Hallstatt yog Europe Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Ancient graves qhia (ntu 1)

Hallstatt yog Europe Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Ancient graves qhia (ntu 1)
Hallstatt yog Europe Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Ancient graves qhia (ntu 1)

Video: Hallstatt yog Europe Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Ancient graves qhia (ntu 1)

Video: Hallstatt yog Europe Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Ancient graves qhia (ntu 1)
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Hauv ntau cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los, peb tau tham txog yuav ua li cas hlau "tuaj rau Tebchaws Europe" thiab nyob ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai uas muaj nyob hauv Europe nruab nrab, ntxiv rau hauv Balkans los ntawm kwv yees li 900 txog 400 BC, thiab thaj tsam kev coj noj coj ua ua ntej nws tau tso cov quav.. Nws tau paub tias cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv cov kab lis kev cai no yog Celts, thiab hauv Balkans, Thracians thiab Illyrians.

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Tus ntaj raug ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai nrog tus yam ntxwv pommel nrog cov plaub hau volute. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Archaeological, Krakow)

Cov kab lis kev cai no tau txais nws lub npe, zoo li feem ntau yog cov xwm txheej keeb kwm, los ntawm lub sijhawm. Tsuas yog nyob ze lub nroog Hallstatt nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob Austria, qhov chaw uas pob zeb ntsev tau khawb los ntawm lub sij hawm tsis nco qab lawm, tau pom qhov chaw faus neeg thaum ub nyob rau xyoo 1846. Ntxiv mus, nws tau pom los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo tib yam Johann Ramsauer, thiab nws (qhov no yog li cas nws tshwm sim!) Xyoo 1846-1864. pib nws thawj zaug los tshuaj xyuas thiab piav qhia cov khoom cuav uas pom ntawm no. Archaeology lub sijhawm ntawd zoo ib yam li cov khoom muaj nqis tua tsiaj thiab kev tshawb fawb, qhov tseeb, tseem tsis tau muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, Ramsauer, pom tau tias yog xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm, yog li nws tsis tsuas yog nthuav tawm nws, tab sis tseem piav qhia cov khoom pom thiab lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv kev faus neeg. Cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm qhov pom tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab, yog li kev khawb av hauv av tau txuas ntxiv txawm tias tom qab ntawd, yog li thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, kwv yees li 2 txhiab qhov kev faus neeg tau raug tshuaj xyuas, uas muaj ob qho kev hlawv thiab cov neeg tuag. Qhov ntim ntawm qhov pom tau zoo li qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hais txog lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Thiab nws tau pom meej tias yav dhau los tsis paub keeb kwm kab lis kev cai tau pom!

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Kev kho dua tshiab ntawm Hallstatt faus rau hauv lub qhov ntxa. (National Tsev khaws puav pheej, Nuremberg)

Tom qab ntawd, kev faus neeg nrog cov khoom zoo sib xws tau pom nyob hauv lwm qhov chaw, uas tso cai rau Swedish keeb kwm kev coj noj coj ua Hans Hildebrand los qhia cov lus zoo li "pab pawg Hallstatt" rau hauv kev tshawb fawb. Tom qab ntawd tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm German Paul Reinecke pib siv lo lus "Hallstatt time". Thiab thaum kawg, lo lus "Hallstatt kab lis kev cai" tau thov los ntawm Austrian archaeologist Moritz Gernes xyoo 1905. Txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, lub npe no tau pib siv thiab muaj nyob hauv kev xyaum tshawb fawb txog niaj hnub no.

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Artifacts ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai. (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Archaeology George-Garrett, Vesoul, Haute-Saone, Franche-Comté, Burgundy, Fabkis)

Tab sis Hallstatt kev coj noj coj ua tseem tsis muaj lub sijhawm sib xws. Paul Reinecke tib yam, rov qab rau xyoo 1902, faib nws ua plaub lub sijhawm, muab lawv lub npe raws li cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm tus niam ntawv: A, B, C, D. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj ob lub sijhawm, uas yog, Hallstatt A (1200-1100) BC) thiab Hallstatt B (1100-800 BC) niaj hnub no yog ib txwm coj los hais txog lub caij nyoog Hnub Nyoog Bronze Late, thiab tsis yog rau Hallstatt lub sijhawm zoo li no. Cov kws sau keeb kwm Fab Kis tau thov lawv tus kheej qhov kev ncua sijhawm: C - thaum ntxov hallstatt, D1 thiab D2 - nruab nrab thiab D3 - lig. Kwv yees li 480 BC NS. (xyoo kev sib ntaus Marathon hauv tebchaws Greece) La Tene era twb pib lawm, uas hloov lub sijhawm Hallstatt.

