Keeb kwm ntawm cov phom loj Lavxias muaj ntau dua rau ib puas xyoo. Raws li keeb kwm, thaum lub caij Dmitry Donskoy, Muscovites nyob rau xyoo 1382 siv "rab phom" thiab "txaj" thaum tshem tawm qhov kev tawm tsam tom ntej ntawm Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh. Yog tias "phom" ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tus kws sau keeb kwm phom loj N. Ye. Brandenburg tau txiav txim siab txiav txim siab muab riam phom pov tseg, tom qab ntawd "txaj txaj" twb yog lawm, tsis muaj qhov xav tias, rab phom [1]. Lawv yog cov phom rau tua pob zeb lossis hlau "tua" ntawm qhov ze ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam.
Lig 15 - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 16th cim lub sijhawm tshiab hauv kev txhim kho cov phom loj ntawm Russia. Nyob rau xyoo no, los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo hauv zej zog hloov pauv, tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev tshem tawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev tsim ntawm Lavxias lub hauv paus nruab nrab lub xeev, kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua, kev lag luam thiab kab lis kev cai, ib pab tub rog Lavxias tau tsim los ua kev ua tub rog thiab kev txhawb nqa hauv zej zog ntawm kev nce lub zog nruab nrab. Cov phom loj ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm hauv feudal tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib koom ua ke pab tub rog Lavxias, mus rau hauv cov cuab yeej ntawm lub xeev, tau dhau los ua kom muaj nuj nqis ntau zuj zus thiab hloov pauv qhov tseem ceeb hauv txhua qhov ntawm nws cov qauv - hauv riam phom, koom haum thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv kev sib ntaus.
Thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Ivan III, kev tsim cov phom phom tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov kho los ntawm nws. Los ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev lag luam mining thiab kev tsim vaj tsev, kev rov tsim dua tshiab ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm, nws mob siab rau txhawm rau txhim kho kev tsim riam phom hauv txhua lub nroog tseem ceeb. Txiav txim siab tias tsis yog txhua tus kws kos duab muaj peev xwm nce lawv cov lag luam hauv qhov chaw tshiab, tsev pheeb suab tshwj xeeb, tshav puam, thiab cellars tau "teeb tsa" raws li lub xeev xaj.
Kev tsim cov riam phom loj, uas yav dhau los tsuas yog tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua thiab kev ua lag luam thiab tau txwv tsuas yog rau cov chaw ntawm ib tus thawj tswj hwm, tau nthuav dav nthuav dav ib puag ncig, tau txais txhua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tau txais lub hauv paus tshiab hauv kev tsim nyog kev cob qhia hauv lub xeev loj raws kev faib kev ua haujlwm thiab kev siv dag zog yuam, dej lossis nees txav mus los. Ua kom dhau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, Ivan III tau caw caj npab thiab rab phom loj los ntawm txawv teb chaws.
Xyoo 1475 (1476), thawj lub tsev pheeb suab Cannon tau tso rau hauv Moscow, thiab tom qab ntawd Cannon yard (1520 - 1530s), uas cov phom tau pov [2]. Qhov pib ntawm cov phom loj hauv tebchaws Russia cuam tshuam nrog lub npe ntawm Alberti (Aristotle) Fioravanti (nruab nrab ntawm 1415 txog 1420 - c. Nws tau paub txog nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm engineering kom ntxiv dag zog thiab txav cov qauv loj hauv tebchaws Ltalis. Txij li xyoo 1470s. tsoomfwv Moscow tau pib caw cov kws tshaj lij txawv tebchaws los ua cov haujlwm loj los ntxiv dag zog thiab kho kom zoo nkauj Kremlin thiab cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij Moscow. Cov ntawv xov xwm tau khaws cia xov xwm txog tus tswv txawv teb chaws uas tau koom nrog kev ua lag luam phom, feem ntau yog cov neeg Italians, uas tau xaj los ntawm tsoomfwv Moscow nyob rau lub sijhawm 1475-1505.
