntu hauv kev cais cais, tab sis tom qab ntawd peb ntu tau tsim los ntawm lawv. Cov ntawv tau nthuav tawm hauv ob kab lus ntsug: ntawm sab xis yog Nahuatl ntawv, thiab sab laug yog nws txhais ua lus Mev los ntawm Sahagun. Codex muaj 2468 (!) Ua tau zoo piav qhia cov duab, nyob feem ntau ntawm kab sab laug, qhov twg cov ntawv luv dua me ntsis. Hauv cov duab piav qhia, yog li, cov kab lig kev cai qub ntawm kev xa xov xwm siv daim duab ntawm Nahua tau khaws cia, uas cov cim sab nrauv tau ntxiv uas twb yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm European pleev xim rau ntawm Renaissance.

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Ueszinko Code nplooj ntawv.

"Codex ntawm Huescinko" ntawm 1531 kuj yog qhov txaus nyiam heev, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj vim tias nws tau sau rau ntawm yim daim ntawv ntawm amatl ntawv, uas tau ua hauv Central America txawm tias ua ntej pom cov ntawv European, tab sis yog cov ntaub ntawv uas tau tshwm sim hauv tsev hais plaub ! Yog lawm, Cov neeg Mev tau kov yeej thiab rhuav tshem cov xeev Indian. Tab sis tsuas yog 10 xyoo tom qab ntawd, tau muaj kev sim siab uas Isdias Asmesliskas, yav dhau los cov phoojywg ntawm Cortez, tawm tsam tsoomfwv Spanish txoj cai tswjfwm ntawm Mexico. Hueszinko yog lub nroog, thiab nws cov neeg nyob hauv 1529-1530, thaum tsis muaj Cortes, cov thawj coj hauv nroog tau yuam Nahua Isdias Asmesliskas kom them se ntau dua hauv cov khoom thiab kev pabcuam. Cortez, rov qab mus rau Mexico, ua ke nrog Nahua Isdias Asmesliskas (uas yws rau nws), tau pib foob foob rau cov neeg ua haujlwm Spanish. Ob leeg hauv Mexico thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Spain, qhov chaw tau rov hais dua rooj plaub, cov neeg foob foob yeej nws (!), Tom qab ntawd xyoo 1538 tus vaj ntxwv ntawm Spain tau tshaj tawm txoj cai lij choj tias ob feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov se uas muaj npe hauv daim ntawv no tau xa rov qab mus rau cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog Hueszincco.

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Scroll of Offerings nplooj ntawv ib zaug ntxiv qhia tias kev txhim kho Aztec bureaucracy tau zoo npaum li cas thiab kev txheeb xyuas thiab kev tswj hwm tau zoo npaum li cas!

Qhov Scroll of Tributes tau piav qhia tus nqi thiab hom khoom plig uas yuav tsum tau them rau Mexico City-Tenochtitlan, lub taub hau ntawm peb pawg sib koom ua ke ntawm Mexico, Tezcoco, thiab Takuba, nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej Spanish kev kov yeej. Feem ntau yuav yog, qhov no yog daim ntawv theej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub uas Cortez xaj kom kos, uas xav kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog kev lag luam ntawm lub tebchaws Indian. Txhua nplooj ntawv ntawm kab ntawv qhia pom ntau npaum li cas ntawm 16 lub xeev hauv qab yuav tsum tau them nyiaj. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, raws li nws qhia peb ob qho tib si rau cov lej ntawm cov neeg Khab, thiab rau lawv txoj kev lag luam thiab kab lis kev cai.

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Tab sis qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tshaj plaws rau cov nyeem VO: "Keeb Kwm ntawm Tlaxcala", los ntawm qhov uas feem ntau ntawm cov duab kos hauv phau ntawv "Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Zeeg ntawm Tenochtitlan" raug coj los. Hauv qee kis, lawv tau muab duab, hauv lwm tus - hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov xim me me. Hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej, lawv tau qhia peb ntau yam nthuav dav nthuav dav txog cov khaub ncaws, riam phom thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Spaniards, lawv Tlaxcoltecs thiab Aztecs cov phoojywg. Nov yog 1773 luam tawm los ntawm thawj 1584 version.

Cov ntawv sau "Canvas los ntawm Tlaxcala" tau tsim nyob hauv lub nroog Tlaxcala los ntawm nws cov neeg nyob hauv Tlaxcoltecs nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ceeb toom rau Spaniards ntawm lawv kev ncaj ncees thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm Tlaxcala hauv kev swb ntawm Aztec faj tim teb chaws. Nws muaj ntau cov duab qhia pom kev koom tes ntawm Tlaxcalan cov neeg hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Aztecs nrog rau cov neeg Mev. Lub npe Spanish ntawm daim ntawv yog "Keeb Kwm ntawm Tlaxcala" thiab, qhov txaus siab tshaj plaws, ntawm cov neeg Mev tsis tau muaj ib tus neeg uas yuav tshaj tawm tias txhua yam no yog "Indian kev tsim thiab dag." Thiab, nws yuav zoo li, qhov yooj yim dua - hais tias txhua yam no tau tsim los ntawm Tlashkalans uas tsis tsim nyog, tab sis qhov tseeb lawv tsis tau pab ntau, thiab kev yeej rau cov neeg Mev tau coj los ntawm kev ua siab tawv thiab kev ntseeg! Tab sis tsis yog, Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Tlaxcala yeej tsis tau nug.

