Tus Tswv tau nrog Yudas, thiab nws tau muaj lub roob; tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov neeg nyob hauv hav, vim lawv muaj cov tsheb hlau hlau.
(Cov Thawj 1:19)
Kev sib tw ntawm Cretans thaum ub ntawm Minoan era. Txhuv. Giuseppe Rau. Ib tus tub rog nrog rab ntaj, zoo li koj tuaj yeem pom, ua rau lub zog tawg, tsis yog rab riam tawg, ntawm nws tus nrog sib ntaus.
Tus kws sau keeb kwm Greek keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Aristotle tau tso cov lus piav qhia txog thev naus laus zis kom tau txais cov hlau los ntawm Calibs: "… Calibs tau ntxuav cov dej xuab zeb ntawm lawv lub tebchaws ntau zaus, ntxiv qee cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau nws thiab yaj nws hauv qhov cub tshwj xeeb; cov hlau yog li tau txais muaj xim dawb thiab tsis muaj xim."
Pom tseeb, Khalibs siv cov xuab zeb uas muaj hlau nplaum los ua cov khoom siv raw rau cov hlau yaj, cov peev txheej uas pom muaj nyob thoob plaws ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub, suav nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov nplej me me ntawm cov hlau nplaum, titanomagnetite, ilmenite thiab qee lwm pob zeb, yog li ntawd cov hlau uas lawv tau yaj tau tig los ua cov hlau phom thiab pom tias muaj qhov ua tau zoo heev.
Thaum kawg ntawm Lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze, cov ntaj no tau tshwm sim, cov hniav uas tau ntxiv dag zog los ntawm kev forging thiab tawv, thiab nrog uas nws twb tuaj yeem txiav thiab txiav tag nrho. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Archaeological ntawm Saint-Raymond hauv Toulouse)
Ntaj hilt (loj). (Tsev khaws puav pheej Archaeological ntawm Saint-Raymond hauv Toulouse)
Bimetallic dagger los ntawm kev hloov pauv los ntawm tooj liab mus rau hlau. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Archaeological ntawm Saint-Raymond hauv Toulouse)
Xws li txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov hlau tsis yog los ntawm cov hlau qhia tias Khalibs, theej, nrhiav hlau ua cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem tsim txoj hauv kev los tsim nws txhua qhov chaw ntawm qhov loj. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm lawv tau ua tiav qhov kev txhawb nqa rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov hlau hlau, suav nrog nws cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov ntxhia hauv cov hav dej thiab cov pob zeb.
Nyob rau xyoo II AD NS. Clement ntawm Alexandria, hauv nws phau ntawv qhia ua haujlwm "Stromata" hauv tshooj 21, tshaj tawm tias, raws li lus dab neeg Greek, hlau tsis pom nyob qhov twg, tab sis nyob rau Mount Ida, nyob hauv roob siab ze ntawm lub nroog Troy (hauv Iliad nws yog hu ua Ida, thiab nws yog los ntawm nws qhov ua siab tshaj uas Zeus Thunderer tab tom saib kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg Greek thiab cov Trojans).
Ntawm cov neeg ib puag ncig, Khalibs tau koob npe los ua tus kws ntaus hlau thiab tau txais kev hwm zoo, yog li ntawd lawv lub npe tau nthuav tawm hauv Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, qhov twg muaj qee tus Caleb (Caleb) los ntawm pawg neeg Yudas tau hais - tus txhawb nqa thiab saib xyuas zoo ntawm Mauxes uas koom nrog kev khiav tawm ntawm cov neeg Yudais los ntawm Egypt, thiab Syria tau paub txog lub nroog loj ntawm Aleppo (niaj hnub Aleppo), tsuas yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg Hittites thaum ub.
