Hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov thev naus laus zis siab, uas tau tshaj tawm ua ntu zus hauv kev txhais thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, peb tsis xav tsis thoob los ntawm cov xwm txheej tshwm sim tas li txog qhov kev sim ua tiav tom ntej - feem ntau hauv Asmeskas - ntawm cov phom hluav taws xob, lossis, raws li lawv feem ntau hu ua hnub no, railguns. Lub ntsiab lus no tau nquag ua hauv xinesmas: hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Transformers 2. Revenge of the Fallen" tus neeg Asmeskas rhuav tshem tshiab tshaj plaws URO tau siv riam phom, thiab hauv qhov thaiv "The Eraser" nrog Arnold Schwarzenegger muaj tes tuav rab phom phom electromagnetic. Txawm li cas los xij, puas yog qhov kev tsim tawm tshiab tiag tiag? Nws hloov tawm tsis. Thawj qhov qauv ntawm cov phom loj, hu ua "phom phom", tau tshwm sim ntau pua xyoo dhau los.
Thawj thawj zaug, lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tam sim no xa cov mos txwv thiab cov foob pob hluav taws hloov los ntawm kev siv phom tua phom tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 19th. Tshwj xeeb, hauv The Mechanics 'Magazine, Tsev khaws puav pheej, Sau npe, Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm, thiab Gazette, luam tawm nyob rau London, hauv ntim No. 43 rau Lub Xya Hli 5 - Kaum Ob Hlis 27, 1845, ntawm nplooj ntawv 16, koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv me me txog qhov ntawd- hu ua "rab phom hluav taws" tsim los ntawm Beningfield (lub npe qub - Beningfield's "Rab Phom Hluav Taws Xob"). Cov xov xwm tshaj tawm hais tias tsis ntev los no ntawm qhov tsis muaj ntau nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm King Street hauv Westminster, ib ntawm ib cheeb tsam ntawm Askiv lub nroog, muaj "kev sim txaus siab heev nrog rab phom hluav taws xob - kev tsim ntawm Mr. Bennington ntawm Jersey (kob nyob rau hauv Askiv Channel, loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov Islands tuaj hauv Channel Islands), uas cov ntawv xov xwm tau qhia luv luv ntawm 8 Lub Peb Hlis."
Nov yog qhov "rab phom hluav taws xob" tsim los ntawm Beningfield, nthuav tawm los ntawm nws xyoo 1845, zoo li qhov no.
Cov hauv qab no yog cov lus piav qhia ntawm rab phom nws tus kheej: "Lub thoob rau tua cov mos txwv lossis pob nrog lub taub 5/8" (kwv yees li 15, 875 mm. - V. Shch. Nco tseg) tau teeb tsa ntawm lub tshuab uas tsim hluav taws xob rau tua, thiab rab phom tag nrho tau teeb tsa ntawm ob lub log tsheb. Qhov hnyav ntawm tag nrho cov qauv yog ib nrab ib tuj, raws li kev suav, nws tuaj yeem txav nrog kev pab ntawm ib tus nees ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 8-10 mais ib teev. Hauv qhov chaw tua, kom muaj zog ntawm qhov nres, siv lub log thib peb, uas tso cai rau koj kom nrawm rau rab phom. Lub thoob muaj qhov pom zoo ib yam li rab phom. Cov pob tau pub rau hauv lub thoob los ntawm kev siv ob phau ntawv xov xwm - tsau thiab txav tau (tshem tau), thiab tom kawg tuaj yeem ua hauv cov ntawv nrog qhov loj me thiab suav nrog cov lej tseem ceeb. Nws tau kwv yees tias 1000 lossis ntau lub pob tuaj yeem raug tua ib feeb, thiab thaum cov mos txwv tau muab los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm loj uas tshem tau, cov kab tuaj yeem yuav luag tas li.
Thaum lub sijhawm sim, tus neeg tsim khoom tau tswj kom ua tiav txhua lub hom phiaj uas nws tau teeb tsa rau nws tus kheej. Cov mos txwv pob tau tsoo lub rooj tsav xwm tuab tuab thiab tom qab ntawd ua rau lawv tus kheej tawm tsam lub hom phiaj hlau. Cov pob no, uas raug rho tawm ib zaug ntawm lub hom phiaj hlau, tau tawg mus rau hauv atoms … Lub zog ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj, yog li, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj qhov uas tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov riam phom uas twb muaj lawm ntawm tib lub peev xwm, uas lub zog ntawm cov hmoov av yog siv los tsim kev txhaj tshuaj.
Tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm xws li riam phom, suav nrog tus nqi ntawm kev tswj hwm nws hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab tus nqi ntawm nws siv ncaj qha rau nws lub hom phiaj, raws li tus tsim tawm, yog qhov qis dua li tus nqi ntawm kev siv lwm yam riam phom uas muaj peev xwm sib npaug ntawm kev tua ntau txhiab lub mos txwv rau hauv tus yeeb ncuab. Kev tsim khoom tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm daim ntawv patent, yog li tus neeg tsim khoom tsis tshaj tawm qhov tsim ntawm nws kev teeb tsa lossis qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub zog siv hauv nws. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau tsim los tias tsis yog lub zog ntawm cov pa tau siv rau kev txhaj tshuaj, tab sis lub zog tau txais los ntawm kev pab ntawm galvanic cells."
Puas yog tus neeg sau xov xwm tsim khoom lossis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev qhia tus kheej lub tsho? Nyob deb ntawm nws - qhov no yog piav qhia ntawm qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag uas tau tshwm sim hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo. Tus neeg tsim khoom nws tus kheej yog qhov tseeb thiab nto moo - Thomas Beningfield muaj lub koomhaum luam yeeb, tau paub tias yog tus kws tsim hluav taws xob thiab tus tsim khoom. Ntxiv mus, kev tawm tsam muaj peev xwm ntawm Beningfield qhov kev tsim khoom, tseem paub hauv qab lub npe "Siva lub tshuab hluav taws xob phom", tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam heev rau cov tub rog. Cia peb tig rov mus rau London phau ntawv xov xwm: “Thaum lub sijhawm ntsuas, ib lub rooj tsavxwm peb -ntiv tes (7.62 cm. - V. Shch.'s note) nyob deb li ntawm 20 yards (kwv yees li 18.3 m V. Shch.'s note)) tau riddled nrog cov mos txwv hla thiab hla, zoo li yog tus kws ntoo tau ua haujlwm nrog lub laum, thiab qhov nrawm thiab qhov tseeb uas nws tau ua tiav yog qhov txawv txav. Thaum tshem cov trench lossis rhuav tshem cov neeg ua haujlwm, qhov kev teeb tsa yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj heev."
