Myth ntawm Useless Cavalry

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Myth ntawm Useless Cavalry
Myth ntawm Useless Cavalry

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Lub orgy ntawm kev txaj muag ntawm cov tub rog mus txog qhov zoo siab hauv 90s. Cov neeg dig muag tsis pom kev tau poob, thiab txhua tus neeg uas tsis tub nkeeg xav tias nws tsim nyog los qhia lawv "kev tshaj lij" thiab "kev pom zoo zuj zus." Yav dhau los, tus paub zoo txog tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias ntawm thawj lub sijhawm ua tsov rog V. A. Anfilov tig mus rau kev thuam ncaj ncees. Nws sau: "Raws li qhov hais tias" Leej twg mob, nws tham txog nws, "tus kws tshuaj xyuas dav dav ntawm pab tub rog liab rog, Colonel-General OI Gorodovikov tau tham txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm tub rog hauv kev tiv thaiv … ". [40 - P.48] Ntxiv mus - ntxiv. Thaum saib dhau los ntawm ntau nplooj ntawv ntawm tib txoj haujlwm, peb xav tsis thoob thaum nyeem txog S. K. Timoshenko ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm txib thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1940 tau hais cov lus hauv qab no los ntawm Viktor Aleksandrovich: "Yog lawm, yav dhau los tus thawj coj ntawm kev faib ua haujlwm hauv Cavalry Army, Budyonny, tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau them se rau cov tub rog. "Cov tub rog nyob hauv kev ua tsov rog niaj hnub no yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb," nws tshaj tawm tias tsis zoo rau kev nkag siab, "txawm hais tias me ntsis tau hais txog nws ntawm no, ntawm peb lub rooj sib tham (lawv tau ua qhov raug. - Auth.). Hauv peb cov tsev ua yeeb yam loj, tub rog yuav pom dav siv hauv kev daws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhim kho kev ua tiav thiab ua raws cov yeeb ncuab tom qab lub hauv ntej tau tawg. " [40 - phab 56]

Puas muaj ib tug tub?

Thesis hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntau dhau ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj hauv USSR tsuas yog tsis muaj tseeb. Nyob rau xyoo ua ntej tsov rog, kev faib ua feem ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj tau tas zuj zus.

Cov ntaub ntawv uas piav qhia tsis meej txog tus phiaj xwm rau kev txhim kho tub rog nyob hauv Tsov Rog Liab yog tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Tib Neeg Tus Kws Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv hauv Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Nroog Hauv Nroog ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), hnub tim lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1937, ntawm txoj kev npaj mus sij hawm ntev rau kev txhim kho pab tub rog liab xyoo 1938-1942. Kuv hais:

a) Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tub rog caij ntuj sov los ntawm 1.01.1938. Peacetime cavalry (los ntawm 01.01.1938) suav nrog: 2 pawg tub rog sib faib (ntawm 5 roob thiab 3 thaj tsam), cais cov tub rog tub rog, ib leeg cais thiab 8 khaws cia cov tub rog tub rog thiab 7 chav haujlwm ntawm tub rog tub rog. Tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua zaum kawg ntawm 01.01.1938-95 690 tus neeg.

b) Kev ntsuas kev npaj rau cov tub rog caij nkoj 1938-1942.

Xyoo 1938:

a) nws tau thov kom txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog sib faib los ntawm 7 (los ntawm 32 txog 25), tshem tawm 7 pab tub rog sib cais siv lawv cov tub rog los txhawb cov kev sib faib uas tseem tshuav thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov tub rog siv tshuab thiab cov phom loj;

b) tshem tawm ob txoj haujlwm ntawm Cav [Alerian] corps;

c) tshem tawm ob lub cavalry spare [Alerian] cov tub rog;

d) hauv 3 pab tub rog [Alerian] cov tub rog los tsim ib pab tub rog tua phom loj (425 tus neeg txhua tus);

e) txhawm rau txo qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tub rog sib faib los ntawm 6,600 txog 5,900 tus txiv neej;

f) kom tawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm pab tub rog ntawm OKDVA (2) hauv qhov muaj zog ntxiv (6800 tus neeg). Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog sib cais hauv roob yuav tsum yog 2,620 tus neeg. " [25 - Phau ntawv 2, p.536]

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj tau txo mus rau 5, kev sib cais ntawm cov tub rog - mus rau 18 (ntawm uas 4 nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Poob), kev sib faib sib ntaus sib tua hauv roob - txog 5 thiab Cossack (thaj tsam) kev sib ntaus sib tua tub rog - rau 2. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm tau thov hloov pauv "cavalry nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb raws li kev hloov kho tshiab yuav raug txo los ntawm 57,130 tus neeg thiab yuav suav nrog 138,560 tus neeg" (ibid.).

Nws tuaj yeem pom nrog qhov muag liab qab tias daim ntawv muaj tag nrho cov lus pom zoo ntawm daim ntawv "txo" thiab "tshem tawm". Tej zaum tom qab xyoo 1938, nplua nuj hauv kev tsim txom hauv pab tub rog.cov phiaj xwm no, tsim nyog los ntawm txhua sab, tau cog lus tsis nco qab? Tsis muaj dab tsi zoo, txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm cov tub rog tub rog thiab txo cov tub rog caij nkoj mus tas li yam tsis tau nres.

Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1939, cov phiaj xwm rau txo cov tub rog caij nees tau muab coj los xyaum.

Cov lus pom zoo los ntawm Tsoomfwv Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 21, 1939, tau pom zoo los ntawm tsoomfwv, tau muab rau pom ntawm tsib tus tub rog tub rog uas muaj 24 pawg tub rog sib cais, 2 pawg tub rog sib cais thiab 6 tus tub rog tshwj tseg. Ntawm qhov kev pom zoo ntawm NKO thaum Lub Xya Hli 4, 1940, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog caij nees tau raug txo mus rau peb, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog sib faib - txog rau nees nkaum, cov tub rog tseem nyob ib thiab khaws cia cov tub rog - tsib. Thiab cov txheej txheem no txuas ntxiv mus txog rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1941. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntawm 32 kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tub rog thiab 7 pawg tub ceev xwm muaj nyob hauv USSR los ntawm 1938, thaum pib ua tsov rog, 4 pab tub rog thiab 13 pab tub rog sib cais tseem nyob. Cov cavalry tau hloov kho dua tshiab rau hauv cov tshuab. Tshwj xeeb, txoj hmoo no tau tshwm sim rau 4th Cavalry Corps, kev tswj hwm thiab kev faib ua feem 34 uas tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau 8th Mechanized Corps. Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog tub rog, Lieutenant General Dmitry Ivanovich Ryabyshev, tau coj cov neeg kho tshuab thiab thaum Lub Rau Hli 1941 coj nws mus rau kev tawm tsam German tso tsheb hlau luam ze Dubno.

Txoj kev xav

Txoj kev xav ntawm kev siv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tub rog nyob hauv USSR tau kawm los ntawm cov tib neeg uas saib tej yam zoo heev. Piv txwv li, Boris Mikhailovich Shaposhnikov, tus qub tub rog ntawm tsarist pab tub rog uas dhau los ua tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Loj hauv USSR. Nws yog nws uas tau sau txoj kev xav uas dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev xyaum ntaus rog ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv USSR. Nws yog txoj haujlwm "Cavalry (Cavalry Sketches)" xyoo 1923, uas dhau los ua thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb loj ntawm cov tub rog lub tswv yim, tshaj tawm tom qab Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Zaum Ob. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm B. M. Shaposhnikova ua rau muaj kev sib tham ntau ntawm cov rooj sib tham ntawm cov tub rog ua tub rog thiab hauv xovxwm: txawm tias cov tub rog caij nees hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub khaws nws qhov tseem ceeb qub los yog nws tsuas yog "caij tsheb kauj vab".