Celtic War Chariot (Tsev khaws puav pheej Hallein hauv Salzburg, Austria)
Nyob rau xyoo II BC. NS. Apollonius ntawm Rhodes, hais txog lwm tus kws sau ntawv thaum ub, tau sau tias: “… Khalibs yog cov neeg Scythian tom qab Thermodont; lawv, tau qhib cov hlau hlau, koom nrog lawv txoj kev txhim kho. Lawv muaj npe Halabs los ntawm Khalib Ares tus tub. Hais txog lawv thiab Callimachus; "Thov kom tsev neeg ntawm Khalibs tuag, uas tau pom qhov kev tsim phem no nce los ntawm lub ntiaj teb."
Cov pov thawj zoo li tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tseem tsis tau lees paub lawv txaus. Tab sis qhov tseeb tias kev sib kis ntawm cov hlau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws ua ke nrog "era of Homer" (IX-VI centuries BC), tsis muaj leej twg los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb ua xyem xyav. Nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas Iliad tsuas muaj ob qhov kev hais txog ntawm cov hlau no, tab sis hauv Odyssey, tsim tom qab, nws twb tau hais ntau ntau zaus, txawm hais tias txhua yam tseem ua nrog tooj liab.
Bimetallic Celtic dag nrog anthropomorphic bronze hilt. (National Archaeological Museum Saint-Germain-en-Laye ze Paris)
Hlau tuaj rau Tebchaws Europe …
Zoo, yog li cas cov hlau tau mus rau Tebchaws Europe? Hauv ntau txoj hauv kev los ntawm sab hnub tuaj: hla Balkans lossis hla Greece, thiab tom qab ntawd Ltalis, lossis hla Caucasus, tom qab ntawd mus rau hauv cov hav ntawm yav qab teb Russia thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd mus rau Carpathians thiab dhau mus. Qhov pom ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom hlau tau tsom mus rau feem ntau nyob rau sab hnub poob Balkans thiab Sab Qab Teb Danube thiab hnub rov qab mus rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo txhiab thib ob BC. (ob peb) thiab mus txog VIII xyoo pua. BC
Kev rov txhim kho ntawm Celtic ntaj hlau. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lub Nroog Hallein hauv Salzburg, Austria)
Celtic kaus mom hlau IV xyoo pua. Los ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm tus thawj coj hauv Morstein (faus tsis muaj. 44). (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lub Nroog Hallein hauv Salzburg, Austria)
Hauv Central Europe, hlau tshwm nyob rau xyoo pua 7 BC. Los ntawm V caug xyoo. BC nws tau kawm tiav los ntawm Celts, uas tsis tsuas yog muab cov hlau no rau cov neeg Loos, tab sis tseem qhia lawv cov txuj ci ntawm kev ua nws. Ntxiv mus, nws yog Celts uas tau kawm koom ua ke cov hlau mos thiab cov hlau tawv, thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev rov ua dua, muaj zog thiab muaj rab ntaj thiab rab riam ntse. Hauv Scandinavia, tooj liab nrog hlau sib tw kom txog rau thaum pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm, thiab hauv tebchaws Askiv txog rau xyoo pua 5. AD Piv txwv li tus kws sau keeb kwm Loos Tacitus, tau sau hais tias cov neeg German siv hlau tsawg heev, txawm hais tias lawv paub yuav siv kuv li cas thiab txheej txheem nws li cas.
"Kav hlau txais xov Daggers" los ntawm "Tomb ntawm Tus Thawj" - nplua nuj heev Celtic faus, c. 530bc ua NS. (nrhiav pom xyoo 1977 nyob ze lub zos Hochdorf an der Enz hauv lub nroog Eberdingen, Baden-Württemberg, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) Cov ntaub thaiv thiab hilt ntawm rab riam yog npog nrog cov ntawv ci ntawm sab xis.