Ib qho ntxiv, peb nco qab tias daim ntawv sau qhia tias cov ntawv luam tawm twb tau sau txog rab phom no, thiab tom qab ntawd, hauv cov ntawv sau tseg, ntawm nplooj ntawv 96 ntawm tib qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm, nws tau sau tseg tias txij li kev npaj cov ntawv ceeb toom nrog uas peb pib zaj dab neeg, rab phom hluav taws xob Beningfield tau qhia rau cov kws tshaj lij ntawm Woolwich Armaments Committee (tseem yog Woolwich lossis Woolwich): "Ntawm qhov deb ntawm 40 yards (kwv yees li 36.6 m. phiaj thiab flattened mus rau lub thickness ntawm ib nrab-crown … thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv txawm ya mus rau hauv me me. " Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau hais meej tias "qhov hluav taws kub tau ua rau neeg xav tsis thoob", thiab "tus nqi ntawm kev tua hluav taws txuas ntxiv rau 18 teev - nrog so ob peb feeb txhua plaub teev - yuav yog £ 10, thiab lub sijhawm no. tus naj npawb ntawm cov pob uas raug rho tawm yuav tshaj tus naj npawb ntawm cov mos txwv raug tua los ntawm ob lub hauv paus ntawm cov neeg tua hluav taws nyob rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov hluav taws kub."
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm British Royal Artillery los ntawm Woolwich, qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm thiab cov tub rog ntawm British Army rab phom loj tau nyob yav dhau los (ntawm kev rov tsim daim npav xa ntawv), tsis tau txais kev tsim qauv nws tsim los ntawm Beningfield.
Nws tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb uas nyob hauv lwm phau ntawv xov xwm, "Littell's Living Age", luam tawm hauv Asmeskas Boston, hauv ntim VI rau Lub Xya Hli - Lub Yim Hli - Cuaj Hli 1845 ntawm nplooj ntawv 168 tau muaj ntawv ceeb toom "Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob" thiab tseem mob siab rau kev tsim Beningfield. Ntxiv mus, daim ntawv hais txog cov lus hauv qab no ntawm tus kws kho tshuab nws tus kheej: "Kuv muaj cov mos txwv - 5/8 ntiv tes nyob hauv txoj kab uas hla, tab sis cov qauv ua piv txwv uas yuav raug saws rau kev pabcuam yuav muaj qhov ntev ntxiv thiab yuav tuaj yeem tua cov mos txwv pob nrog txoj kab uas hla. ntawm ib nti (2, 54 cm. - Kwv yees li V. Shch.), Thiab nrog lub zog nce ntxiv. Cov mos txwv siv tam sim no, raws li kev suav, tuaj yeem tua ntawm qhov deb ntawm ib txoj cai lij choj (Tebchaws Askiv thaj av lossis kev cai lij choj (txoj cai lij choj) mais yog 1609, 3 m - V. Shch. Nco tseg), lawv tau khawb ib lub rooj tsavxwm peb -nti dawb - thaum lub sijhawm tua nrog qhov tawg ntawm nws tsuas yog kua muag sib nrug, txawm hais tias thaum tua ntawm lub hom phiaj hlau, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov mos txwv ya mus rau hauv me me. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev tua ntawm lub cav, cov mos txwv, raws li nws tau tawm, lo rau ib leeg - zoo li yog lawv tau raug txuas."
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias tus sau phau ntawv sau nws tus kheej hais tias: "Nws tau sib cav tias rab phom tsis tuaj yeem tua cov mos txwv hnyav dua ib phaus (453.6 grams. - V. Shch. Nco tseg), tab sis nws tsis hnyav thiab thauj tau yooj yim, nws tuaj yeem thauj tau yooj yim los ntawm ib tus nees. "Raws li cov ntawv tshaj tawm, Beningfield qhov kev tsim ua rau muaj kev saib xyuas ntau ntxiv los ntawm pab tub rog thiab tub rog tshwj xeeb, thiab daim ntawv tshaj tawm hais tias ntau tus tub ceev xwm siv phom loj qhia lawv lub hom phiaj kom tuaj txog ntawm qhov kev sim tom ntej, teem sijhawm ib lub lim tiam tom qab tau piav qhia hauv phau ntawv xov xwm.
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 30, 1845, Cov ntawv xov xwm Askiv The Times tau tshaj tawm tias Duke ntawm Wellington tau koom nrog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Mr. Beningfield's "rab phom loj hluav taws" thiab qhia "nws zoo siab heev." Ib hlis tom qab, Lub Sijhawm rov qab los rau qhov kev tsim dua no - hauv daim ntawv ceeb toom tshiab hnub tim 28 Lub Xya Hli, nws tau qhia tias ib pawg neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub rog siv phom loj los ntawm Woolwich (niaj hnub no thaj chaw nyob rau sab qab teb London, thiab ua ntej ntawd nws yog lub nroog ywj pheej). Yav dhau los, muaj lub hauv paus chaw nyob thiab cov tub rog ntawm pab tub rog Askiv rab phom, thiab niaj hnub no muaj lub tsev khaws khoom pov thawj. - Kwv yees li V. Sh.), Uas tau koom nrog los ntawm Colonel Chambers, tau mus koom kev tawm tsam nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm King Street, Westminster, qhov twg ua qauv qhia ntawm Beningfield rab phom tau tshwm sim. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev tsim los ntawm cov tub rog tsis tuaj yeem pom.
Thaum kawg, txoj hmoo ntawm "Beningfield hluav taws xob tshuab rab phom" tsis tuaj yeem lees paub. Tus neeg tsim khoom, raws li tau sau tseg, tsis tau patent nws qhov kev tsim thiab tsis muab cov kws tshaj lij tub rog Askiv nrog cov duab kos. Ntxiv mus, raws li W. Karman taw qhia hauv nws phau ntawv Keeb Kwm Ntawm Riam phom: Txij Thaum Ntxov mus txog 1914, Beningfield "xav tau nyiaj los ntawm kev ua tsov rog, thiab thov nws tam sim ntawd". Thiab tsuas yog hauv qhov no nws tau npaj muab cov ntaub ntawv rau cov neeg siv khoom thiab ua tiav daim ntawv cog lus rau cov khoom xa tuaj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, raws li W. Karman hais tawm, "cov tub rog tsis tau xa daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm lub tshuab rab phom mus rau qhov hais kom ua."