Xyoo 1475, ob xyoos tom qab Ivan III kev sib yuav nrog Sophia (Zoya) Palaeologus, uas qhia txog kev coj noj coj ua Western European niaj hnub no mus rau Muscovy, "tus sawv cev ntawm Grand Duke Semyon Tolbuzin tuaj ntawm Rome, thiab nws coj nrog nws tus tswv Murol, uas tau txhim tsa lub tsev teev ntuj thiab chav, Aristotle lub npe; yog li tus neeg tua phom ntawm qhov ntawd yuav zoo siab thiab ntaus lawv; thiab lub tswb nrov thiab lwm yam yog txhua yam uas tsis yooj yim”[3]. A. Fioravanti tuaj rau Moscow tsis yog ib leeg, tab sis nrog nws tus tub Andrei thiab "parobok Petrusha" [4]. Hauv Moscow, nws tau tso lub hauv paus ruaj khov rau kev lag luam phom loj hauv txhua qhov kev xav tau ntawm European thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no. Xyoo 1477 - 1478 A. Fioravanti tau koom nrog Ivan III txoj haujlwm tawm tsam Novgorod, thiab xyoo 1485 - tawm tsam Tver ua tus thawj ntawm cov phom loj thiab kws ua tub rog [5].
Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. ntau tus kws tshaj lij Italian tau raug caw los ua haujlwm hauv Cannon izba. Xyoo 1488 "Peacock Fryazin Debosis [Pavel Debosis] koom ua ib rab phom loj" [6], uas tom qab ntawd tau muab lub npe ntawm tus tswv "Peacock", qee leej hu nws tias "Tsar Cannon".
Peb muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsawg heev txog tus qauv ntawm thawj cov phom loj. Muaj pov thawj pom tias muaj "tsev pheeb suab phom loj" nyob rau xyoo 1488 [7] Hmoov tsis zoo, cov ntawv khaws cia ntawm Cannon Prikaz, uas yog tus saib xyuas ntawm Cannon Yard, tau ploj mus, yog li tsis muaj kev txaus siab piav qhia ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm thawj lub tsev tsim khoom Lavxias tau dim. Nws nws tus kheej, nyob ntawm "peb tus choj hla ntawm Frolovskie rooj vag mus rau Kitay-gorod" [8] raug hlawv hauv 1498. Tom qab ntawd nws tau tsim ntawm ntug dej ntawm Neglinnaya River. Nyob ze, kev sib hais haum ntawm cov kws ntaus hlau tau teeb tsa, los ntawm qhov uas lub npe Kuznetsky feem ntau tuaj. Qhov cub tawg tau nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Cannon vaj, los ntawm cov hlau uas tau muab los ntawm cov channel tshwj xeeb rau cov pwm. Los ntawm lub koom haum tsim khoom, Cannon Yard yog lub chaw tsim khoom. Cannon masters, litter thiab blacksmiths ua haujlwm ntawm no. Txhua tus thawj coj thiab lawv cov pabcuam yog cov neeg ua haujlwm, uas yog, lawv tau ua haujlwm hauv lub tebchaws, tau txais cov nyiaj thiab cov nyiaj hli mov, thaj av rau lub tsev.
Yuav luag txhua tus kws txawj nyob hauv Pushkarskaya Sloboda. Nws tau nyob hauv Zemlyanoy lub nroog tom qab lub rooj vag Sretensky thiab nyob hauv qhov chaw dav uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm tus Dej Neglinnaya, Lub Nroog Dawb, Bolshaya Txoj Kev raws txoj kev uas Vladimir mus, thiab Streletsky Sloboda. Hauv Pushkarskaya Sloboda muaj ob txoj kev - Bolshaya (aka Sretenskaya, tam sim no Sretenka Street) thiab Sergievskaya (los ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm St. mus rau sab laug ntawm qhov chaw - Pechatnikov, Kolokolnikov, Bolshoy thiab Maly Sergievsky, Pushkarev, Bolshoy Golovin; ntawm sab xis - Rybnikov, Ashcheulov, Lukov, Prosvirin, Maly Golovin, Seliverstov, Daev thiab Pankratovsky), thiab ntxiv rau "thawj" mus rau "thib rau" thiab los ntawm lawv tau txais lawv lub npe.
Cannon foundry hauv Russia tau nthuav dav txij li xyoo 1491, thaum pom cov tooj liab ntawm tus Dej Pechora thiab kev txhim kho ntawm kev tso nyiaj tau pib nyob ntawd. Cov cuab yeej raug pov los ntawm kev sib xyaw tooj liab, tin thiab zinc (tooj liab) nrog cov kav dej tiav uas siv cov hlau hlau. Cov phom tooj liab tau pov tseg yam tsis muaj nqaws nrog lub tswb nrov hauv qhov ncauj, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nce tus nqi ntawm rab phom thiab yog lo lus kawg hauv kev siv phom loj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tsis tau muaj cov cai tsim los txiav txim siab qhov muaj peev xwm.