Boris Mikhailovich tau ntse heev tau piav qhia txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab thiab ntsuas kom hloov nws mus rau cov xwm txheej no:

Cov kev hloov pauv tau qhia nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm riam phom niaj hnub no hauv kev ua ub no thiab kev koom tes ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj yog raws li hauv qab no:

Hauv kev tawm tswv yim. Lub zog hluav taws xob niaj hnub no ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov tub rog, txo nws mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim. Ib hom kev sib ntaus sib tua cavalry yog kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab cov tub rog caij tsheb yuav tsum tsis txhob tos rau qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis, pib ua phom sib ntaus sib tua, yuav tsum ua kom nruj, sim daws cov teeb meem yog tias qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim cov nees tawm tsam. Kev sib ntaus nees thiab ko taw yog txoj hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau cov tub rog niaj hnub no.

Hauv lub tswv yim. Lub zog, kev puas tsuaj thiab ntau yam riam phom niaj hnub ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog caij nyuab nyuab, tab sis tsis txo nws qhov tseem ceeb, thiab, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, hauv nws lawv qhib qhov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo rau cov tub rog raws li ceg ywj pheej ntawm pab tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tiav kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog yuav tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog thaum cov tub rog, hauv nws cov haujlwm ua haujlwm, qhia kev ywj pheej hauv kev daws cov haujlwm raws li qhov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm kev sib ntaus, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm ko taw.

Hauv lub koom haum. Kev sib ntaus tawm tsam riam phom niaj hnub nyob hauv tshav rog, nqa cov tub rog mus los ze rau kev ua tub rog, yuav tsum muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev koom tes ntawm cov tub rog caij tsheb ze zog mus rau cov tub rog, qhia txog cov lej nce hauv kev ua tub rog thiab faib tom kawg rau kev sib ntaus sib tua rau qhov tau saws hauv cov tub rog tub rog. Muab cov tub rog tub rog caij nees, txawm tias lawv txav mus los sai sai, yog kev saib xyuas mob nkeeg - cov tub rog caij nees yuav tsum tau tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab tus tub rog ywj pheej, tau txais kev vam meej ntawm lawv tus kheej, thiaj li tsis txwv lawv txoj kev mus los.

Ua tub rog. Lub zog niaj hnub siv phom los tua lawv yuav tsum muaj cov phom loj tib yam nyob hauv cov tub rog. Vim li no, "tub rog tiv thaiv tub rog" ntawm peb lub hnub yuav tsum tau txais phom nrog lub xov tooj cua, zoo ib yam li cov tub rog me, rab phom, rab phom loj thiab cov phom tsis siv neeg; txhawm rau nce tus naj npawb ntawm rab phom tshuab hauv ob qho kev faib thiab faib cov lus txib, txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau rab phom loj, ob qho tib si hauv tus lej thiab hauv qhov muaj peev xwm, los ntawm kev qhia lub tshuab raj thiab rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau; txhawb koj tus kheej los ntawm kev ntxiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv phom nrog rab phom thiab tshuab rab phom, tsheb lub teeb nrog tib txoj hauv kev ntawm hluav taws, tso tsheb hlau luam thiab kev pab tua hluav taws ntawm pab tub rog. " [41 - P.117]

Nco tseg tias qhov kev xav tau hais tawm hauv kev nrhiav kub tom qab Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Zaum Ob (1923) tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev zoo siab los ntawm kev siv tub rog caij nees xyoo 1918-1920. Lub luag haujlwm thiab thaj tsam ntawm lub cavalry tau hais meej meej thiab txhais.

Qhov kev xav ntawm S. M. Budyonny, feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm kev ua rau cov tub rog vwm ruam, ua yeeb ncuab ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog. Qhov tseeb, nws txoj haujlwm ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog hauv kev ua tsov rog tau ntau dua qhov sib npaug:

"Cov laj thawj rau kev nce lossis nqis peev ntawm cov tub rog yuav tsum tau nrhiav hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv yooj yim ntawm cov tub rog no mus rau cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim ntawm qhov xwm txheej hauv qee lub sijhawm keeb kwm. Hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej, thaum kev ua tsov ua rog tau ua tus yam ntxwv ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab qhov xwm txheej ua haujlwm xav tau cov tub rog txawb thiab txiav txim siab ua, cov nees coob dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv riam phom. Qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm qee yam tsis tu ncua thoob plaws keeb kwm ntawm cov tub rog caij nees; sai li sai tau ntawm kev ua tsov rog maneuver tau tsim, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog caij tsheb tam sim ntawd tau nce thiab ib lossis lwm txoj haujlwm tau xaus nrog nws tshuab. " [42 - P.180]

Semyon Mikhailovich taw tes rau thaj tsam ntawm kev siv cavalry - kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv mobile, cov xwm txheej uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm txhua theem hauv keeb kwm kev txhim kho ntawm kev tawm tswv yim thiab thev naus laus zis. Cov tub rog rau nws tsis yog lub cim coj los ntawm Civil, tab sis txhais tau tias yog kev ua tsov rog uas ua tau raws li cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no:

"Peb tau tawm tsam tawv ncauj rau kev khaws cia ntawm lub hwj chim ywj pheej Liab Cavalry thiab rau nws ntxiv dag zog ib leeg ntxiv vim tias muaj kev qaug zog, kev tshuaj xyuas tiag tiag ntawm qhov xwm txheej ua rau peb ntseeg tau tias tsis xav tau kom muaj cov tub rog nyob hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm peb Cov Tub Rog." [42 - P.181]

Tsis muaj kev tsa nto ntawm cov tub rog. "Tus nees tseem yuav qhia nws tus kheej" yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub xeev tam sim no ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm USSR thiab nws cov peev txheej sib tw.

Cov ntaub ntawv hais dab tsi?

Yog tias peb tig los ntawm kev tshawb fawb theoretical mus rau cov ntaub ntawv, qhov kev nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua ntawm cov cavalry dhau los ua qhov tsis yooj yim. Phau ntawv hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua tub rog tau hais kom ua phem rau hauv kev tsim nees tsuas yog "qhov xwm txheej zoo (muaj kev npog, tsis muaj zog lossis tsis muaj hluav taws tua yeeb ncuab)." [43 - Ntu 1, P.82] Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm Pab Tub Rog Laus ntawm 30s, Txoj Cai Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab xyoo 1936 nyeem: “Lub zog ntawm hluav taws niaj hnub no feem ntau yuav tsum muaj tub rog mus tua kev sib ntaus. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog yuav tsum tau npaj ua haujlwm taw. " [44 - p.13] Yuav luag lo lus rau lo lus, kab lus no tau rov hais dua hauv Txoj Cai Kev Cai Xyoo 1939. Raws li peb pom tau, hauv qhov xwm txheej dav dav, cov tub rog caij nees yuav tsum tawm tsam ntawm ko taw, siv tus nees tsuas yog siv tsheb.