Ntawm qhov tod tes, hauv txhua qhov kev ncaj ncees, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias niaj hnub no nws tsis tau lees paub tseeb thiab muaj pov thawj tseeb tias rab phom no yog "hluav taws xob". Tsis muaj daim ntawv pov thawj, kos duab ib yam nkaus, nws tsis tau txais kev pabcuam. Yog, thiab tus tsim tawm tsis tua hluav taws ntev - rau qhov hais txog 18 teev. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias muaj lub tshuab ua kom sib zog me me (txawm hais tias cov neeg soj ntsuam yuav pom pom cov pa lossis pa luam yeeb los ntawm cov roj tuaj yeem siv tau), lossis, feem ntau yuav zoo li, cov pob tau raug tshem tawm siv lub zog ntawm huab cua nrawm lossis lub zog caij nplooj ntoo hlav muaj zog. Tshwj xeeb, Howard Blackmore's The Machine Guns and Arms of the World, luam tawm xyoo 1965, hauv Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob ntu ntawm nplooj ntawv 97-98 nrog siv rau lwm txoj haujlwm, Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tua Hluav Taws los ntawm William Greener, tsab ntawv thib ob uas tau luam tawm hauv London xyoo 1845, cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no tau muab:
"Qhov kev txaus siab yog rooj plaub ntawm 'rab phom tshuab hluav taws xob' tau qhia los ntawm Thomas Beningfield rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Pawg Neeg Ua Haujlwm Armaments hauv London xyoo 1845. Raws li daim ntawv qhia sau los ntawm tus neeg tsim khoom thiab muaj lub npe "SIVA lossis Lub Hwj Chim Txaus Ntshai", rab phom muaj qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 1000-1200 teev nyob rau ib feeb. Cov neeg lis haujlwm hauv pawg neeg tau pom qhov kev tua ntawm 48 ib phaus lead pob ntawm 35 yards. Txhua tus neeg uas tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam, suav nrog Duke of Wellington, xav tsis thoob thaum lawv pom. Hmoov tsis zoo, tus neeg tsim khoom tsis tau qhia rau pawg thawj coj ntawm txoj cai ua haujlwm ntawm nws lub tshuab rab phom thiab tsis tso cai rau lawv kawm nws, yog li pawg thawj coj, tig mus, tsis tuaj yeem ua dab tsi. Beningfield yeej tsis tau patented nws qhov kev tsim lossis muab cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog nws ua haujlwm li cas. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 21, 1845, Cov Xov Xwm Tshaj Tawm London tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm txog qhov kev tsim no, uas tau hais tias "kev txhaj tshuaj tau raug rho tawm los ntawm lub zog ntawm cov pa roj uas tau hlawv tawm los ntawm kev siv cov galvanic cell." W. Greener nws tus kheej tau hais tias cov roj cua - tej zaum yog sib xyaw hydrogen thiab oxygen - tuaj yeem tau los ntawm hydrolysis dej."
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, tsis tuaj yeem tham txog ib qho qauv ntawm rab phom niaj hnub no - lub mos txwv tsis raug thawb los ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob, uas tau siv tsuas yog fuse. Txawm li cas los xij, kuv rov hais dua, qhov no tsuas yog kev xav xwb - tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia meej thiab sib xws txog kev tsim qauv thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm rab phom Beningfield.
Tus neeg tsim khoom Lavxias thiab Asmeskas "riam phom txuj ci tseem ceeb"
Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev muaj cov haujlwm uas nrog kev ntseeg siab tag nrho tuaj yeem hu ua "cov tsheb ciav hlau qub." Yog li, xyoo 1890, tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos, tau paub zoo tias yog tus nrhiav pom hluav taws xob arc vuam "Electrohephaestus" (nws kuj yog tus tsim txhua yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob arc vuam, thiab tseem tau los ua tus tsim ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab kev siv tshuab ntawm txheej txheem vuam), nthuav tawm ib qhov haujlwm rau lub nkoj (casemate) rab phom hluav taws xob. Nws tig mus rau cov tub rog lub ntsiab lus vim li cas - Nikolai Nikolaevich yug hauv lub zos Benardosovka hauv tsev neeg uas kev ua tub rog yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb rau ntau tiam neeg. Piv txwv li, nws yawg, Major General Panteleimon Yegorovich Benardos, yog ib tus phab ej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Xyoo 1812. Ntawm lwm qhov, paub tsawg dua qhov kev tsim ntawm N. N. Benardos, muaj ib qho uas tsis muaj qhov zoo tshaj li "rab phom hluav taws xob". Qhov no yog lub tshuab nqus dej txhua qhov, uas tau nruab nrog cov menyuam thiab tuaj yeem hla cov hlua los yog hla lwm yam teeb meem raws ntug dej hiav txwv raws txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau. Nws tau tsim tus qauv ntawm lub nkoj hauv xyoo 1877 thiab sim ua tiav, tab sis tsis muaj ib tus neeg tsim khoom lag luam Lavxias tau txaus siab rau nws. Ntawm qhov muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm NN Benardos - lub raj mis, lub tsheb kauj vab, lub ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws, lub xauv digital rau kev nyab xeeb, nrog rau cov phiaj xwm rau chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob ntawm Neva thiab … lub platform txawb rau kev hla cov neeg taug kev hla txoj kev!
Hauv tib lub xyoo raws li N. N. Benardos, tus kws tsim khoom Asmeskas L. S. Gardner tau tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm rau nws rab phom "hluav taws xob" lossis "sib nqus". Cov ntawv xov xwm zaum kawg "Oswego Daily Times" (lub nroog Oswego nyob hauv xeev Kansas, Asmeskas) tau mob siab rau ib tsab xov xwm thaum Lub Ob Hlis 27, 1900, hu ua "New Horror for War: A Southerner Developed a Electric Cannon."