Cov phom ua los ntawm Cannon Yard tau txawv los ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev suav, kev zoo nkauj ntawm kev ua tiav, thiab kev ua tiav ntawm txheej txheem pov tseg. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau raug pov raws li tus qauv tshwj xeeb ciab. Ntawm lub phaj lossis qhov ncauj, ntau yam duab ua piv txwv, qee zaum nyuaj heev, tau ua los yog muab pov tseg, raws li cov cuab yeej muaj npe: dais, hma, hma, asp, nightingale, inrog, nrawm (nabqaib), huab tais Achilles, hma, nab, thiab lwm yam.
Hauv cov phom loj-rau lub hom phiaj tua, squeaks raug pov, faib ua battering (siege), muaj peev xwm loj thiab mus txog 2 fathoms ntev; zatinnaya lossis nab, qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv; regimental lossis falcons, hma - luv, hnyav 6 - 10 phaus. Cannons rau kev tua hluav taws kuj tau tsim tawm hauv qhov ntau, gafunits - ntau qhov ntev li cas thiab cov phom loj lossis cov pam pua chaw - loj -caliber howitzers rau tua pob zeb lossis hlau buckshot. Hauv Cannon Yard, kev tsim cov khoom nruab nrog cev thiab roj teeb tau pib - cov qauv ntawm cov phom tua hluav taws sai los npaj rau kev tua ntau dua. Yog li, nyob rau hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov phom loj, uas tau coj los ntawm A. Fioravanti, thaum lub sijhawm sib tw rau Tver, suav nrog gafunits txhawm rau txhawm rau tua nrog pob zeb pob zeb, cov hlau me me squeaks thiab txawm tias yog lub cev (ntau rab phom loj), muaj peev xwm muab tua hluav taws sai, ze rau lub salvo. Qhov kawg ntawm XVI caug xyoo. breech-loading phom nrog lub qhov rooj zoo li tus npoo tau tsim. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. thawj rab phom pishchal tau ua. Nws yuav tsum tau hais txog tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov phom phom loj thiab lub qhov rooj npoo npoo yog ntawm Moscow. Nyob rau hauv XVI -XVII ib -paus xyoo. tswb thiab chandeliers kuj tau pov rau ntawm Cannon Yard.
Ib lub koom haum tshwj xeeb tau xav kom coj cov phom loj ntawm lub xeev Moscow. Peb muaj cov cim ntawm cov koom haum ntawm "Cannon Prikaz" txij li xyoo 1570s. Hauv cov npe "boyars, okolnichy thiab cov neeg muaj koob npe uas ua haujlwm los ntawm kev xaiv 85" (7085, piv txwv li xyoo 1577), ob lub npe ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm laus ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no muaj npe: "Hauv Cannon xaj, Prince Semyon Korkodinov, Fyodor Puchko Molvyaninov ",-ob qho tib si yog cim:" nrog kev tswj hwm "(thaum lub Peb Hlis) 7-barreled ceev-roj teeb" Soroka "ntawm ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Missile thiab Artillery Loj ntawm Ministry of Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Lavxias Lavxias taug nws keeb kwm [10]. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Daim ntawv xaj phom tau hloov pauv mus rau Pushkarsky thiab dhau los ua lub hauv paus loj thiab cov tub rog siv tshuab ua haujlwm, cov haujlwm uas peb paub los ntawm cov seem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv raug hlawv, los ntawm cov ntawv khaws cia ntawm lwm qhov kev xaj, nrog rau los ntawm cov xov xwm ntawm ib leeg.
Qhov kev txiav txim nrhiav neeg rau kev pabcuam, xaiv cov nyiaj hli, tsa lossis txo qis, xa lawv mus rau kev sib tw, sim, tso lawv tawm ntawm kev pabcuam, yog tus saib xyuas kev tsim kho nroog (fortresses), kab tiv thaiv, pov pob, cannons, kev tsim khoom ntawm rab phom txhais tes thiab cov riam phom thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv (tom kawg, pom tseeb, qee lub sijhawm tau nyob hauv txoj cai txiav txim siab cais Armory thiab Bronny xaj). Nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb, cov thawj coj ntawm Pushkar xaj kuj yog tus saib xyuas cov serifs thiab cov serif taub hau uas tau muab rau lawv, cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov saib xyuas.