Lawm, txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev tawm tsam tau qhia rau hauv cov cai rau kev siv tub rog caij nees. Daim ntawv qhia chaw ntawm xyoo 1939 tau qhia tias yuav tsum siv tub rog caij tsheb nrog rau kev tsim kho tshiab:

"Qhov kev tsim nyog tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv cavalry ua ke nrog lub tank tsim, cov tub rog tsav tsheb thiab kev tsav dav hlau yog nyob rau pem hauv ntej (thaum tsis muaj kev sib cuag nrog cov yeeb ncuab), ntawm qhov ze ze, hauv kev txhim kho ntawm kev kov yeej, tom qab kab yeeb ncuab, hauv raids thiab caum qab. Cov tub rog caij nees tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke lawv txoj kev vam meej thiab tuav thaj av. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj lub sijhawm, lawv yuav tsum raug tso tawm los ntawm txoj haujlwm no txhawm rau khaws lawv rau kev tswj hwm. Kev ua ntawm pab tub rog yuav tsum yog txhua qhov xwm txheej kom ntseeg tau zoo los ntawm huab cua. " [45 - nqe 29]

Xyaum ua

Tej zaum tag nrho cov kab lus no tau hnov qab hauv kev xyaum? Cia peb muab hauv pem teb rau cov tub rog qub tub rog. Ivan Aleksandrovich Yakushin, tus tub rog, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm 24th Guards Cavalry Regiment ntawm 5th Guards Cavalry Division, rov hais dua:

"Cov tub rog caij tsheb tau ua li cas hauv Kev Tsov Rog Patriotic? Nees tau siv los ua kev thauj mus los. Muaj, ntawm chav kawm, kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua - saber tawm tsam, tab sis qhov no tsis tshua muaj. Yog tias tus yeeb ncuab muaj zog, zaum ntawm tus nees, nws tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog nws, tom qab ntawv tau hais kom tshem tawm, cov neeg yug tsiaj nqa cov nees thiab tawm mus. Thiab cov neeg caij nees ua haujlwm zoo li tub rog. Txhua tus neeg yug menyuam nees nqa tsib tus nees nrog nws thiab coj lawv mus rau kev nyab xeeb. Yog li muaj ntau tus neeg yug tsiaj rau ib pab tub rog. Qee zaum tus thawj coj hauv pab tub rog tau hais tias: "Cia ob tus neeg yug tsiaj nees rau tag nrho pab tub rog, thiab pab tus so hauv txoj saw." Lub tshuab rab phom tau khaws cia hauv Soviet cavalry kuj pom lawv qhov chaw hauv kev ua tsov rog. Ivan Aleksandrovich rov hais dua: “Cov tsheb kuj tseem siv tau los ua kev thauj mus los. Thaum caij nees tawm tsam, lawv tau tig rov los tiag tiag, thiab zoo li hauv Tsov Rog Zaum Ob, lawv tau raug nplawm, tab sis qhov no tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim. […] Thiab sai li sai tau kev sib ntaus sib tua pib, lub tshuab rab phom tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tsheb thauj mus los, cov neeg yug tsiaj nees coj tus nees mus, lub tsheb thauj mus los tseem tshuav, tab sis rab phom tshuab tseem nyob”.

N. L. Dupak (8th Guards Cavalry Rivne Red Banner Order of Suvorov, Morozov Division) rov hais dua:

"Kuv tau mus rau kev tawm tsam hauv kev tsim cov tub rog nkaus xwb hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thiab yog li txhawm rau - tsis yog, thiab kuv tsis tas yuav ntsib nrog cov yeeb ncuab lub cav nees. Muaj cov nees kawm paub hauv tsev kawm ntawv uas, txawm tias tom qab hnov lub suab "khuv xim", lawv twb maj nrawm mus rau tom ntej, thiab tsuas yog tuav lawv rov qab. Snoring … Tsis yog, kuv tsis tas yuav. Lawv tau tawm tsam ntawm kev nce toj. Cov neeg yug tsiaj coj cov nees mus rau chaw nkaum. Muaj tseeb, lawv feem ntau them nyiaj rau qhov no, txij li cov neeg German qee zaum tau tua lawv los ntawm cov phom. Tsuas muaj ib tus neeg yug tsiaj rau pab pawg ntawm 11 tus nees. " [46] Cov

Tactically, cov tub rog nyob ze rau cov tub rog tsav tsheb thiab tsim. Cov neeg tsav tsheb loj ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj tau txav mus los ntawm tsheb, thiab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua - ntawm ko taw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj leej twg qhia peb cov dab neeg txaus ntshai txog cov tsheb thauj khoom nrog cov tub rog caij tsheb ramming tso tsheb hlau luam thiab tsoo pob zeb rau hauv Krupp cov hlau. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua siv cov tub rog tsav tsheb thiab cavalry hauv Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II tau zoo ib yam. Hauv thawj kis, cov tub rog caij nkoj tawm ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov neeg tsav tsheb tau tsav lub tsheb kom npog. Hauv qhov xwm txheej thib ob, cov tub rog caij nkoj tau nce mus, thiab cov nees tau tsav rov qab los npog. Kev nthuav tawm ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv kev tsim tsa zoo ib yam li kev siv cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej zoo li German "Ganomag" - cov yeeb ncuab lub tshuab tua hluav taws tau chim siab, nws lub siab tau qis. Hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej, cov tub rog hauv kev tsim nees thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis tau tshwm sim hauv tshav rog. Thiab Soviet cov tub rog caij nees nrog lawv cov sab saum taub hau, thiab cov neeg German tawm tsam hle hneev taw zoo li "ganomag" tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li kev ua yeeb yaj kiab. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov tub rog tau tsim los tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm cov phom loj ntev ntawm lawv cov haujlwm thawj zaug, thiab tsis yog hauv tshav rog.

Xyoo 1941 Bird Phoenix ntawm Red Army

Tom qab txhua qhov kev txo qis, cov tub rog ntawm Red Army tau ntsib kev ua tsov rog hauv 4 pawg thiab 13 pawg tub rog sib cais. Kev sib faib tub rog xyoo 1941 muaj plaub pab tub rog, sib faib nees-rab phom loj (yim rab phom 76-mm thiab yim yim 122-mm howitzers), lub tank tso tub rog (64 BT tso tsheb hlau luam), kev sib ntaus tawm tsam dav hlau (yim yim 76-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau) phom thiab ob lub roj teeb tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom tshuab), pab pawg sib txuas lus, pab tub rog caij nkoj, thiab lwm chav nyob thiab cov koom haum tom qab. Cov tub rog tub rog, nyeg, muaj plaub pab tub rog, ib lub tshuab siv phom loj (16 lub tshuab phom loj thiab plaub lub phom 82 mm), cov phom loj (plaub plaub 76 mm thiab plaub rab phom 45 mm), tiv thaiv dav hlau roj teeb (peb rab phom 37-mm thiab peb plaub npaug maxims). Tag nrho cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj zog ntawm pawg tub rog yog 8,968 tus neeg thiab 7,625 tus nees, cov tub rog tub rog, feem, 1,428 tus neeg thiab 1506 tus nees. Cov tub rog tub rog ntawm ob-kev faib ua feem sib luag sib luag rau kev sib faib lub cev muaj zog, muaj me ntsis kev txav mus los thiab tsis hnyav dua ntawm rab phom loj.

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1941, 5th Cavalry Corps tau xa mus rau hauv Kiev Cov Tub Rog Tshwj Xeeb Hauv Cheeb Tsam uas yog ib feem ntawm 3 Bessarabian lawv. G. I. Kotovsky thiab 14th npe tom qab Parkhomenko cov tub rog sib faib, hauv Odessa koog tsev kawm ntawv muaj cov tub rog zaum thib 2 uas yog ib feem ntawm 5 lub npe. M. F. Blinov thiab 9th Crimean Cavalry Faib. Txhua qhov kev tsim no yog kev tsim qub ntawm Red Army nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ruaj khov.