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Qhov no yog li cas Cortez thiab nws tus khub, tus ntxhais Indian Marina, tau txais kev hais lus Indian. "Keeb kwm ntawm Tlaxcala".

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"Koj yuav tawm tsam nrog peb, thiab peb yuav tso koj dim ntawm txoj cai Aztecs!" - qee yam zoo li no tau hais Cortes los ntawm nws tus neeg txhais lus Marina nrog Tlashkalans, thiab lawv tau mloog nws.

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Spaniards thiab lawv cov phoojywg hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nco tseg cov ntaj Spanish nyob hauv txhais tes ntawm cov neeg Tlaxcalan.

Lwm Mayan cov ntawv sau hu ua Codex Dresden thiab tau khaws cia hauv Saxon State thiab University Library. Nws tau yuav hauv Vienna xyoo 1739 los ntawm Dresden Elector Library raws li lub npe "Phau Ntawv Mev". Xyoo 1853 nws tau txheeb xyuas tias yog Mayan cov ntawv sau. Nws muaj 39 nplooj ntawv, uas tau sau rau ntawm ob sab, thiab tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm "accordion" yog 358 centimeters. Amatl nto moo tau siv ua ntawv. Cov codex muaj cov hieroglyphs, Cov Neeg Qhab Asmeskas thiab tus lej ntawm tib neeg, nrog rau daim qhia hnub hli, piav qhia txog ntau yam kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev suav ntawm theem ntawm ntiaj chaw Venus, dab noj hnub thiab lub hli, "cov lus qhia" yuav ua li cas ua kev zoo siab Xyoo Tshiab, kev piav qhia ntawm qhov chaw uas Vajtswv Los nag nyob, thiab txawm tias daim duab ntawm Dej Nyab rau ntawm nplooj ntawv tag nrho. Ib tus kws tshaj lij uas tau kawm Maya codices nyob rau xyoo 19th yog Ernst Förstermann (1822-1906), tus kws saib xyuas vaj ntxwv thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Saxon State thiab University Library. Nws tau piav qhia cov txheej txheem astronomical uas tau piav qhia hauv cov cai thiab ua pov thawj tias cov vajtswv tau piav qhia hauv nws, cov lej thiab cov npe ntawm hnub ntawm lub limtiam cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau 260-hnub Mayan daim ntawv qhia hnub.

Qhov txaus siab yog Codex ntawm Tovara (John Carter Brown Library), muaj npe tom qab xyoo pua 16th Mexican Jesuit Juan de Tovar, uas muaj cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws qhia txog kev ua thiab kev ua koob tsheej ntawm Aztec Isdias Asmesliskas. Nws muaj 51 daim nplooj puv xim. Cov duab kos no muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha nrog duab ua ntej Columbian Indian thiab tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj. Thawj ntu ntawm codex piav qhia keeb kwm kev mus ncig ntawm Aztecs ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg Spanish. Qhov thib ob yog mob siab rau cov keeb kwm piav qhia ntawm Aztecs. Hauv qhov thib peb - muaj daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm Aztecs nrog lub hlis, lub lis piam, hnub thiab kev cai dab qhuas hnub so ntawm cov ntseeg 365 -hnub xyoo.

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Ib ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm "Dresden Code". Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no tsuas yog Mayan cov ntawv sau muaj rau cov neeg tuaj saib dawb. (Phau Ntawv Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Saxon State thiab University Library hauv Dresden)

Qhov txaus siab, tsib hnub kawg ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub hu ua "nemontemi" thiab tau suav tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab txawm tias hnub tsis muaj hmoo. Rau lawv, nws yog lub sijhawm txaus ntshai, thiab ntau npaum li ntawd tib neeg tau sim tsis tawm hauv lub tsev yam tsis tas yuav ua thiab tsis txawm ua zaub mov rau lawv tus kheej, yog li tsis txhob ua rau cov dab phem nyiam.

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"Accordion" ntawm "Dresden Code".

Yog li, kev kawm paub txhua yam ntawm cov lej no tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, ob qho tib si hais txog lub neej ntawm Isdias Asmesliskas ntawm Mesoamerica ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg Spanish, thiab tom qab kev kov yeej lus Mev. Cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm tau ntxiv los ntawm cov ntawv ntawm cov steles thiab kos duab, suav nrog cov kos duab Mayan nto moo hauv lub tuam tsev Bonampak. Yog li, cov lus hais tias peb paub keeb kwm ntawm Isdias Asmesliskas "tsuas yog los ntawm Spaniards" tsis muaj tseeb!

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