Thiab yog Hallstatt kev coj noj coj ua feem ntau yog Celto-Illyrian, tom qab ntawd La Tene kab lis kev cai koom ua ke Celts, Dacians, thiab Thracians, thiab Celto-Illyrian zej zog tam sim no nyob hauv thaj tsam me me hauv tebchaws Ltalis. Cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb uas Hallstatt kab lis kev cai nthuav tawm yog Lower Austria, Slovenia, thaj tsam ntawm sab qaum teb Croatia, thiab tseem yog ib feem ntawm Czech koom pheej thiab Slovakia - uas yog, thaj av nyob los ntawm pab pawg ntawm Illyrians thaum ub. Nyob rau sab hnub poob Austria, nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, nyob rau sab qaum teb Switzerland, hauv ntau thaj tsam (feem ntau yog sab hnub poob) ntawm Fab Kis, Celts tau nyob. Ib qho ntxiv, kev sib tham ntawm Hallstatt muaj nyob hauv Ltalis hauv cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm Po hav, hauv Hungary thiab txawm tias nyob ntawm no thiab nyob rau sab hnub poob Ukraine.

Hallstatt cov kws tshaj lij tsim cov khoom lag luam tsis yog tsuas yog xav tau hauv pawg neeg, tab sis kuj tseem muag, thiab lawv tau pom nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom, piv txwv li, lawv tau pom hauv Baltic States. Qhov kev nthuav dav tshiab zoo li nees cov khoom ua los ntawm tooj dag thiab hlua, pendants dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov hniav, ntaj thiab rab riam nrog cov kav hlau txais xov saum ntawm cov leeg yog cuam tshuam nrog Hallstattians. Ntxiv mus, thawj cov khoom hlau uas tau xaus rau hauv Baltic States (lawv tau pom hauv kev faus neeg pom nyob hauv Pomerania, Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia thiab nyob rau sab hnub poob Lithuania) tau mus txog ntawd los ntawm cov pab pawg uas koom nrog Lusatian kab lis kev cai thiab, yog li ntawd, Hallstattians pauv nrog lawv, thiab lawv tau rov muag lawv cov khoom ntxiv rau sab hnub tuaj. Rov qab rau hauv ib hnub, cov neeg ntawm Galtstatt tau txais "hnub pob zeb" - amber, uas lawv tus kheej, pom tseeb, tsis tau rho tawm, tab sis tau txais los ntawm pab pawg neeg uas nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Baltic.

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Hallstatt cov tais diav, kwv yees. 800-550 xyoo BC (Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm West Bohemia (Tsev khaws puav pheej West Bohemian), Pilsen)

Txoj kev kawm ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai tau pab ntau heev los ntawm qhov tseeb tias muaj ntau lub ntsev ntsev hauv thaj tsam ntawm nws qhov kev faib khoom. Lawv muaj qhov tshwj xeeb microclimate uas muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, txog rau tam sim no, nrog rau hauv Danish peat bogs, cov neeg tuag, lawv cov khaub ncaws, thiab cov khoom tawv, tsis hais ntoo, tau raug khaws cia hauv lawv. Tag nrho cov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus ntseeg tau hnub tim yam pom ntawm Hallstatt era.

Nws tau sau tseg tias kev hloov pauv ntawm tooj liab hlau mus rau hlau hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev faib khoom ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai tau ua tiav maj, yog li hauv 900-700. BC NS. tooj liab thiab hlau cov cuab yeej ua tau zoo nrog ib leeg, thiab cov tooj tooj liab muaj ntau dua cov hlau. Cov av tau cog qoob loo, thiab nws tau nyob ntawm no tias cov hlau hlau tau qhia nws qhov zoo dua li tooj liab.

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Tus qauv ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb Hallstatt. (Goibodenmuseum hauv Straubing (Lower Bavaria))

Hom kev sib haum xeeb tshaj plaws yog lub zos muaj zog, txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev tiv thaiv feem ntau yog los ntawm laj kab laj kab, uas, txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev teeb tsa raug ntawm txoj kev. Muaj cov pob zeb ntsev thiab cov tooj liab nyob ze. Kev cob qhia ua hlau thiab ua hlau nyob hauv cov zos lossis tsis deb ntawm lawv.

Hallstatt yog Europe Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Ancient graves qhia (ntu 1)
Hallstatt yog Europe Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Ancient graves qhia (ntu 1)

"Bronze Chariot los ntawm Stretweg" yog ib qho khoom cuav nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai. Nws tau nthuav tawm ntawm Eggenberg Castle hauv Graz, thiab nws daim ntawv theej adorns Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Judenburg.