Cov tub rog tub rog tau tig los ua qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab nyob rau xyoo 1941. Tsis zoo li cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tshuab, lawv tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob hauv qhov tsis muaj qhov rov qab los thiab nyob puag ncig xyoo 1941. P. A. Belova thiab F. V. Kamkov tau dhau los ua "pawg tub tua hluav taws" ntawm Sab Qab Teb-Sab Hnub Poob. Thawj tus tom qab tau koom nrog hauv kev sim qhib lub Kiev "boiler". Guderian tau sau cov hauv qab no txog cov xwm txheej no:

"Thaum Lub Cuaj Hli 18, qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tau tsim hauv cheeb tsam Romny. Thaum sawv ntxov, lub suab nrov ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau hnov ntawm sab hnub tuaj flank, uas tau dhau los ua ntau zog ntxiv nyob rau lub sijhawm tom ntej. Cov yeeb ncuab tshiab muaj zog - Tshooj 9 Cavalry Division thiab lwm qhov sib faib, ua ke nrog tso tsheb hlau luam - nce qib sab hnub tuaj mus rau Romny hauv peb kab, mus txog lub nroog ntawm qhov deb ntawm 800 m. Cov yeeb ncuab tau nce mus, 24 Panzer Corps tau qhia kom tshem tawm yeeb ncuab ua ntej Txhawm rau ua tiav txoj haujlwm no, cov tub rog tau nyob ntawm nws pov tseg ob pawg tub rog ntawm pab pawg thib 10 thiab ntau lub roj teeb tiv thaiv dav hlau. Vim yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau, peb kev saib xyuas huab cua tau nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej nyuaj. Lieutenant Colonel von Barsewisch, uas tus kheej tau ya tawm mus rau kev soj ntsuam, tsis tshua muaj neeg dim ntawm cov neeg tua rog Lavxias. Qhov no tau ua raws los ntawm kev tawm tsam huab cua ntawm Romny. Thaum kawg, peb tseem tswj hwm kom nyob hauv peb txhais tes lub nroog Romny thiab cov lus txib tom ntej. […] Qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub nroog Romny yuam kuv thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 19 kom hloov kuv cov lus txib rov qab mus rau Konotop. General von Geyer ua kom yooj yim dua rau peb los txiav txim siab nrog nws lub xov tooj cua, uas nws tau sau tias: "Kev xa cov lus txib los ntawm Romna yuav tsis txhais los ntawm cov tub rog raws li qhov ua rau neeg siab tawv nyob rau ib feem ntawm cov lus txib ntawm tank pawg. " [37 - P.299-300]

Lub sijhawm no, Guderian qhia tias tsis muaj kev saib tsis taus rau kev tawm tsam tub rog. Romny tsis yog kev sib ntaus zaum kawg ntawm 2nd Cavalry Corps. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1941, P. A. Belova tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Moscow, qhov uas nws tau txais qib ntawm Tus Saib Xyuas.

Thaum pib ntawm Lub Xya Hli 1941, kev tsim ntawm 50th thiab 53rd kev sib ntaus sib tua tub rog tau pib hauv cov chaw pw ze lub zos Urupskaya thiab ze Stavropol. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib faib yog cov neeg sau npe thiab tuaj yeem pab dawb los ntawm Kuban lub zos ntawm Prochnokopskaya, Labinskaya, Kurgannaya, Sovetskaya, Voznesenskaya, Otradnaya, Terek Cossacks ntawm Stavropol lub zos Trunovskoye, Izobilnoye, Ust-Dzhegutinskoye, Novo-Mikhailov, Thaum Lub Xya Hli 13, 1941, kev thauj khoom mus rau hauv echelons pib. Colonel Issa Aleksandrovich Pliev tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj ntawm pawg 50th, thiab tus thawj coj ntawm pawg tub rog Kondrat Semenovich Melnik ntawm 53th. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 18, 1941, kev sib cais tau thauj khoom ntawm Staraya Toropa chaw nres tsheb, sab hnub poob ntawm Rzhev. Yog li pib keeb kwm ntawm lwm pab pawg tub rog tub rog - tus tiv thaiv thib 2 L. M. Dovator.

Tsis yog tsuas yog pov thawj kev tsim tawm nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntev los yeej yeej cov qib tiv thaiv, tab sis kuj tau tsim cov tub rog tshiab thiab kev sib cais. Qhov laj thawj rau qhov no, tej zaum, yuav tsum tau nrhiav hauv qib ntawm kev qhia lub cev xav tau rau txhua tus tub rog caij nees, uas tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm tus neeg tua rog.

1942 Hloov chaw ntawm kev kov yeej - tua

Hauv kev sib tw rau lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1942, kev sib ntaus sib tua tshiab uas tau tsim los tau nquag siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Ib qho piv txwv raug yog kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv cheeb tsam yav qab teb ntawm ntej. E. von Mackensen, uas tawm tsam ntawd, tom qab rov hais dua:

"Thaum lub sijhawm coj los ntawm pab pawg hauv Stalino thaum yav tav su Lub Ib Hlis 29, cov yeeb ncuab twb txaus ntshai ze rau Dnipropetrovsk-Stalino txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau thiab yog li rau qhov tseem ceeb (txij li nws tsuas yog) txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau ntawm 17th Army thiab 1st Panzer Army. Raws li qhov xwm txheej, thawj zaug nws tsuas yog tuaj yeem hais txog kev ua kom muaj kev sib txuas lus thiab teeb tsa thawj qhov kev tiv thaiv. " [48 - S.58]

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev tawv ncauj tawm tsam kev ntuav cov sappers los ntawm pontoon battalions mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua puas tau Germans tswj los tawm tsam. Nws tus neeg sib tw yuav luag ib pab tub rog: "Cov tub rog nyob hauv yim lub limtiam dhau los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Lavxias 9 phom, 10 kev sib ntaus sib tua tub rog thiab 5 lub tub rog tub rog." [48 - S.65] Tus thawj coj German hauv qhov no tsis raug yuam kev, nws yeej tawm tsam cov tub rog ntau dua li kev faib phom. Kev sib faib ntawm 1st (33rd, 56th thiab 68th), 2nd (62nd, 64th, 70th) thiab 5th (34th, 60th) tau tawm tsam tiv thaiv von Mackensen compound I, 79th) Cavalry Corps, ntxiv rau 30th Separate Cavalry Division ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob. Cov laj thawj rau qhov kev siv dav ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Moscow yog qhov pom tseeb heev. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tsuas yog tsis muaj lub xov tooj ntawm tes loj hauv Red Army. Hauv cov tub rog lub zog, chav loj tshaj plaws yog cov tub rog tso tsheb hlau luam, uas tuaj yeem siv ua haujlwm nkaus xwb los ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov tub rog. Kev koom ua ke nyob rau hauv ib qho lus txib ntawm ntau lub tank tub rog, pom zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, tseem tsis tau muab qhov txiaj ntsig. Cavalry tsuas yog txhais tau tias ntawm kev koom tes tob thiab taug kev.

Raws li tib qhov xwm txheej, qhia txog kev ua tub rog mus rau hauv kev sib sib zog nqus, 1st Guards Cavalry Corps ntawm P. A. Belova. Qhov nce thiab nqis qis ntawm kev nqis tes ua ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1942 tau ua tiav zoo nyob hauv phau ntawv sau thiab keeb kwm, thiab kuv tsuas yog tso cai rau kuv tus kheej kom ua tib zoo saib ob peb yam tseem ceeb. Belov pab pawg tau muab cov haujlwm loj heev tiag tiag. Cov lus qhia ntawm kev hais kom ua ntawm Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 2, 1942 tau hais tias:

"Qhov xwm txheej zoo heev tau tsim los rau kev ncig ntawm plaub thiab plaub tus yeeb ncuab tub rog, thiab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm pab pawg Belov tawm tsam, ua haujlwm sib cuam tshuam los ntawm lub hauv paus chaw hauv ntej nrog peb pawg Rzhev." [TSO. Daim ntawv 208. Saib. 2513. D205. L.6]

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov kev poob uas tau tshwm sim thaum Soviet tawm tsam thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1941, cov tub rog ntawm Pab Pawg Pabcuam Hauv Chaw tseem tuaj yeem tswj tau.