Cov ntawv sau pib xav paub heev: "Txhua tus neeg uas tau tsim lub tshuab tua neeg uas tuaj yeem tua neeg ntau dua nyob rau lub sijhawm muab sijhawm ntau dua li lwm yam riam phom tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj qhov kawg," Eugene Debs tau hais thaum hais lus hauv New Orleans (Asmeskas tus thawj coj koomhaum lag luam, yog ib tus neeg koom ua ke ntawm Social Democratic and Socialist Parties of America, nrog rau lub koom haum "Industrial Workers of the World", feem ntau tau hais lus tawm tsam kev ua tsov rog. - Nco tseg. V. Shch.). Ntau txhiab tus qhuas nws, tab sis tib lub sijhawm, tsis nyob deb, hauv pob ntseg ntawm nws lub suab, ib tus neeg L. S. Gardner tau ua tiav cov kauj ruam kawg los tsim dab tsi los ua lub tshuab ua tsov rog uas Debs tau hais txog. Qhov no yog rab phom fais.
Cov phom yuav tsum yog riam phom muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv kev ua tsov rog. Nws tsim yog txawv heev. Es tsis txhob raug thawb tawm (los ntawm cov hmoov av. - Kwv yees li V. Shch.), Qhov projectile txav mus raws nws lub thoob nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov hlau nplaum muaj zog thiab ya mus rau saum huab cua ntawm qhov pib ceev tau teev los ntawm tus neeg teb xov tooj. Raws li Chicago Times Herald, lub thoob ntawm rab phom tau qhib rau ob sab, thiab nws tsis siv sijhawm ntxiv rau qhov projectile kom tawm ntawm lub thoob dua li thaum thauj khoom hla lub breech ntawm rab phom zoo ib yam. Nws tsis muaj kev thim rov qab, thiab tsis yog hlau, lub thoob tuaj yeem ua los ntawm iav."
Nov yog qhov kev xav - lub thoob ua los ntawm iav. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau hais ntxiv tias Gardner nws tus kheej "tsis pom muaj peev xwm siv nws cov riam phom hauv thaj chaw, vim tias nws txoj haujlwm yuav tsum muaj cov roj teeb hluav taws xob loj." Raws li tus tsim tawm, kev siv rab phom zoo li no feem ntau yog siv hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab hauv tub rog. "Qhov zoo ntawm rab phom yog tias nws yuav tuaj yeem tua dynamite lossis lwm yam kev foob hnyav los ntawm nws, thaum tsis muaj kev poob siab," tus kws sau ntawv sau tseg.
Thiab ntawm no yog li cas LS Gardner nws tus kheej piav qhia nws qhov kev tsim tawm:
"Lub cannon yog kab yooj yim ntawm cov kauj luv luv lossis cov hlau nplaum hollow uas xaus rau tsim cov raj txuas mus ntxiv. Txhua tus hlau nplaum muaj lub tshuab hloov pauv uas siv tam sim no rau nws lossis tig nws tawm. Qhov kev hloov pauv no yog daim nyias nyias nrog kab hlau "khawm" txuas ntawm qhov chaw mus rau nws ntug. Qhov hloov pauv tau txuas nrog "ntsia liaj qhov rooj" ntawm rab phom thiab raug tswj los ntawm tus neeg tua phom. Nyob ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm kev hloov ntawm qhov hloov pauv thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov hlau nplaum koom nrog, ib lossis lwm qhov pib qhov nrawm ntawm qhov projectile tau muab. Raws li cov hlau nplaum nyob ntawm lub thoob los ntawm ntsia liaj qhov rooj mus rau nws lub qhov ncauj tau qhib, qhov projectile nrawm dua thiab ya tawm ntawm lub thoob ntawm qhov nrawm. Ntawm qhov tsis sib thooj ntawm kab "khawm" ntawm lub disc muaj qhov dhau los, yog li nrog txhua qhov kev hloov pauv, cov phiaj xwm tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub thoob los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm."
Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas tom qab ntawd tus sau ntawm daim ntawv, nrog rau LS Gardner, taw qhia tias tus neeg tsim khoom, piav qhia yuav ua li cas lub foob pob hauv nws rab phom dhau los ntawm cov hlau nplaum, txawm tias tau hais tias ua tiav ib qho pib qhov nrawm ntawm qhov projectile tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv qhov no txoj kev.
"Tom qab nws qhov kev qhia tsis pub lwm tus paub, Mr. Gardner sim tsis tham txog cov ncauj lus ntxaws ntawm nws qhov kev tsim, ntshai qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev tshaj tawm, - ntawv xov xwm sau ntxiv. "Nws tau pom zoo los ua qauv qhia ntawm nws cov phom loj hauv New York rau ib pawg ntawm cov peev txheej. Tus qauv suav nrog lub raj iav me me, kwv yees li peb lub hlis twg ntawm txoj kab uas hla (0, 63 cm - Nco ntsoov V. Sh.), Uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm peb coils ntawm cov xov hlau, txhua tus uas yog hlau nplaum."
Hauv kev xam phaj nrog cov kws tshaj xov xwm, Gardner tau lees tias tseem muaj ntau qhov teeb meem me me uas nws xav tau los daws, tab sis lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb - txhawm rau txhawm rau ua qhov projectile thiab xa mus rau lub hom phiaj - nws tau ua tiav kev daws teeb meem. "Tsis suav nrog qee qhov teeb meem tsis tau xav txog, Mr. Gardner lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem hloov pauv txoj kev xav ntawm rab phom," tus kws sau ntawm Oswego Daily Times tshaj tawm hais tias. - Cov phom tsis xav tau mos txwv (txhais tau tias rab phom lossis cov foob pob tawg. - V. Shch. Nco tseg), nws tsis tsim suab nrov lossis pa luam yeeb. Nws yog qhov hnyav thiab tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke ntawm tus nqi tsis tseem ceeb. Cov phom loj tuaj yeem tuaj yeem tua qhov projectile tom qab projectile, tab sis nws lub thoob yuav tsis kub. Cov dej ntws zoo li yuav tuaj yeem hla nws lub thoob ntawm qhov nrawm uas tsuas tuaj yeem txwv los ntawm kev nrawm ntawm lawv cov khoom xa tuaj."