Raws li rau lub ncauj lus ntawm riam phom, uas ib txwm muaj kev txaus siab rau cov neeg tuaj saib VO lub vev xaib, cov neeg nyob hauv Hallstatt tau muaj lawv cov lus ntawm no ib yam. Cov tooj liab ntev thiab cov ntaj hlau tau pom hauv lawv qhov kev faus, uas yog, cov riam phom ntawm cov neeg sib ntaus, vim tias cov ntaj xav tau viav vias loj thiab nws nyuaj rau sib ntaus nrog lawv nyob ze. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, ntaj Hallstatt muaj tus yam ntxwv zoo uas ua rau lawv pom tau yooj yim. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, ntaj Hallstatt tau pommels ntawm lub hilts zoo li "lub kaus mom" lossis lub tswb ntxig.

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Hallstatt hlau ntaj nrog lub tswb zoo li tus tooj dag pommel thiab hilt. (Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm, Vienna)

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Hilt ntawm rab ntaj Hallstatt. (Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm, Vienna)

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Ib daim qauv ntawm rab ntaj Hallstatt tso rau ntawm Neanderthal Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Neandertal Valley (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees), Dusseldorf.

Lwm daim ntawv ntawm pommel yog ib qho arc nrog "tus nplawm" coiled hauv spirals. Nov yog qhov hu ua "antenna pommel", uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg ntawm Hallstatt. Ib yam pommel feem ntau tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lawv rab riam. Qaum, riam, ntxiv rau hlau thiab tooj dag tus hmuv nyob hauv qhov ntxa. Cov kaus mom hlau kuj tseem yog tooj liab, conical hauv cov duab, tab sis nrog cov tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj, lossis hemispherical thiab nrog kab rov tav txhawb lawv txoj hauv kev. Cov carapaces tau ua los ntawm cov phaj tooj sib cais, uas ib txwm tau muab xaws rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tab sis Celts kuj tseem siv ob sab ib daim forged "nqaij-hom" cuirasses.

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Ib lub kaus mom hlau uas muaj ob sab los ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Archaeological hauv Graz, Austria.

Ntawm qhov pom hauv qhov chaw faus neeg muaj cov tais diav tooj liab ntawm ntau yam duab, cov xub xub-brooches, xuas tes ua cov khoom siv tes ua, thiab cov saw caj dab ua los ntawm cov iav tsis muaj xim. Txhua yam qhia tias kev kos duab ntawm pab pawg ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai tau siv tus yam ntxwv, tau ntxim nyiam thiab ntxim nyiam ntawm cov khoom kim heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, rau cov neeg tuag, lawv tsis khaws cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua los ntawm tooj liab, kub, iav, pob txha, lawv pom cov paj ntoo uas piav txog tsiaj, cov caj dab kub kub, cov phuam qhwv caj dab ua los ntawm tooj liab nrog cov qauv embossed rau lawv. Cov tais diav tau txawv los ntawm cov xim pleev xim daj thiab xim liab, nrog rau ntau yam xim paj ntoo. Nws yog qhov txaus siab uas cov neeg ntawm Hallstatt paub thiab siv tus kws puab tais lub log. Tab sis tsis tas li! Cov hlab ntsha feem ntau tau ua los ntawm txhais tes thiab lawv qhov zoo tsis ua rau tsis zoo los ntawm qhov no.

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Dagger nrog tus kav hlau txais xov pommel rau kev tuav ntawm Hallstatt kab lis kev cai. Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Linz Av hauv Lower Austria).

Lawv kuj tseem muaj kev xav txog kev kos duab cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov duab ntawm sab ntsuj plig: cov no yog cov pob zeb pob zeb, cov duab me me ua los ntawm cov av nplaum thiab tooj liab (piv txwv li, nrog cov duab ntawm tib neeg, nees, thiab lwm yam), thiab txawm tias cov khoom sib xyaw tooj liab zoo li "Chariot los ntawm Stretweg "nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txi. Ib hom nrov tshaj plaws ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tais diav, cov menyuam thiab cov situla (tooj liab uas tau txiav tawm-conical pails) tau thim lossis caum cov phooj ywg, uas qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub neej: kev ua koob tsheej, hnub so, kev tawm tsam cov tub rog, kev ua tsov rog, tua tsiaj thiab hnub so kev ntseeg.

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Kev tsim kho lub tsheb laij teb los ntawm lub sijhawm Hallstatt. (National Tsev khaws puav pheej, Nuremberg)

Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias, txawm tias muaj kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Hallstatt, nyob hauv qee thaj tsam ntawm nws kev faib khoom, muaj ntau hom kev faus neeg. Piv txwv li, qee zaum cov neeg tuag tau muab faus rau hauv lub laub, lossis lub tsev tau ua rau lawv los ntawm pob zeb, dhau qhov uas tau nchuav. Los ntawm txoj kev, txhua qhov kev faus neeg qhia txog kev sib cais tseem ceeb. Qee tus neeg tau raug faus nyob hauv qab lub tsev nrog rau lub laub, cov nyiaj paj thiab cov paj ntoo kub, thiab qee tus neeg hauv lub qhov taub nrog ib lub lauj kaub ntawm lawv ko taw!

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