Hauv Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj, hauv qhov faus qhov ntxa ntawm Yamnaya kab lis kev cai ntawm xyoo txhiab txhiab BC. kuj pom cov khoom ntawm cov hlau meteorite, ua los ntawm txoj kev txias txias. Slag, ntxiv rau cov hlau hlau, qee zaum pom nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm Timber thiab Abashev kev coj noj coj ua hauv thaj tsam Don, ntxiv rau hauv qhov faus qhov ntxa ntawm Catacomb kab lis kev cai hauv cheeb tsam Dnieper.
Ib rab ntaj tshwj xeeb hilt los ntawm kev sau los ntawm Lub Xeev Keeb Kwm Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Moscow. Pom nyob rau qee yam kev faus rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Cov hniav tau tawg tawm, uas ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nws qhov ntev, tab sis nws cov xim tooj liab tau khaws tseg zoo kawg nkaus!
Thaum xub thawj, cov khoom siv hlau tau yooj yim: riam, txiab, hnoos, koob, awls, tab sis thev naus laus zis xws li forging thiab welding kuj tau siv rau lawv cov khoom siv. Nyob rau hauv VIII caug xyoo. BC Hauv Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj, hlau thaum kawg tshem cov tooj liab. Cov khoom bimetallic nyuaj tshwm sim, piv txwv li, ntaj, uas nws cov hniav tau ua los ntawm cov hlau, thiab cov tuav tau pov los ntawm tooj liab raws li cov qauv siv quav ciab. Ntxiv mus, Pab Pawg Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj, ib txhij nrog kev tsim cov khoom lag luam nyuaj, tseem ua tiav cov txheej txheem ntawm carburizing thiab tsim cov hlau. Ntxiv mus, cov khoom siv bimetallic feem ntau yuav ua los ntawm tus tswv uas yog tus tswv ntawm ob lub thev naus laus zis, uas yog, nws paub yuav ua haujlwm li cas nrog tooj liab thiab hlau. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no ib zaug ntxiv qhia tias ferrous metallurgy tsis tau tshwm sim los ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis pib hauv qhov tob ntawm cov hlau tsis yog hlau.
Hauv Siberia, uas muaj cov nplua nuj ntawm cov tooj liab thiab tin, kev qhia txog cov hlau hlau ntawm no yog qee yam me ntsis, thiab qhov no nkag siab. Yog li, nyob rau sab hnub poob Siberia, cov khoom siv hlau tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm VIII-V ib-paus xyoo. BC Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo III. BC nov "hnub nyoog hlau tiag" tau pib, thaum hlau pib kov yeej ua cov khoom lag luam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kis mus rau Altai thiab Minusinsk Phiab. Zoo, hauv hav zoov txoj siv sia ntawm Western Siberia, kev paub nrog hlau tau pib txawm tias tom qab.
Bimetallic hlau dag dag. (Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm ntawm Lub Nroog Bern, Switzerland)
Umbon ntawm Shield ntawm Longobards (Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Archaeological ntawm Bergamo, Ltalis)
Umbon ntawm daim ntaub thaiv Longobard. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Cov hlau ntawm Tuam Tshoj thaum ub thiab sultry Africa
Nyob rau sab Asia Sab Hnub Tuaj, thev naus laus zis los tsim cov hlau tawg thiab cov khoom lag luam los ntawm nws twb tau paub nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm 1st txhiab xyoo BC, thiab nyob rau ib nrab ntawm ob txhiab xyoo no, hlau tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam. Ntxiv mus, ntawm no, zoo li ntau lwm qhov chaw, cov khoom bimetallic tau xub xub nyiam, piv txwv li, rab riam nrog rab hlau, tab sis nrog tus kov tooj dag. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd lawv tau hloov los ntawm cov hlau tsis huv.