Qhov kev kov yeej, uas cov tub rog caij nkoj nkag mus, thiab tom qab ntawd pab tub rog 33, raug kaw los ntawm cov neeg German los ntawm kev tawm tsam. Qhov tseeb, cov tub rog nyob ib puag ncig yuav tsum hla mus rau ib nrab kev ua haujlwm. Cov tub rog caij nees hauv lub peev xwm no tau ua tiav zoo. Belov cov pab pawg tau txais kev xaj kom nkag mus rau nws cov chav tsuas yog Lub Rau Hli 6 (!!!) 1942. Cov koom nrog pawg neeg sib cais, uas yog P. A. Belov tsim cov phom loj, rov faib ua pawg sib cais. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho dav dav ntawm cov xwm txheej tau ua los ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, txhawb nqa los ntawm nees. Ua tsaug rau lub tsev no, P. A. Belov tswj kom mus rau nws tus kheej tsis yog txoj kev luv tshaj, tsoo hla tus neeg German cov nyom nrog nws lub hauv pliaj, tab sis nyob hauv txoj kev puag ncig. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, 33rd Army ntawm M. G. Efremova, tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj, thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1942 tau swb thaum sim tsoo nws tus kheej hauv thaj tsam ntawm 43rd Army. Nees tau thauj thiab, raws li kev ntxub ntxaug raws li nws suab, tus kheej txav khoom noj khoom haus. Qhov no ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntau dua ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv qhov tsis tas ua tiav kev ua phem ntawm 1942.

1942 Stalingrad - tsis nco qab txog kev ua tub rog

Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Stalingrad tau dhau los ua ib qho kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum II; lub npe ntawm lub nroog ntawm Volga tau paub thoob ntiaj teb. Cov tub rog tub rog tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Stalingrad uas tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees tau. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig, nws yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog txiav txoj hauv kev kom thim rov qab thiab cov kab xa khoom rau cov uas nyob ib puag ncig, tab sis kom ntseeg tau tias sab nrauv ntawm lub nplhaib. Yog tias koj tsis tsim lub zog sab nrauv sab nrauv ntawm ib puag ncig, tom qab ntawd tshuab los ntawm sab nraud (feem ntau yog kev hla sab nraud nrog kev tsim kho lub tshuab), cov yeeb ncuab tuaj yeem thaiv qhov thaiv, thiab tag nrho peb cov kev siv zog yuav mus pov tseg. Lawv tsoo hla qab nraub qaum ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig kom tob li sai tau mus rau tom qab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, txeeb cov haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab ua txoj haujlwm tiv thaiv.

Ntawm Stalingrad thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1942, lub luag haujlwm no tau muab rau peb pawg tub rog. Qhov kev xaiv poob rau ntawm cov tub rog, txij li Red Army thaum lub sijhawm ntawd muaj ob peb txoj kev kawm paub kho tshuab zoo. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias thaj av hauv cheeb tsam Stalingrad tsis zoo rau kev siv cov tub rog. Cov hav zoov loj, uas cov neeg caij nees feem ntau tau nkaum, tsis tuaj. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qhov chaw qhib tau tso cai rau cov yeeb ncuab cuam tshuam nrog cov tub rog caij nkoj nrog kev ya dav hlau.

Kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav tshaj plaws poob rau ntawm 4th Cavalry Corps. Hauv qhov kev hloov pauv tsis zoo ntawm txoj hmoo, nws tau siv tsawg tshaj plaws nrog txiv neej thiab khoom siv ntawm tag nrho peb tus koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm. Cov neeg tuaj txog hauv thaj chaw mloog zoo tom qab kev taug kev ntev (350-550 km). Hauv kab ntawv, peb nco ntsoov tias tib txoj kev taug kev rau kev tsim lub tank hauv tib lub sijhawm yuav tau xaus nrog kev tawg loj heev ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam txawm tias ua ntej lawv tau sib ntaus. Raws li qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov lus hais ua ntej, yuav tsum tau qhia ob lub xov tooj ntawm tes mus rau hauv qhov kev ua tiav hauv lub tsheb ciav hlau: 4th Mechanized Corps, thiab 4th Cavalry Corps tau ua raws nws lub luj taws. Tom qab nkag mus rau qhov kev kov yeej, txoj hauv kev ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kho tshuab thiab cov tub rog caij nkoj sib txawv. Cov tub rog caij nees tig mus rau sab qab teb kom tsim ib puag ncig ib puag ncig sab xub ntiag, cov tub rog tau txav mus los ntawm pab pawg poob siab ntawm Don Front kom kaw lub nplhaib tom qab Paulus cov tub rog. Cov tub rog caij nees tau nkag mus rau qhov kev kov yeej thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 20, 1942. Cov pawg Romanian yog cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg caij nees, thiab yog li ntawd thawj lub hom phiaj - Abganerovo - raug ntes thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis 21 los ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv kev tsim nees.

Ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb, tau muab khoom plig loj, ntau tshaj 100 rab phom, cov tsev khaws khoom nrog zaub mov, roj thiab mos txwv raug txeeb. Kev poob ntawm cov tub rog tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev sib piv nrog cov txiaj ntsig tau ua tiav: pawg thib 81 tau poob 10 tus neeg tuag thiab 13 raug mob, 61st - 17 tus neeg tuag thiab 21 raug mob. Txawm li cas los xij, lub luag haujlwm tom ntej tau muab rau 4th Cavalry Corps - txhawm rau ntes Kotelnikovo - xav kom kov yeej 95 km hauv ib hnub, uas yog txoj haujlwm tsis tseem ceeb txawm tias rau kev tsim kho tshuab. Qhov kev nce qib no tau ua tiav tiag tiag, tej zaum tsuas yog siv lub tsheb maus taus ntawm cov neeg German nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1941. Thaum sawv ntxov ntawm lub Kaum Ib Hlis 27, 81st Cavalry Division tau mus txog Kotelnikov, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem ntes lub nroog thaum txav mus. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm no cov tub rog caij nkoj tau ua rau tsis txaus siab nyob rau lub ntsej muag ntawm qhov tshiab 6 Panzer Division tuaj txog ntawm txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau los ntawm Fabkis. Hauv Soviet cov ntaub ntawv, kev sib cais los ntawm Fabkis feem ntau tshwm sim hauv tshav rog, tawm ntawm qhov chaw, tab sis qhov no txhua yam yog qhov ntseeg tau kiag li. Qhov kawg ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis 1942, Pawg Panzer 6th tau tuaj txog ntawm Kotelnikovo thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 27 tom qab so thiab ua haujlwm zoo hauv Fabkis (kev faib ua rau muaj kev poob hnyav nyob rau lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1941-1942). Tom qab ua tiav thiab rov nruab 6 Panzer Division, nws yog lub zog loj. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1942, kev faib faib muaj 159 tso tsheb hlau luam (21 Pz. II, 73 Pz. III nrog rab phom ntev 50-mm), 32 Pz. IIIs nrog rab phom ntev 75-mm, 24 Pz. IV Nrog rab phom ntev 75-mm thiab rab phom 9 hais kom ua). Feem ntau ntawm kev faib cov tsheb tso tsheb hlau luam yog cov qauv tshiab tshaj plaws, muaj peev xwm tiv taus T-34.

Qhov tseeb, Soviet 4th Cavalry Corps pom nws tus kheej hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis txaus ntseeg heev. Ntawm qhov one tes, kev tsim sab nrauv sab nrauv ntawm ib puag ncig xav kom peb cov tub rog caij nkoj hla mus rau qhov kev tiv thaiv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov no tau tso cai rau cov neeg German tso cov neeg thiab khoom siv ntawm 6 Panzer Division tshem tawm ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau hauv cheeb tsam Kotelnikov, lossis txawm tias yooj yim hauv cov kauj ruam los ntawm cov platforms. Ua ntej, cov lus txib tau tshaj tawm kom tawm tsam. Thaum 21.15Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 29, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog tau txais xov tooj thib ob los ntawm lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm 51st Army: “Txuas ntxiv mus rau Kotelnikovo txhua lub sijhawm. Txog thaum 12.00 30.11 nqa cov phom loj, ua tus saib xyuas. Kev tawm tsam yeeb ncuab hauv Kotelnikovo ntawm 12.00 30.12.42.