Hauv kev xaus, nws tau hais tias tom qab ua tiav txoj haujlwm tam sim no nrog tus qauv, tus neeg tsim khoom yuav sib sau ua qauv ua qauv, qauv ua ntej qhov loj me, thiab pib nws qhov kev sim tiag. Ntxiv mus, nws tau sib cav tias "lub thoob yuav zoo li ua los ntawm cov ntawv nyias nyias, vim tias tsis muaj lub siab sab hauv lub thoob, tsis tas yuav ua kom hnyav thiab ruaj khov."
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias xyoo 1895 tus kws tshaj lij Austrian, tus sawv cev ntawm Viennese lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ya dav hlau Franz Oskar Leo Txwj Laug von Geft tau nthuav tawm txoj haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob kauj-to-reel tsim los rau … tso lub dav hlau mus rau lub hli. Thiab thaum lub sijhawm Spanish-Asmeskas Tsov Rog, xyoo 1898, ib tus neeg Amelikas tus neeg tsim khoom tau thov foob pob Havana nrog lub zog loj tam sim no-nws yuav tsum tau nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Florida thiab tso cov foob pob loj loj nyob deb li ntawm 230 km.
Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov haujlwm no tsuas yog "cov phiaj xwm" - nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau lawv xyaum thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Thiab ua ntej tshaj plaws - los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev pom. Txawm hais tias lub tswv yim tias cov phom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem yooj yim ua los ntawm iav yog qee yam …
Norwegian xibfwb qhia qib hauv
Thawj qhov ntau lossis tsawg dua qhov phiaj xwm tiag tiag ntawm rab phom hluav taws xob tau npaj tseg thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum los ntawm Norwegian Christian Olaf Bernard Birkeland, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm lub cev ntawm Frederick Queen's University hauv Oslo (txij li xyoo 1939 - University of Oslo), uas tau txais daim ntawv patent thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1901 rau "phom-hom hluav taws xob phom", uas, raws li tus kws qhia ntawv suav, xav tias yuav muab lub projectile uas hnyav 0.45 kg thaum pib nrawm txog 600 m / s.
Peb tuaj yeem hais tias lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov phom zoo li no tuaj rau nws los ntawm kev sib tsoo. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1901, Birkeland, paub zoo dua rau peb cov nyeem rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm kev kawm txog aurora, tau ua haujlwm hauv nws lub tsev kawm ntawv kuaj sim ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob, nws pom tias cov hlau me me poob rau hauv solenoid. ya los ntawm lub kauj ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm lub mos txwv. Tom qab ntawd nws tau txiav txim siab los ua ntu ntu ntawm cov kev sim cuam tshuam, dhau los, qhov tseeb, thawj zaug kom nkag siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim no rau kev ua tub rog. Hauv kev xam phaj ob xyoos tom qab, Birkeland rov qab hais tias tom qab 10 hnub ntawm kev sim zaum kawg, thaum kawg nws tau tswj hwm los ua nws thawj tus qauv ntawm rab phom, tom qab ntawd nws tau thov daim ntawv tso cai tam sim ntawd. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 16, 1901, nws tau txais daim ntawv patent No. 11201 rau txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev tua cov foob pob hluav taws uas siv hluav taws xob.
Lub tswv yim tau yooj yim - qhov projectile yuav tsum kaw lub Circuit Court nws tus kheej, muab tam sim no rau solenoid, nkag mus rau tom kawg, thiab qhib lub Circuit Court thaum tawm ntawm solenoid. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov projectile nws tus kheej, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob, tau nrawm mus rau qhov xav tau nrawm (hauv thawj qhov kev sim, tus xibfwb tau siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob unipolar raws li Faraday disk ua qhov tam sim no). Birkeland nws tus kheej piv rau nws zoo nkauj thiab tib lub sijhawm tsim qauv yooj yim ntawm rab phom hluav taws xob nrog "hlua ntawm Baron Munchausen". Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib piv yuav dhau los ua qhov tseeb yog tias koj hais ib qho lus tawm los ntawm Thawj Qhov Kev Mus Rau Lub Hli: "Yuav ua li cas? Yuav ua li cas? Kuv puas yuav tsis rov qab los rau ntiaj teb? Puas yog kuv yuav nyob tag nrho kuv lub neej ntawm lub hli ntxub? Huag tsis! Tsis txhob! Kuv tau khiav mus rau cov quav nyab thiab pib ntswj hlua tawm ntawm nws. Cov hlua tawm luv luv, tab sis dab tsi yog kev puas tsuaj! Kuv pib nqis los nrog nws. Kuv swb nrog txoj hlua nrog ib txhais tes thiab tuav lub duav nrog lwm tus. Tab sis tsis ntev txoj hlua tau xaus, thiab kuv tau dai saum huab cua, nruab nrab ntawm ntuj ceeb tsheej thiab lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai, tab sis kuv tsis poob siab. Tsis xav txog ob zaug, kuv tau tuav lub duav thiab tuav nruj rau qhov qis ntawm txoj hlua, txiav nws qhov kawg thiab khi nws mus rau qhov qis dua. Qhov no tau muab sijhawm rau kuv kom nqis los rau ntiaj teb."
Tsis ntev tom qab tau txais daim ntawv patent, Birkeland tau thov rau plaub tus neeg Norwegians, ob tus uas yog cov neeg ua haujlwm siab thiab ob lwm tus los ntawm kev lag luam thiab tsoomfwv Norway, los tsim lub tuam txhab uas yuav los saib xyuas txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm kev txhim kho, muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam. thiab tsim ntau qhov tshiab ntawm "riam phom txuj ci tseem ceeb".