Bronze celt axle thiab tooj liab riam. Qijia kab lis kev cai 2400 - 1900 BC BC, (National Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Tuam Tshoj, Beijing)
Suav ib nrab ntawm Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) thiab Suav ntaj hlau. (Hanan Provincial Tsev khaws puav pheej, Suav)
Bimetallic khoom tom kawg ntawm lub xyoo txhiab thib ob BC tau paub nyob hauv Suav teb, thiab lawv kuj tau ua los ntawm cov hlau loj. Zoo, qhov khoom tsim khoom ntawm cov hlau tau pib nyob ib puag ncig nruab nrab ntawm 1st txhiab xyoo BC. Txawm li cas los xij, Suav, tsis zoo li cov neeg European, thaum ntxov tau kawm paub yuav ua li cas thiaj li tau txais hauv lawv lub qhov cub kub kom tsim nyog kom yaj cov hlau ua kua - cam khwb cia hlau thiab pib nrum cov khoom los ntawm nws hauv pwm, siv lawv cov kev paub txog tooj dag rau qhov no.
Hauv tebchaws Africa, nws yog hlau uas dhau los ua thawj cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov hlau hlau feem ntau. Thiab ntawm no lub siab cylindrical hearth tau tsim, ua los ntawm cov pob zeb loj heev, thiab txawm tias yog qhov kev nthuav dav thev naus laus zis tshiab raws li cua sov cua nkag los. Ntxiv mus, cov kws tshaj lij sau tseg tias hauv lwm thaj tsam ntawm ntiaj chaw txhua qhov no tseem tsis tau paub nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias kev tsim cov hlau hauv Africa tau tshwm sim yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam sab nraud. Raws li lwm tus, thawj qhov kev txhawb siab rau cov neeg Asmeskas yog kev paub nrog cov neeg Iyiv kev coj noj coj ua, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Nubia, Sudan thiab Libya, kos duab ua haujlwm nrog hlau tau nthuav tawm nyob ib puag ncig xyoo pua thib 6. BC Tab sis nyob rau Sab Qab Teb Zaire, kev ua cov tooj liab thiab hlau tau paub tib lub sijhawm, thiab qee pab neeg txawm hloov mus rau hlau ncaj qha los ntawm Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb. Nws kuj tseem txaus siab tias nyob rau South Africa thiab hauv Congo Phiab, qhov twg muaj nyiaj ntau tshaj ntawm cov tooj liab, nws cov khoom pib tom qab tshaj li cov hlau tsim. Thiab yog tias hlau tau siv los ua riam phom thiab cuab yeej, tom qab ntawd tooj liab tau siv tshwj xeeb rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
Neeg Asmeskas hlau ntuav riam. (British Tsev khaws puav pheej, London)
Tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Anthony Snodgrass tau txiav txim siab tias peb theem yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv hauv kev txhim kho cov hlau hlau. Thawj zaug, hlau, txawm hais tias nws pom, tsis xwm yeem thiab tseem tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog "cov khoom siv ua haujlwm". Qhov no yog kev ntseeg, "saum ntuj ceeb tsheej", "hlau los saum ntuj". Hauv theem ob, nws twb tau siv dav heev, tab sis nws tsis hloov pauv tooj liab kiag li. Hauv theem peb, hlau yog cov hlau tseem ceeb hauv kev ua lag luam, thaum tooj thiab tooj liab, ua cov khoom siv, ploj mus rau tom qab.
Neeg Asmeskas ntuav riam. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Tropics, Amsterdam)
Zoo, hauv riam phom thiab cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm no, kev siv tooj dag thiab hlau sib koom ua ke pom lawv qhov kev sib piv hauv cov hauv qab no: cov cuab yeej ua rog - lub kaus mom hlau, lub plhaub thiab cov ntaub thaiv npog (lossis lawv qhov chaw), zoo li ua ntej, yog ua los ntawm tooj liab thiab tooj liab, tooj liab (piv txwv li, hauv tib cov Scythians) tseem yog cov xub xub. Tab sis rau kev tsim cov ntaj thiab rab riam, tam sim no siv hlau. Thaum xub thawj, lawv cov hniav muaj tus tuav bimetallic, tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv pib ua los ntawm hlau, siv tawv, ntoo thiab pob txha ua npog.