Tab sis thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 30, tus thawj coj ntawm 51st Army N. I. Trufanov tau ncua kev ua haujlwm, xaj cov chav ntawm 4th Cavalry Corps kom sawv ntawm qhov kev tiv thaiv, ua kev soj qab rau sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb, xa roj thiab npaj rau kev ntes Kotelnikov.

Txog thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2, ib feem ntawm cov tub rog tau ntxiv dag zog rau txoj kab uas nyob, nqa roj. Cov yeeb ncuab rub tawm cov peev txheej thiab ntxiv dag zog rau Kotelnikovo, Semichny, Mayorsky, Pokhlebin. Thaum 3 teev sawv ntxov Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2, tau txais kev xaj los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm 51st Army:

"Cov tub rog zaum thib 4 [neeg txawv tebchaws] cov neeg (tsis muaj 61st [avalerian] d [Ivisia]) nrog 85th t [ankov] br [igada], npog nws tus kheej los ntawm tus dej. Don, los ntawm 11.00 ntawm 2.12 kom mus txog txoj kab Mayorsky - Zakharov thiab thaum kawg ntawm 2.12 kom txeeb tau sab hnub poob ntawm Kotelnikov. Ib tus tub rog muaj zog ntxiv los ua tus saib xyuas Meliorativny. Muaj kev paub txog Kotelnikov, tsim kev tawm tsam nrog txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau mus rau Dubovskoye. Mus rau sab laug los txog 302nd S [trelkovaya] d [Ivisia], uas txog thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2 yuav tsum ntes sab hnub tuaj ntawm Kotelnikov."

Tus thawj coj hauv pawg tau teb los ntawm kev ceeb toom rau tus thawj tub rog 51st txog qhov tsis muaj roj nyob hauv 85th Tank Brigade. N. I. Trufanov thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2 tau xaj "kom ncua qhov kev txiav txim kom txeeb Kotelnikov kom txog thaum ceeb toom ntxiv."

Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2 thiab 3, ib feem ntawm pab tub rog thiab 85th Tank Brigade tau tso roj rau ib qho. Lub hauv paus chaw ntawm 51st Army tau xa daim ntawv xaj: thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 3, kom pib ua qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tus thawj coj tub rog ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1 kom ntes Kotelnikov.

Qhov kev ncua no ua rau neeg tuag taus tiag. Tus thawj coj ntawm pawg 6 Panzer, Erhard Raus, rov qab hais tias: "Kuv tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab tias vim li cas cov neeg Lavxias nres lawv qhov kev nce qib sai li sai tau thaum thawj pawg German tuaj txog, txawm tias lawv tau xaj kom ntes Kotelnikovo. Hloov chaw ntawm kev tawm tsam tam sim ntawd thaum lawv tseem muaj qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, cov neeg Lavxias tau saib xyuas tsis tu ncua ntawm peb cov tub rog hauv nroog. " [50– P.144]

Thaum kawg, thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 3, Pawg Tub Rog Tub Rog thib 4 (tsis muaj Pawg Tsav Xwm 61st ntawm Y. Kuliev), txhawb nqa los ntawm 85th Tank Brigade thiab Katyusha Guards Mortar Division, tau teeb tsa los ntawm thaj chaw nyob. Thaum 7 teev tsaus ntuj, cov chav ua ntej ntawm 81st Cavalry Division tau ntsib kev tawm tsam hauv cheeb tsam Pokhlebin, tab sis thim rov qab cov yeeb ncuab thiab ntes lub zos. Raws li German cov ntaub ntawv, kev poob ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam muaj rau rau lub tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev rhuav tshem ib pab tub rog ntawm qhov tseeb 75-mm tiv thaiv phom phom. Ib pab tub rog caij nees nrog kev txhawb nqa hla tus dej Aksai thiab txav mus rau sab qab teb kom mus txog Kotelnikov tom qab. Tab sis kev sim ntxiv los tawm tsam tau tawm tsam los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Txog lub sijhawm ntawd, cov neeg raug kaw los ntawm 6 Panzer Division tau muab pov tseg los ntawm Soviet cov lus txib, qhia tias tuaj txog ntawm chav tsev no los ntawm Fabkis.

Ntsuam xyuas qhov xwm txheej thiab ntshai tsam ib puag ncig ntawm 81 pawg hauv cheeb tsam Pokhlebin, tus thawj coj ntawm pawg tub rog thib 4, Tus Thawj Coj Timofei Timofeevich Shapkin, nug tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog 51 kom thim cov neeg tuag. Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog 51st tau hais kom: "Ua kom tiav txoj haujlwm yav tas los, tau txeeb Mayorsky, Zakharov, Semichny ua ntej kaj ntug. Qhov pib ntawm kev tawm tsam - 7.00 ntawm 4.12.42 ".

Tus thawj coj ntawm pawg tub rog tsis tuaj yeem ua daim ntawv tshaj tawm thib ob thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4 rau tus thawj coj ntawm 51st Army txog qhov xav tau thim, vim tsis yog tus thawj coj ntawm General N. I. Trufanov, tsis yog tus thawj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Colonel A. M. Kuznetsov tsis nyob ntawd. Thaum ntxov li 19:00 thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 3, pawg tub ceev xwm tau txais kev xaj kom ua mus ntxiv. Tab sis los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, cov neeg German tau tswj hwm kom muaj zog txaus rau kev tawm tsam, thiab tau sau rau ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm Soviet cavalry uas tau tawg mus rau hauv qhov tob ntawm lawv qhov kev tiv thaiv. Qhov tseeb, ib lub tank uas muaj cov ntshav sib faib tau nyob ib puag ncig ntawm cov tub rog sib faib ua ke nrog cov phom loj, muaj ob qho txiaj ntsig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua. Twb tau thaum 10 teev sawv ntxov txog Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4, lawv tau qhib qhov phom sij phom loj. Hauv nruab nrab hnub, tag nrho 150 lub tsheb tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm ob lub tub rog ntawm 6 Panzer Division nrog cov tub rog ntawm pab tub rog thib 2 ntawm 114th Motorized Infantry Regiment ntawm Ganomag cov tub rog tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tawm tsam qhov chaw ntawm 81st Cavalry Division hauv cheeb tsam Pokhlebin. Tag nrho cov phom loj tau koom nrog hauv kev tshem tawm lub tank tawm tsam, suav nrog 1113th tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv dav hlau uas tuaj txog hmo ntuj, ntxiv rau phom phom tiv thaiv lub tank.

Txog thaum 14:00 lub 81st Cavalry Division tau raug kaw ib puag ncig, cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov tub rog tsav tsheb ntawm cov neeg German tau pib nyem qhov tshwm sim "cauldron". Cov tub rog caij nees tau tawm tsam txhua hnub, thiab nrog qhov pib tsaus ntuj lawv tau pib ua lawv txoj kev tawm ntawm ib puag ncig hauv pab pawg me.

Tom qab ntawd, Erhard Routh piav txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm nws pawg Panzer thib 6 nrog puag ncig 81st Cavalry Division thiab 65th Armored Brigade:

"Los ntawm 10.00 txoj hmoo ntawm IV Cavalry Corps tau txiav txim siab. Tsis muaj txoj hauv kev twg los thim rov qab, txawm hais tias qhov no, cov yeeb ncuab nyob ib puag ncig tau tawm tsam hnyav rau ntau teev. Cov tso tsheb hlau luam Lavxias thiab cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau tawm tsam cov tuam txhab ntawm 11th Panzer Regiment dov hauv toj. Cov kwj ntawm cov neeg taug kev ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov phom tsis tu ncua maj nrawm nce thiab nqis, tab sis tsis ntev no ntau thiab ntau tus neeg taug kev tau ya mus thiab tsawg dua thiab tsawg dua hauv cov lus teb rau lawv los ntawm hauv qab no. Ib lub ntaus pob tom qab lwm qhov poob rau Pokhlebin, tsa cov sultans ntawm lub ntiaj teb dub. Lub nroog pib hlawv. Dej hiav txwv ntawm hluav taws thiab pa luam yeeb zais qhov txaus ntshai kawg ntawm cov tub rog siab tawv. Tsuas yog ob peb rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau ntsib los ntawm peb cov tso tsheb hlau luam nkag hauv nroog. Cov grenadiers tom qab peb cov tso tsheb hlau luam raug yuam kom siv lub foob pob hluav taws txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, uas tawm tsam hnyav rau txhua lub tsev thiab lub qhov dej. " [50– P.150–151]

Qhov poob ntawm 11th Panzer Regiment ntawm 6th Panzer Division tau faib rau 4 tso tsheb hlau luam, tsis tuaj yeem ploj (ntxiv rau ib qho ntxiv, rhuav tshem ua ntej Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 3), thiab 12 ib ntus tsis xaj.