Qhov kev txiav txim kuaj phom sij (phom loj, musket thiab phau ntawv qhia) thiab cov khoom tawg raws li ntsev ntsev (yamchuzhnoe lag luam). Rov qab rau xyoo pua 17th. hauv Pushkar qhov kev txiav txim, lub thawv tshwj xeeb nrog ntsuab lossis ntsev ntsev sim ntawm lub xyoo dhau los (uas yog, nrog cov qauv ntawm rab phom phom kuaj ua ntej) tau khaws cia. Hauv nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th. hauv 100 lub nroog thiab 4 lub tsev teev ntuj, uas nyob hauv qab txoj cai txiav txim ntawm Pushkar, muaj 2637 rab phom [11].
Nyob rau hauv XVII caug xyoo. Lub tsev pheeb suab phom loj tau rov tsim dua tshiab. Txoj kev npaj muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm Cannon Yard los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua muab qhov qhia meej kom raug ntawm cov ciam teb thiab cov tsev ib puag ncig. Nws twb nyob hauv thaj chaw tseem ceeb, nyob nruab nrab ntawm Teatralny Proezd thiab Pushechnaya Street, Neglinnaya thiab Rozhdestvenka. Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich "tsim muaj riam phom zoo heev, qhov twg muaj riam phom loj rau kev lag luam, muaj rab phom loj, thiab ntawm nws tso koj tsar lub hwj chim loj tshaj tus chij - lub dav dawb hau tau ci" [12].
Kev tsim kho tshiab kuj tau tshwm sim: lub zog dej tau siv los tsav lub forging hammers (thawj qhov kev paub ntawm kev siv dej zog hauv kev siv hlau hauv Moscow). Hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tshav puam muaj cov zeb zeb zeb, raws cov ntug - cov kws ntaus hlau. Muaj cov nplai loj ntawm lub qhov rooj, thiab lub qhov dej tsis deb ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov kev pabcuam tib neeg tau nthuav dav. Tswb thiab chandelier masters, sawers, kws ntoo, cov kav dej thiab lwm tus tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev tsim khoom. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Cannon Yard suav ntau dua 130 tus neeg.
Qhov ntim ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm Cannon Yard, kom deb li deb tau tuaj yeem txiav txim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia, tsis tau txwv nruj me ntsis, vim tias tsis muaj phiaj xwm tsim tawm thiab muaj kev txiav txim ua haujlwm raws li xav tau. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm no yog qhov raug rau cov haujlwm Cannon Yard yav tom ntej. Txij li thaum xyoo 1670, Pushkarsky Prikaz (tom qab Artillery Prikaz) tau pib nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tshav puam.
Hauv lwm qhov hluav taws kub hauv Moscow xyoo 1699, Cannon Yard tau hlawv nrog feem ntau ntawm nws lub tsev. Muaj qhov yuam kev tawg hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov phom loj-kom txog thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1701, thaum, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Peter, nws tau xaj kom tsim cov ntoo ntoo ntawm New Cannon Yard. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th.qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Cannon Yard tau ploj zuj zus vim yog kev txhim kho cov phom phom loj thiab kev teeb tsa cov tsev tsim tub rog nyob hauv xeev Petersburg, hauv Urals thiab hauv Karelia. Ntawm Cannon Yard muaj 51 tus neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom, uas yog: tus kws tshaj lij rab phom, tus kws qhia ntawv thiab tus kws qhia ua haujlwm - 36, tus tswb tus tswv - 2, tus kws tshaj lij thiab cov kws xyaum ua haujlwm - 8, chandeliers, cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv 5 tus neeg [13]. Thaum nug txog xyoo 1718 txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov phom loj, Kev Txiav Txim Artillery tau teb tias: "Tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus hais txog kev siv phom thiab phom phom, tab sis lawv ib txwm nchuav qhov xav tau, raws li sau thiab hais lus c. v. txoj cai”[14].
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov haujlwm ntawm Cannon Yard maj mam tuag tawm, thiab cov phom ntawm tooj liab tau raug xa mus rau Bryansk cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm lub chaw tua phom loj. Lub tiaj phom tau dhau los ua chaw khaws riam phom, mos txwv thiab chij. Xyoo 1802, ntawm qhov kev pom zoo ntawm Suav I. P. Saltykov, Alexander Kuv tau xaj cov riam phom thiab cov mos txwv khaws cia ntawm Cannon Yard kom raug xa mus rau Kremlin cov chaw tsim khoom, thiab tsim cov phom xa mus rau Yard Artillery Yard. Nyob rau hauv 1802-1803 cov tsev ntawm Cannon vaj tau raug rhuav tshem, thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev tau siv los tsim tus choj hla Yauza ntawm kev hla hla ntawm Solyanka mus rau Taganka.