Alv Egeland thiab William Burke phau ntawv Christian Birkeland: Thawj Qhov Chaw Tshawb Fawb muaj ib tsab ntawv los ntawm Birkeland sau hnub tim 17, 1901, hais rau Gunnar Knudsen, tus muaj peev xwm ua nom ua tswv thiab tus tswv nkoj uas tau ua Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Norway xyoo 1908-1910 thiab 1913-1920. qhov uas tus xibfwb sau hais tias: “Tsis ntev los no kuv tau tsim cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob es tsis txhob siv rab phom. Nrog cov cuab yeej zoo li no, nws muaj peev xwm tua tau cov nqi loj ntawm nitroglycerin ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab deb. Kuv twb tau thov rau patent. Colonel Craig tau ua tim khawv rau kuv qhov kev sim. Txhawm rau nce peev uas xav tau los tsim ntau rab phom, yuav tsim ib lub tuam txhab, uas yuav suav nrog ntau tus neeg. Kuv caw koj, uas tau txhawb nqa kuv qhov kev tshawb fawb yooj yim, koom nrog hauv kev sib tw no. Lub tswv yim yog tias yog rab phom ua haujlwm - thiab kuv ntseeg li ntawd - Colonel Craig thiab kuv yuav nthuav qhia rau Krupp thiab lwm tus tswv cuab ntawm kev lag luam caj npab kom muag lawv daim ntawv pov thawj. Qhov tseeb, txhua yam zoo li rho npe. Tab sis koj kev nqis peev yuav me me, thiab muaj feem yuav ua kom tau txiaj ntsig yuav siab dua. Zoo dua yog tias cov lus teb tau muab los ntawm xov tooj. Tau kawg, txhua yam no yuav tsum tau muab zais rau qee lub sijhawm. " Knudsen teb zoo: “Kuv lees txais qhov kev txaus siab. Kuv cog lus tias yuav luag txawm tias kev rho npe tawm los ua qhov poob."
Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1901, Birkeland's Firearms tuam txhab tau tsim, tso cai peev uas yog 35 txhiab Norwegian kroner, faib ntau dua 35 feem (sib koom). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Birkeland tau txais tsib feem pub dawb - them nyiaj rau nws txoj kev koom tes tshawb fawb rau qhov ua rau tshwm sim. Thawj "rab phom hluav taws xob" hais txog ib lub meter ntev tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1901, nws raug nqi 4,000 crowns thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom nrawm ib nrab-phaus phom loj mus rau qhov nrawm ntawm 80 m / s. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua kom pom rab phom mus rau ntau tus kws tshaj lij.
New York Times Lub Tsib Hlis 8, 1902, txuas nrog kev ua yeeb yam hauv Berlin, tau hais tias: "Hauv txoj kev xav, Xibfwb Birkeland rab phom tuaj yeem xa lub foob pob uas hnyav ob tons rau 90 mais lossis ntau dua." Txawm li cas los xij, hauv "kev ntsuas" kev sim rau lub Tsib Hlis 15, raws li lwm qhov chaw txawv teb chaws, tau pib qhov nrawm ntawm tsuas yog 50 m / s, uas tau txo qis kwv yees kwv yees ntau - tsis pub ntau tshaj 1000 meters. Tsis kub li txawm tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum.
Xyoo 1902, Birkeland thiab Knudsen tau ua ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm rab phom rau tus huab tais Swedish Oscar II, uas yog thawj qhov xav tau kev tua ntev thiab yog li ntawd tau nqes lus thaum Knudsen hais rau nws tias rab phom no tuaj yeem tau Russia los ntawm Oslo. Txawm li cas los xij, tus neeg tsim khoom nws tus kheej nkag siab qhov ua tsis tau ntawm qhov kev ncua deb no. Tom qab ua daim ntawv pov thawj thib peb, nws, tshwj xeeb, tau sau: "txhawm rau tua cov hlau phom uas hnyav 2000 kg, muaj 500 kg ntawm nitroglycerin, nrog rau qhov pib nrawm ntawm 400 m / s, yuav tsum muaj lub thoob 27 metres, thiab siab yuav yog 180 kg / sq. cm "ib. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd nws nyuaj heev los tsim riam phom nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws, ib tus tuaj yeem hais - siv tsis tau.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 6, 1902, Birkeland tau qhia txog rab phom ntawm Norwegian Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, tua peb zaug ntawm 40 cm tuab ntoo thaiv ntoo. Kev ua qauv qhia tau ua tiav, nrog kev tshuaj xyuas rave los ntawm ntau yam kev tshaj tawm, suav nrog Lus Askiv Mechanics thiab World of Science. Ntxiv mus, ntawm qhov ua qauv qhia no, tus xibfwb tshaj tawm txoj hauv kev txhim kho kom txo tau lub txim taws uas nrog lub dav hlau ya mus los ntawm cov kauj. Ua rau muaj kev txaus siab los ntawm kev ua qauv qhia, cov neeg German tau muab Birkeland los yuav nws lub tuam txhab. Pawg thawj coj tsis tau pom zoo tus nqi uas tau thov, tab sis txij li txoj haujlwm xav tau kev nqis peev tshiab, nws tau tso cai Birkeland los hais lus rau pej xeem thiab qhia txog rab phom ntawm University of Oslo thaum Lub Peb Hlis 6, 1903, thaum 17:30. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis txhob ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo, "kev qhuab qhia" xaus rau hauv fiasco. Tsis yog, rab phom tsis tawg, nws tsis tua leej twg, tab sis qhov teeb meem uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ua qauv qhia ua rau cov neeg ua lag luam ntshai thiab cov neeg siv khoom tsis txaus.
Txog kev ua qauv qhia, qhov kawg ntawm rab phom, tus qauv ntawm 1903, tau xaiv, uas muaj lub peev xwm ntawm 65 hli, lub thoob ntev txog 3 meters thiab suav nrog 10 pawg solenoids nrog 300 coils txhua. Niaj hnub no rab phom no, uas raug nqi 10 txhiab kronor thiab tua 10 kg zoo li, tau nthuav tawm ntawm Norwegian Tsev khaws puav pheej thev naus laus zis hauv Oslo. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tso cai rau nws tus xibfwb los qhuab qhia thiab ua qauv qhia hauv chav noj mov qub. Qhov xwm txheej yuav los tom ntej tau tshaj tawm hauv xovxwm - vim li ntawd, tsis muaj lub rooj zaum khoob hauv chav. Ntxiv mus, ob peb teev ua ntej qhov kev tshwm sim, Birkeland thiab nws tus pabcuam tau ua qhov kev xeem - txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntoo qhib tau ua tiav.
Kev ua qauv qhia nws tus kheej tau piav tom qab los ntawm Birkeland tus pabcuam, Olaf Devik thiab Sem Zeland, kev txhais lus Askiv ntawm lawv lub cim xeeb tau muab rau hauv phau ntawv hais los ntawm A. Egeland thiab U. Burke:, 7 cm. - V. Shch. Nco ntsoov). Lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas tsim hluav taws xob tau teeb tsa sab nrauv hauv qhov chaw tos txais. Kuv thaiv qhov chaw ntawm ob sab ntawm txoj kev taug ntawm qhov projectile, tab sis Fridtjof Nansen tsis quav ntsej kuv cov lus ceeb toom thiab zaum hauv thaj chaw txaus ntshai. Sib nrug los ntawm qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig no, tag nrho ntawm chav tau muaj cov neeg saib. Hauv kab ua ntej yog cov sawv cev ntawm Armstrong thiab Krupp …
Tom qab piav qhia lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev uas rab phom tau tsim, Kuv tshaj tawm: "Cov phooj ywg thiab txhua tus! Koj tsis tas yuav txhawj. Thaum kuv tig qhov hloov pauv, koj yuav tsis pom lossis hnov dab tsi tsuas yog qhov projectile tsoo lub hom phiaj. " Tom qab ntawd kuv nqa tus tes hloov qhov. Tam sim ntawd muaj lub teeb nyem muaj zog, nws nrov nrov. Lub teeb ci ci ntawm lub teeb yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm luv Circuit Court ntawm 10,000 amperes. Cov nplaim taws tau tawg los ntawm rab phom ntawm rab phom. Qee tus poj niam qw nrov nrov. Panic kav rau ib pliag. Nws yog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kuv lub neej - kev txhaj tshuaj tau txo kuv cov peev txheej los ntawm 300 txog 0. Txawm li cas los xij, lub plhaub tseem tsoo lub hom phiaj."
Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Norwegian thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau los txog qhov kev xav tsis meej txog seb lub foob pob tau tsoo lub hom phiaj, lossis txawm tias nws tsis tau tso lub phom ntawm rab phom. Tab sis tom qab ntawd rau Birkeland thiab nws cov phooj ywg nws tsis tseem ceeb - tom qab kev kub ntxhov uas tau tshwm sim, tsis muaj leej twg xav tau rab phom lossis daim ntawv pov thawj.
Nov yog li cas tus kws kos duab nthuav tawm qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm xibfwb Birkeland nrog nws rab phom tshuab hluav taws xob.
Hauv tsab xov xwm "Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob - Tau Los ze rau Cov Phiaj Xwm Siv Hluav Taws Xob" luam tawm hauv Cov Tub Rog thev naus laus zis No. 5, 1998, Dr. tej zaum yuav hais tias, cov cuab yeej siv tshawb fawb uas thaum xub thawj tsis txhawb siab ntau rau nws qhov muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis qhov twg, ua tsaug rau kev txhim kho ntxiv, tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov muaj txiaj ntsig … rab phom xav tau lub zog tshwj xeeb los ntawm lub zog … Hauv ntej, rab phom hluav taws xob yog tam sim no hauv nws theem embryonic. Tab sis nws yog ntxov ntxov los sim ua qhov kev txiav txim siab raws li nws qhov ua tsis tau zoo tias thawj qhov kev siv riam phom yuav tsis tsim los ua riam phom muaj txiaj ntsig yav tom ntej."
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1903, Birkeland tau thov kom npaj, hauv lub npe Fab Kis Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Saib Xyuas Kev Tsov Rog, kev thov kom hloov pauv kev tsim cov phom hluav taws xob rau kev kawm thiab tsim khoom, tab sis tus neeg tsim khoom yeej tsis tau txais lus teb los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Tsim Kho rau nws qhov kev pom zoo
Birkeland lub tshuab hluav taws xob sib nqus, qauv 1903, ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm University of Oslo
Birkeland tau ua nws qhov kev sim zaum kawg los ua txoj hauv kev rau nws lub tswv yim txog rau lub hlis ua ntej muaj kev tawm tsam Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib. A. Egeland thiab W. Burke taw qhia: Birkeland xa ntawv los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws mus rau Tswv Reilly (tus kws paub keeb kwm Askiv nto moo, tus yeej khoom plig Nobel. - V. Shch. Nco tseg) thiab Dr. R. T. Glazebrook (Tus kws kho mob Askiv. - V. V. Sch.), Cov tswv cuab ntawm British Commission rau Kev Xeem Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Kev Tsov Rog. Hauv ob tsab ntawv, tsoomfwv Askiv tau muab txoj cai pub dawb thiab pub dawb rau kev txhim kho thiab siv nws rab phom hluav taws xob.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws teeb tsa peb yam xwm txheej: tsis pub leej twg paub - lub npe Birkeland yuav tsum tsis txhob hais nyob hauv ib qho ntaub ntawv; tom qab ua tiav kev ua haujlwm ntawm riam phom, Norway yuav tsum tau txais kev nkag tau dawb rau lawv; riam phom tsim los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no yuav tsum tsis txhob siv tawm tsam cov neeg nyob hauv Scandinavia.
Qhov kev thov rau kev zais cia tau tshwm sim los ntawm Birkeland qhov kev ntshai tias nws, raws li tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm rab phom hluav taws xob, tuaj yeem muaj kev phom sij. Lub rooj sib tham nrog Francis Dahlrymple ntawm British Kev Tsim Kho Pawg Sab Laj hauv Cairo thaum kawg lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1916 tej zaum yuav xaus rau qhov tsis muaj qab hau."
Ib xyoos tom qab, Birkeland tuag, thaum kawg tau txais rau 6 daim ntawv pov thawj rau rab phom hluav taws xob.
Tsis muaj sijhawm rau kev tsim kho tshiab
Tsis muaj kev vam meej yog txoj haujlwm ntawm London tus tsim AS Simpson: rab phom "reel-to-reel" ntawm 1908 tus qauv, liam tias muaj peev xwm ntuav 907-kg projectile ntawm qhov deb ntawm 300 mais nrog qhov pib ceev ntawm 9144 m / s (qhov no yog qhov ceev tau hais los ntawm Colonel RA Maud hauv New Zealand tsab ntawm "Kev Txhim Kho" ntawm Lub Yim Hli 1, 1908, uas, txawm li cas los xij, ua rau muaj kev ua xyem xyav loj), tau raug tsis lees paub los ntawm cov tub rog Askiv tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau thiab tsis tas yuav siv lub tshuab nyuaj rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas tau teb rau tsab ntawv, Kev Txhim Kho tau txais tsab ntawv los ntawm New Zealand tus kws kho tshuab James Edward Fulton, tus tswv cuab ntawm UK Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Pej Xeem thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Wellington thiab Manawatu Railway Company, uas AS Simpson cov tswv yim raug thuam: Tus neeg tsim khoom thov hais tias nws tau mus txog qhov pib siab heev ntawm qhov projectile thiab tib lub sijhawm hais tias "tsis muaj kev thim rov qab!" Nyob rau tib nplooj ntawv, Colonel Maud ntawm Royal Artillery hais tias "qhov tseeb, rab phom tuaj yeem muab lub qhov ncauj tawm ntawm 30,000 ko taw ib pliag (9144 m / s) yam tsis thim rov qab." Colonel Mod cov lus coj txawv txawv tau hais nyob rau nplooj 338: "Mr. Simpson (tus neeg tsim khoom) tswj kom kov yeej txoj cai Newtonian cov kws kho tshuab."
Peb yuav tsum tsis ntseeg txog tus neeg tsim khoom lub peev xwm los kov yeej cov kev cai no. Ib ntawm Newton txoj cai lij choj hais tias: "Kev nqis tes ua ib txwm muaj qhov sib npaug thiab kev tawm tsam." Yog li ntawd, cov foob pob tawg yuav ua haujlwm nyob rau qhov rov qab. Piv txwv tias koj tau txhaj tshuaj nrog lub qhov ntsia liaj qhov rooj qhib, tom qab ntawd cov pa roj cua yuav nrawm mus rau saum huab cua, uas yog qhov sib zog thiab muaj zog dua li qhov projectile - vim li ntawd, cov pa roj cua yuav ua rau lub zog tsis muaj zog rau nws. Yog tias hauv qhov no peb tig rab phom nrog lub qhov ncauj rov qab, tom qab ntawd tus neeg tsim khoom yuav yooj yim tua nrog huab cua, tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav zaum tshaj tawm tias kev thim rov qab tsis ua rau qhov projectile, uas nyob ntawm no, zoo li nws yog, ua si lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj. Thaum kuaj, 5 phaus projectile (2, 27 kg - Approx. V. Shch.) Raug rho tawm ntawm rab phom nrog rab phom ntev 16 phaus (7, 26 kg. - Kwv yees li V. Shch.), Tab sis rov qab los yuav tsis pom, yog tias riam phom hnyav dua li qhov projectile."
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, kev ua xyem xyav txog qhov tseeb ntawm AS Simpson qhov kev tsim tawm tsis yog nyob ntawm peb xwb. Los ntawm txoj kev, rau kev sib piv: qhov ncauj qhov ncauj ntawm 31.75-kg projectile ntawm Mark 45 Mod 4 kev siv phom loj tub rog, tau txais los ntawm Asmeskas Tub Rog hauv xyoo 2000 thiab muaj tag nrho pawg ntawm 28.9 tons, tsis tshaj 807.7 m / s, thiab qhov nrawm ntawm kev ya dav hlau tiv thaiv dav hlau coj los tiv thaiv ntawm cov tub rog Asmeskas niaj hnub tshaj plaws RIM-161 "Standard-3" yog 2666 m / s. Thiab ntawm no yog rab phom zoo ib yam ntawm thaum pib xyoo pua nees nkaum nrog qhov projectile ceev ntau dua 9000 m / s. Tau kawg, zoo heev!
Txoj haujlwm ntawm "phom phom loj" ntawm Lavxias tus kws tsim txuj ci, Colonel Nikolai Nikolayevich Podolsky thiab M. Yampolsky, tsis tau mus rau hauv lub dav hlau uas siv tau. Kev thov rau kev tsim ntawm 97-tuj 300-mm super-long-range cannon hluav taws xob nrog 18-meter chim thiab kwv yees li pib ceev ntawm 3000 m / s rau 1000-kg projectile tau raug tsis lees paub los ntawm Pawg Neeg Soj Ntsuam Artillery ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Loj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Lavxias los ntawm kev txiav txim siab Lub Xya Hli 2, 1915 vim tsis muaj peev nyiaj thiab peev xwm tsim khoom hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv ntiaj teb txuas ntxiv, txawm hais tias nws lees paub lub tswv yim no "raug thiab ua tau."
Txog rau qhov kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, Fab Kis tus kws tsim txuj ci Andre Louis -Octave Fauchon -Villeplet - thiab Kaiser cov tub rog twb tau dhau los ua rog nrog Fab Kis nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd - muaj "cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob rau kev txav ntawm lub foob pob", cov txheej txheem sawv cev rau ob txoj kab tooj liab sib dhos tso rau hauv lub thoob, nyob rau sab saum toj uas tau dai nrog coils ntawm xaim. Hluav taws xob tam sim no tau dhau los ntawm cov xov hlau los ntawm lub roj teeb lossis lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Thaum txav mus raws txoj kab, cov plaub mos mos nrog nws "tis" ua ntu zus kaw cov neeg ntawm cov coils saum toj no thiab yog li maj mam txav mus rau tom ntej, nce nrawm dua. Qhov tseeb, nws yog hais txog thawj daim qauv ntawm cov phom niaj hnub no.
Txoj haujlwm Fauchon-Villeplet tau npaj rau ntawm qhov tig ntawm 1917-1918, thawj daim ntawv thov rau Asmeskas daim ntawv patent tau xa rau Lub Xya Hli 31, 1917, tab sis tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis tau txais nws daim ntawv patent No. 1370200 tsuas yog Lub Peb Hlis 1, 1921 (nws tau txais peb patents tag nrho). Txog rau lub sijhawm ntawd, kev ua tsov rog twb tau xaus rau kev zoo siab rau Askiv thiab Fabkis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees swb, thiab Russia, uas Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Zaum Ob, tsis suav tias yog kev sib tw. London thiab Paris sau cov laurels ntawm yeej, thiab lawv tsis mus txog rau ib qho "txawv". Ntxiv mus, hauv kev ua tsov rog zaum kawg, hom riam phom tshiab tau tshwm sim - suav nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua dav hlau thiab tso tsheb hlau luam, kev txhim kho ntxiv uas, nrog rau dreadnoughts thiab submarines, kos rau txhua lub zog thiab peev txheej ntawm cov tub rog ua haujlwm.