Kev poob ntawm 81st pawg tub rog nyob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Pokhlebin raug tua, raug mob thiab ploj lawm muaj txog 1,897 tus neeg thiab 1,860 tus nees. Ib feem ntawm qhov faib tau poob kaum plaub 76, phom 2-mm, plaub rab phom 45-mm, plaub 107-mm mortars, yim phom 37-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau. Tus thawj coj faib, Colonel V. G. Baumstein, tus thawj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, tus tub ceev xwm Terekhin, tus thawj coj ntawm pawg nom tswv, tus thawj tswj hwm Turbin. Txhua qhov no tau tshwm sim ob peb hnub ua ntej cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia hauv Bondarev's "Kub Snow". Txawm hais tias qhov kev poob siab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Kotelnikovo, Soviet cov tub rog caij nees tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv thawj theem ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv Paulus cov tub rog. 81st Cavalry Division tau tawm tsam kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv qhov tob ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tsim, 60-95 sib nrug los ntawm nws cov neeg nyob sib ze, tawm tsam cov neeg German coob. Yog tias nws tsis yog rau nws, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tiv thaiv Routh's 6th Panzer Division los ntawm kev nkim sijhawm thiab, twb nrog qhov tuaj txog ntawm thawj lub tswb, kom txav mus ze rau Stalingrad, tshem tawm ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb sab qaum teb ntawm Kotelnikov. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov tub rog Soviet raug yuam kom ncua rau lub sijhawm tuaj txog ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm kev faib hauv Kotelnikovo thiab tom qab ntawd siv sijhawm tiv thaiv thiab tom qab ntawd tawm tsam nrog nws.

Tsuas yog thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 12, Cov tub rog German, nrog rau cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm lawv pawg Kotelnikovskaya, tau hla mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau hla los ntawm sab qab teb-sab hnub poob puag ncig lub nplhaib, sib zog ua tub rog thib 6 ntawm F. Paulus ntawm Stalingrad. Nyob rau lub sijhawm 12-17 Lub Kaum Ob Hlis, 4th Cavalry Corps, ua ke nrog lwm qhov kev tsim ntawm 51st Army, tau muab kev mloog zoo ntawm 2nd Guards Army nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav.

Txawm hais tias zaj dab neeg ntev txog "Cannes ntawm Pokhlebin", tus thawj coj ntawm 6th Panzer Division, Routh, tau tshuaj xyuas qhov kev hem thawj los ntawm qhov seem ntawm 4th Cavalry Corps:

"Nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej qhov seem ntawm 4 Cavalry Corps, tsom mus rau thaj tsam Verkhne-Yablochny thiab Verkhne-Kurmoyarsky (ntawm lub flank ntawm 6 Panzer Division.-AI). Hauv peb qhov kev kwv yees, nws tau tso cov tub rog caij nees, txhawb nqa los ntawm 14 tso tsheb hlau luam. Cov zog no tsis txaus rau kev faib lub tank, tab sis lawv tau hem peb cov kab xa khoom. " [50– P.157] NPE

Nws tau tshwm sim tias qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm 2nd Guards Army ntawm Myshkovka River tau qhuas ntau zaus hauv cov ntawv nyeem thiab ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab. Cov kev ua ntawm cov neeg uas ua kom muaj kev xa tawm ntawm Pab Pawg Tiv Thaiv 2nd, hmoov tsis, tseem tsis tau paub. Txog qhov loj tshaj, qhov no tau siv rau cov tub rog, tshwj xeeb yog 4th Cavalry Corps. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog caij nees tau ntau xyoo ua rau cov neeg xav phem ntawm cov tub rog qub dhau thiab tsis yog pathos. Qhov tsis muaj nws, qhov tseeb, kev ncig ntawm Paulus pab tub rog ntawm Stalingrad tuaj yeem ua tsis tau.

1945 Kev sib ntaus sib tua zaum kawg

Cov tub rog nrhiav pom siv txawm tias nyob hauv thaj tsam muaj zog li East Prussia. Nov yog dab tsi K. K. Rokossovsky: “Peb cov tub rog caij nees N. S. Oslikovsky, maj nroos, ya mus rau Allenstein (Olsztyn), qhov twg ob peb lub echelons nrog tso tsheb hlau luam thiab phom loj nyuam qhuav tuaj txog. Nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua (tau kawg, tsis yog nyob qib nees!) Nws hloov tawm tias German chav nyob tau tsiv los ntawm sab hnub tuaj los kaw qhov sib txawv los ntawm peb cov tub rog. " [52 - P.303] Peb pom tias Konstantin Konstantinovich, tsuas yog hauv rooj plaub, rau hnov cov dab neeg txaus txog tus kws tshuaj xyuas ntawm Krupp cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, hais qhia - "tsis yog nyob hauv nees", nrog rau tus exclamation mark. Qhov tseeb, twb tau paub dhau los 3 Tus Tiv Thaiv Cavalry Corps tau coj los tom qab tsoo los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv thiab txav mus rau Allenstein ntawm tus nees, tom qab ntawd koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm ko taw. Los ntawm huab cua, lub cev ntawm N. S. Oslikovsky tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm 230th Assault Aviation Division, tau them los ntawm 229th Fighter Aviation Division. Hauv ntej, cov tub rog tub rog yog ib pab tub rog uas muaj peev xwm tshaj plaws, "lub cev qub" uas suav nrog tsuas yog siv nees tsis siv tsheb.

German cavalry

Kev siv lub tshuab Wehrmacht feem ntau ua rau muaj qhov ua phem heev, thiab qhov phem tshaj plaws, lawv tsis nco qab txog cov tub rog caij nees uas muaj nyob hauv txhua pawg tub rog. Qhov no yog kev soj xyuas nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm 310 tus neeg. Nws yuav luag txav mus nyob rau qib nees - nws suav nrog 216 tus nees caij, 2 lub maus taus thiab tsuas yog 9 lub tsheb. Kev sib faib ntawm thawj nthwv dej kuj tseem muaj cov tsheb tiv thaiv, feem ntau, kev soj qab xyuas ntawm Wehrmacht cov tub rog tawg rog tau ua los ntawm cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua zoo ib yam, txhawb ntxiv nrog 75-mm lub teeb me me thiab 37-hli phom tiv thaiv phom.

Ib qho ntxiv, muaj ib pab tub rog nyob hauv Wehrmacht thaum pib ua tsov rog nrog USSR. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 1939, nws tseem yog tub rog tub rog. Cov tub rog, suav nrog Pab Pawg Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb, tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Narew, cua daj cua dub ntawm Warsaw thaum ib nrab lub Cuaj Hli 1939. Twb tau nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1939 nws tau raug teeb tsa los ua ib pab tub rog thiab, hauv qhov peev xwm no, koom nrog hauv kev sib tw nyob rau sab hnub poob, xaus nws ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Atlantic. Ua ntej kev tawm tsam ntawm USSR, nws tau suav nrog hauv 2nd Panzer Group ntawm Heinz Guderian. Kev faib ua haujlwm tau ua tiav zoo ua ke nrog kev tsim tank, tswj hwm lawv cov nqi ua ntej. Qhov teeb meem tsuas yog muab nws 17,000 tus nees. Yog li ntawd, nws yog lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1941-1942. tau hloov pauv mus rau 24th Panzer Division. Kev txhawb siab ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv Wehrmacht tau tshwm sim nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo 1942, thaum ib pab tub rog tub rog tau tsim los ua ib feem ntawm Pab Pawg Pawg Sab Qaum Teb, Chaw thiab Sab Qab Teb.