Kev tsim cov phom, phom thiab rab phom nyob hauv tebchaws Russia tau ua tiav los ntawm kev ua haujlwm muaj tswv yim zoo ntawm cov neeg Lavxias zoo ib yam - cov neeg tua phom, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev thiab cov kws ntaus hlau. Qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws hauv lub Cannon Yard tau zoo siab los ntawm "kev sib ntaus sib tua muaj hluav taws", lossis cov tswv phom loj. Tus kws tshaj lij phom loj tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias, uas nws lub npe tau khaws cia rau peb los ntawm keeb kwm, yog tus tswv Yakov, uas ua haujlwm hauv cov phom loj hauv Moscow thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. [15] Piv txwv li, hauv 1483 hauv Cannon Hut nws tau pov thawj thawj rab phom tooj liab 2.5 arshins ntev (1 arshin - 71.12 cm) thiab hnyav 16 poods (1 pood - 16 kg). Xyoo 1667, nws tau siv hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab fortress nyob rau sab hnub poob ciam teb, Smolensk, thiab tau ploj mus. Lub pishchal tau piav qhia ntxaws hauv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 1667-1671. thiab 1681: “Cov tooj liab tooj liab rau lub tshuab dhos rau ntawm lub log, Lavxias casting, ntev ob lub xub pwg, ib nrab ntawm peb qhov piv txwv. Nws tau kos npe nrog tsab ntawv Lavxias: "raws li txoj cai ntawm tus neeg siab zoo thiab Khetos hlub Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich, tus kav ntawm txhua lub tebchaws Russia, rab phom no tau tsim thaum lub caij ntuj sov rau rau txhiab, cuaj puas thiab cuaj caum-ib, hauv Kaum xyoo ntawm nws txoj cai kav; tab sis Yakhauj tau ua. " Qhov hnyav 16 phaus”[16]. Xyoo 1485, tus tswv Yakov pov tus qauv thib ob ntawm cov phom loj uas muaj qhov ntev, uas tam sim no tau khaws cia hauv Tub Rog-Keeb Kwm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Artillery, Engineering Corps thiab Lub Teeb Pom Kev Zoo hauv St. Petersburg.
Qee lub npe ntawm cov phom loj tau muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog Ignatius (1543), Stepan Petrov (1553), Bogdan (1554-1563), Pervaya Kuzmin, Semenka Dubinin, Nikita Tupitsyn, Pronya Fedorov thiab Lwm qhov piv txwv uas muaj sia nyob ntawm cov cuab yeej ua tim khawv rau lub xeev ntawm cov khoom siv hlau: tooj liab gafunitsa ntawm 1542, caliber 5, 1 dm (tus tswv Ignatius); tooj liab pishchal, 1563, caliber 3, 6 dm (tus tswv Bogdan); pishchal "Inrog" 1577, muaj peev xwm 8, 5 dm (kws ua khoom siv A. Chokhov); pishchal "Onagr" 1581, muaj peev xwm 7 dm (tus tswv P. Kuzmin); pishchal "Scroll" 1591, muaj peev xwm 7, 1 dm (tus kws tshaj lij S. Dubinin).
Andrey Chokhov (1568-1632) yog tus sawv cev zoo ntawm Moscow lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov phom loj. Ntawm ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm rab phom nws tsim, Tsar Cannon, pov rau xyoo 1568, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nto moo. Kev tsim ntawm tus kws tshaj lij tau hu ua "rab phom Lavxias", vim tias nws tau npaj rau tua nrog pob zeb "tua". Thiab txawm hais tias rab phom tsis tua ib zaug, ib tus tuaj yeem xav txog qhov kev puas tsuaj uas cov riam phom no tuaj yeem tsim nyob hauv qib ntawm cov yeeb ncuab.
Kev ntxiv cov neeg ua haujlwm tau pib los ntawm kev xyaum ua haujlwm. Cov thwjtim tau txuas nrog tus tswv, uas tau txais neeg ua haujlwm, ua ntej tshaj plaws, los ntawm cov txheeb ze ntawm cov tub rog, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm cov neeg dawb uas tsis tau muab rau cov se. Tom qab ntawd, ntawm thaj chaw Pushechny, cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb tau teeb tsa los qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab. Yog li, hauv 1701"Nws tau xaj kom tsim cov tsev kawm ntoo hauv New Cannon Yard, thiab hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawd los qhia kev hais lus thiab sau txuj tshawb fawb rau Pushkar thiab lwm qhov nyob ib sab ntawm cov menyuam … nyiaj yuav qhob cij thiab grub: ntses hnub yoo mov, thiab nqaij nyob rau hnub yoo mov, thiab ua noj porridge lossis zaub kua zaub, thiab rau lwm cov nyiaj - rau khau thiab caftanisks, thiab tsho …”[17]. Hauv 1701, 180 tus tub ntxhais kawm tau kawm hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv no, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tub ntxhais kawm tau nce mus rau 250-300 tus neeg.
Cannon Yard, yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Moscow lub xeev thiab tib lub sijhawm lub tsev kawm ntawv uas tau cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm txua ntoo, ib txwm nyiam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg taug kev txawv tebchaws uas tau sau txog Muscovy. Qhov kev saib xyuas no yog ib qho zoo heev, vim tias txhua qhov kev tshaj tawm txawv teb chaws txog Lavxias lub xeev tau ua haujlwm, ua ntej tshaj plaws, rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev saib xyuas neeg mob thiab, ua ntej tshaj plaws, ua tib zoo saib xyuas lub hom phiaj tub rog. Cov neeg txawv teb chaws uas tau mus ntsib "Muscovy" tau hais nrog kev qhuas zoo ntawm Lavxias rab phom loj, taw qhia nws qhov tseem ceeb [18], thiab ntawm Muscovites kev txawj ntawm cov txheej txheem ua phom raws li Western qauv [19].
[1] Brandenburg N. E. Cov keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm St. Petersburg Artillery Museum. Ntu 1. (XV - XVII ib puas xyoo). SPb., 1877 S. 45.
[2] Ibid. P52 ua.
[3] Nikon Chronicle. PSRL. T. XII. SPb., 1901, p. 157.
[4] Lviv Chronicle. PSRL. T. XX. SWB, 1910 S. 302.
[5] Saib: S. M. Soloviev. Keeb kwm Lavxias M., 1988. Phau ntawv. 3. Lub 5.
[6] Nikon Chronicle. P 219 ua.
[7] Ibid.
[8] Cov lus piav qhia. Sau los ntawm: N. N. Rubtsov Foundry keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Ntu 1. M. L., 1947. S. 35.
[9] Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Xeev Moscow. SPb., 1890. T. 1 no. 26. P. 39.
[10] Cov hnub so GRAU txhua xyoo tau tsim los ntawm kev txiav txim los ntawm Minister of Defense ntawm Lavxias Federation hnub tim Lub Rau Hli 3, 2002 No. 215.
[11] Saib: V. A. Shagaev. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Cov Thawj Coj Ua Tub Rog // Cov Ntawv Tshaj Qhia Tib Neeg ntawm Cov Tub Rog Kawm Txuj Ci ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Cuab Yeej Cuab Yeej. 2017. Tsis yog 1. S. 46-56.
[12] Zabelin I. E. Keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog Moscow. Ntu 1. M., 1905. P. 165.
[13] Kirillov I. Lub xeev vam meej ntawm txhua lub xeev Lavxias, uas tau pib, coj thiab tso tseg tsis ua haujlwm ntawm Peter the Great. Ib., 1831 S. 23.
[14] Rubtsov N. N. Foundry keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Ntu 1. P. 247.
[15] Saib AP Lebedyanskaya. Cov ntawv sau los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov phom loj hauv Moscow Russia. Kho kom zoo nkauj thiab kos npe phom ntawm lig lig 15th - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th // Sau cov kev tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Artillery Historical Museum of the Red Army. T. 1. M-L., 1940 S. 62.
[16] Khmyrov M. D. Artillery thiab gunners nyob rau hauv pre-Petrine Russia. Keeb kwm thiab tus yam ntxwv kos duab // Artillery Zhurn. 1865. Tsis yog 9. P. 487.
[17] Cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm Tub Rog-Keeb Kwm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Artillery, Pab Pawg Tub Rog thiab Cov Tub Ceev Xwm. F. 2 Op. 1. D. L. 894.
[18] Saib: I. Kobenzel, Cov ntawv hais txog Russia nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. // Phau ntawv xov xwm ntawm Ministry of Public Education. Xyoo 1842. P. 35. P. 150.
[19] Saib: R. Barberini, Taug Kev Muscovy hauv 1565, St. Petersburg, 1843, p. 34.