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov tub rog yog qhov muaj nyob hauv nws muaj pes tsawg tus tub rog tiv thaiv nrog lub tuam txhab ntawm cov tub rog tsav tsheb rau 15 ib nrab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej nqa khoom "ganomag". Ib qho ntxiv, los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1942, cov tub rog caij nkoj ntawm cov tub rog uas feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog "tsov" thiab "panthers" - SS txiv neej.

Rov qab rau xyoo 1941, 1st SS Cavalry Brigade tau tsim nyob hauv tebchaws Poland, xa los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1942 mus rau 1st SS Cavalry Division. Qhov kev faib no tau koom nrog hauv ib qho ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tshaj plaws ntawm Pab Pawg Pabcuam Hauv Chaw - tshem tawm kev ua phem rau Soviet hauv thaj tsam Rzhev, ua raws li ib feem ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Mars thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis - Kaum Ob Hlis 1942. Cov tsos ntawm "tsov" thiab "panthers" tsis tau coj mus rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm German cavalry …

Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, xyoo 1944, cov tub rog sib cais ntawm cov tub rog tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv Pawg Tub Rog thib 3 thiab 4. Ua ke nrog 1st Hungary Cavalry Division, lawv tsim Von Hartenek Cavalry Corps, uas tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm ciam teb ntawm East Prussia, thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1944 nws tau pauv mus rau Hungary. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1945 (!!! - AI) cov tub rog tau rov teeb tsa ua kev sib cais, thiab thaum Lub Peb Hlis ntawm tib lub xyoo lawv tau koom nrog qhov kev tawm tsam zaum kawg ntawm cov tub rog German hauv Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II - kev tawm tsam ntawm SS Panzer Army ntawm Lake Balaton. Hauv Hungary, ob qho kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv tub rog SS tseem sib ntaus sib tua - tus thib 8 "Florian Geyer" thiab tus thib 22 "Maria Theresa", tau tsim xyoo 1944. Nkawd ob leeg tau raug puas tsuaj nyob hauv "cauldron" ze ntawm Budapest. Los ntawm cov seem ntawm kev sib cais uas dhia tawm ntawm qhov kev ncig nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1945, tau tsim tsa 37th SS Cavalry Division "Luttsov".

Raws li peb tuaj yeem pom, cov neeg German tsis saib tsis xyuas cov tub rog zoo li cov tub rog. Ntxiv mus, lawv tau xaus kev ua tsov rog nrog ntau zaus ntau dua cov tub rog caij nkoj muaj nyob thaum pib.

***

Cov dab neeg hais txog ruam, rov qab cavalrymen ntuav ntaj ntawm tso tsheb hlau luam yog, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg uas ua tsis tau zoo hauv cov tswv yim thiab teeb meem ua haujlwm. Raws li txoj cai, cov kev xav tsis zoo no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm thiab cov neeg sau keeb kwm. Cov tub rog yog ib qho txhais tau tias tsim nyog ntawm kev ua haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua xyoo 1939-1945. Qhov no tau qhia meej tshaj plaws los ntawm Red Army. Cov tub rog ntawm Tsov Rog Liab nyob rau xyoo ua ntej tsov rog tau txo qis. Nws tau ntseeg tias nws tsis tuaj yeem sib tw hnyav nrog lub tank thiab lub cev muaj zog ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Ntawm 32 qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tub rog thiab 7 pab pawg tswj hwm muaj los ntawm 1938, 4 pawg thiab 13 pawg tub rog sib cais tseem nyob thaum pib ua tsov rog. Txawm li cas los xij, kev paub txog kev ua tsov rog tau qhia tias lawv tau maj nrawm nrog txo qis ntawm cov tub rog. Kev tsim tsuas yog cov koog uas muaj lub cev muaj zog thiab tsim tau, ua ntej, nyuaj rau kev lag luam hauv tsev, thiab qhov thib ob, qhov xwm txheej ntawm thaj av nyob sab Europe ntawm USSR feem ntau tsis nyiam siv tsheb. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau kev txhawb siab ntawm cov tub rog loj tsim. Txawm tias qhov kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, thaum qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tawm tsam tau hloov pauv piv rau xyoo 1941–1942, 7 tus tub rog caij nkoj tau ua haujlwm tiav hauv Pab Pawg Liab, 6 ntawm lawv tau txais lub npe hwm ntawm Tus Saib Xyuas. Qhov tseeb, thaum nws poob qis, cov tub rog caij nkoj rov qab los rau xyoo 1938 - 7 tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog caij nees. Cov tub rog Wehrmacht tau dhau los ua qhov hloov pauv zoo ib yam - los ntawm ib pab tub rog nyob rau xyoo 1939 mus rau ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ua rog xyoo 1945.

Xyoo 1941-1942. cov neeg caij nees tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab ua phem, ua qhov tseem ceeb "quasi-infantry" ntawm Red Army. Qhov tseeb, ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ywj pheej loj thiab tsim nyob hauv Red Army, cov tub rog tsuas yog txhais tau tias ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm qib ua haujlwm. Xyoo 1943-1945, thaum cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tub rog lub tank thaum kawg tau kho zoo, cov tub rog tau dhau los ua cov cuab yeej siv los daws cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua phem. Tellingly, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog tub rog yog kwv yees li sib npaug rau cov naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog tank. Muaj rau lub tank tub rog nyob rau xyoo 1945, thiab xya tus tub rog tub rog. Feem ntau ntawm lawv ob leeg tau ua tus saib xyuas ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Yog tias cov tub rog tank yog rab ntaj ntawm Red Army, tom qab ntawd cov tub rog yog rab ntaj thiab rab ntaj ntev. Ib txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau cov tub rog caij nkoj xyoo 1943-1945. muaj kev tsim sab nrauv sab nrauv ntawm ib puag ncig, qhov kev txav deb mus rau qhov tob ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv ntawm lub sijhawm thaum lub hauv ntej qub tau tawg, thiab qhov tshiab tseem tsis tau raug tsim. Ntawm txoj kev loj, cov tub rog yeej poob qis tom qab cov tub rog caij tsheb. Tab sis ntawm txoj kev av thiab hauv hav zoov thiab hav zoov, nws tuaj yeem ua ntej ntawm qhov nrawm zoo ib yam li cov tub rog caij tsheb. Ib qho ntxiv, tsis zoo li cov tub rog caij tsheb, cov tub rog tsis xav tau nws tus kheej tas li xa ntau tons roj. Qhov no tau tso cai rau cov tub rog tub rog mus ua ntej tob dua li feem ntau ntawm cov tshuab ua haujlwm thiab ua kom muaj kev nce qib siab ua ntej rau cov tub rog thiab cov ntsej muag tag nrho. Kev ua rog cavalry mus rau qhov tob tob tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm cawm tau cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog.

Tsuas yog ib tus neeg uas tsis muaj lub tswv yim me me ntawm kev tawm dag zog ntawm cov tub rog thiab muaj lub tswv yim tsis meej ntawm nws txoj haujlwm siv tuaj yeem sib cav tias cov tub rog caij nees yog cov ceg rov qab ntawm cov tub rog, uas tseem nyob hauv pab tub rog liab tsuas yog los ntawm tsis xav txog kev coj noj coj ua.

Pom zoo: