Slavs hauv Danube thiab Balkans los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 7
Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm VII caug xyoo. Slavization ntawm Balkans tau dhau lawm.
Cov Slavs tau koom nrog hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm thaj chaw uas muaj neeg nyob, piv txwv li, pawg neeg ntawm Velegisites los ntawm Thebes thiab Demetriads muag cov Thessalonica uas nyob ib puag ncig twb nyob hauv 70s ntawm xyoo pua 7. pob kws.
Peb pom cov pab pawg Slavic hauv qab no nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Balkans: hauv xeev Byzantine ntawm Scythia - kev koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb, hauv qis Moesia thiab ib nrab Thrace koom ua ke ntawm "xya pab pawg", ntxiv rau hauv Moesia - Timochans thiab Moravians, qhov twg cheers lossis predecessors nyob tsis paub. Nyob rau sab qab teb, hauv Macedonia, cov sklavinia hauv qab no yog: draguvites (dragovites) lossis druhuvites, sagudats, strumians (strumenes), runkhins (rikhnids), smolyans. Hauv Dardania thiab Greece, koom ua ke ntawm plaub pab pawg: Vayunits, Velegesites, Milentsi (Milians) thiab Ezerites (Ezerites), hauv Peloponnese - Milling thiab Ezerites.
Tom qab kev poob ntawm lub zog ntawm "nom tswv nom tswv" ntawm Avars hla Slavs thiab tom qab kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm lawv thiab Antes mus rau thaj tsam ntawm Byzantium dhau ntawm Danube, "kev ywj pheej" pawg neeg tsim qauv tau ua tiav tag nrho - "txhua tus nyob hauv nws tsev neeg. " Ntxiv mus, muaj kev sib txhuam ntawm pab pawg thiab ua tiav qhov tsis xav tau kev koom ua ke.
Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias hauv 70s ntawm VII xyoo pua. Qhov xwm txheej hnyav dua, thiab txawm tias ib feem ntawm Croats thiab Serbs, nrog rau cov Slavs uas tau nyob hauv Macedonia, poob rau hauv nws txoj cai, kaganate tsis muaj lub zog los ua phiaj xwm ntev mus rau Constantinople, tab sis tsuas yog them nyiaj ua tsov rog ciam teb. Cov Avar cov tub rog tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Slavs, Xeev Samo thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm Bulgars (Bulgarians) uas nyob hauv Pannonia hauv 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua 7: qee leej ntawm lawv tau tsiv mus rau lwm pab pawg hauv steppes ntawm Eastern Europe, thiab me me ib feem, qee qhov, mus rau Ltalis, lwm tus, nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm qee qhov khan Kuvrat, tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Organa, mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Macedonia, txawm hais tias kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm ntawm Turkic-Bulgarians tsis pom ntawm no (Sedov V. V.).
Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, ntawm cov pab pawg Slavic, rau qhov uas, tom qab kev hloov chaw tshiab, muaj kev nyob zoo dua thiab kev lag luam tau tsim, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim lub xeev thaum ntxov lossis cov pab pawg neeg muaj hwj chim loj tau nres.
Proto-Bulgarians thaum pib ntawm xyoo pua 7
Thaum lub sijhawm thawj lub tebchaws Bulgarian tau tsim, cov pab pawg neeg Bulgarian tau mus ncig lossis nyob hauv thaj chaw dav los ntawm Hiav Txwv Caspian mus rau Ltalis.
Peb, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov kev coj ua uas tsim los, yuav hu rau ib feem ntawm lawv uas tuaj rau qis dua ntawm Danube Proto-Bulgarians.
Cov pab pawg no, cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Huns, tau nyob qis qis rau Türkic Kaganate. Thiab yog tias nyob hauv Ltalis lossis Pannonia tsuas muaj pab pawg me me ntawm lawv, tom qab ntawd cov hav dej ntawm thaj av Azov thiab Hiav Txwv Dub tau muaj neeg nyob coob.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaum Bulgars lossis Bulgarians tau tawm tsam Avars, xyoo 634, tom qab kev dim ntawm txoj cai ntawm Turkic Kaganate, Khan Kubrat lossis Kotrag los ntawm Dulo (Dulu) dynasty nrhiav Great Bulgaria. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub tau tshwm sim thaum muaj kev ua tsov rog nyob rau sab hnub poob Turkic Kaganate (634 - 657), uas tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov xwm txheej no (Klyashtorny MG). Cov pab pawg neeg nomadic no tau ua neej nyob hauv pab pawg neeg thiab yog thawj zaug, "tabor" theem ntawm nomadism. Txawm hais tias lawv muaj "peev" - aul - ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Phanagoria ntawm Taman Peninsula.
Nco tseg tias cov kws sau keeb kwm txuas ntxiv qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog seb ib tus neeg Kubrat (lossis Kuvrat) thiab qee tus Krovat, Organa tus tub uas tau tawm tsam nrog Avar Kaganate, lossis txawv, tab sis cov keeb kwm no, ua ntej, sib nrug nyob rau lub sijhawm, thiab qhov thib ob, hauv qhov chaw, Lub zog ntawm Avars tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv rau txhua txoj hauv kev mus rau thaj av ntawm thaj av Azov thiab Hiav Txwv Dub thiab tau txwv rau Pannonia thiab thaj av nyob ze.
Yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov thawj coj no tsuas muaj cov npe zoo sib xws.
Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Kubrat hauv 40s, uas nyob hauv thaj av Azov, cov neeg Bulgarians, sib faib, raws li cov lus dab neeg, ntawm nws tsib tus tub, tsis tuaj yeem muab kev tiv thaiv txaus rau lawv cov neeg Khazars, coj los ntawm Turkic caj ces ntawm Khagans - Ashins.
Kev sib tsoo ntawm cov hordes tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab qaum teb Caucasus, thiab yeej yog nyob ntawm Khazars sab. Txoj hmoo ntawm pab pawg neeg Bulgarian tau txawv: ib feem ntawm Bulgarians mus rau sab qaum teb thiab tsim lub xeev Volga Bulgars, qee qhov tseem nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Khazars, tau txais lub npe "Bulgarians dub", cov no yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm niaj hnub no Balkars. Khan Asparuh, tus tub thib peb ntawm Kubrat, coj nws horde mus rau Danube thiab ntxiv dag zog rau hauv Danube delta (Artamonov MI, Pletneva SA). Patriarch Nicephorus sau:
"Thawj tus tub hu ua Bayan (Vatvaian lossis Batbayan), raws li nws txiv lub siab nyiam, tseem nyob hauv yawg koob thaj av txog tam sim no · Qhov thib plaub, tau hla tus Dej Istra, nyob hauv Pannonia, uas tam sim no nyob hauv Avars, thiab dhau los ua tus neeg nyob hauv pawg neeg hauv zej zog. Qhov thib tsib, uas tau nyob hauv Pentapol ntawm Ravenna, tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm cov neeg Loos."
Tus tub thib peb, Asparukh, nyob, raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab txhais lus, nruab nrab ntawm qee tus dej Ogla (Olga?) Thiab Danube, nyob rau sab laug ntawm Danube, qhov chaw swampy no sawv cev "kev nyab xeeb zoo los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab." Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov no tsis yog hais txog Dej Ogl, uas tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau, tab sis hais txog thaj chaw:
"Nyob ze Istra, mus txog qhov chaw yooj yim rau chaw nyob, hu ua lawv hom lus Oglom (feem ntau yuav los ntawm 'aul), nkag tsis tau thiab tsis muaj peev xwm kov yeej tau cov yeeb ncuab." (Kev txhais lus Litavrin V. V.)
Nov yog thaj chaw ntawm qis dua ntawm Seret thiab Prut, thiab qhov no tau tshwm sim hauv 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 7.
Ib zaug ntawm no, Asparukh horde, tom qab ua tsis taus pa, tam sim ntawd tau pib raid hla Danube, mus rau thaj av uas, txawm tias txhua qhov kev hloov pauv, tseem nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Byzantine Empire.
Xyoo 679 Cov Neeg Bulgarians hla Danube thiab plundered Thrace; teb, Constantine IV nws tus kheej (652-685) tawm tsam lawv. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, lub tebchaws tau ua rog rau yuav luag xya caum-tsib xyoos, thawj zaug nrog Sassanian Iran, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog Caliphate, ob xyoos dhau los nws tau kos npe rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb rau peb caug xyoo nrog cov Arab, qhov no ua rau Basileus yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas lwm thaj chaw teeb meem. Constantine "xaj kom txhua tus poj niam raug thauj mus rau Thrace," lo lus nug tseem yog dab tsi yog lub ntsiab lus "fema" hauv qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb no: poj niam ua tub rog hauv nroog lossis fema yog kev sib cais ntawm lub hauv paus, thiab qhov thib ob lo lus nug yog seb cov tub rog no tsuas yog los ntawm Thrace lossis qhov no muaj tseeb txhua tus "poj niam", uas yog, los ntawm Asia.
Lub dav hlau ya mus rau Danube. Cov tub rog hla Danube, txawm nyob hauv thaj tsam Galati niaj hnub no (Romania). Cov Bulgarians, zoo li Slavs ib zaug, ntshai los ntawm lub zog ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, tau mus nkaum hauv swamps thiab qee qhov kev tiv thaiv. Cov neeg Loos siv sijhawm plaub hnub nyob rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm, tsis muaj cua daj cua dub rau cov yeeb ncuab, uas tam sim ntawd muab lub siab tawv rau cov nomads. Vasilevs, vim yog mob hnyav zuj zus, tawm mus rau cov dej hauv lub nroog Mesemvriya (Nessebar, Bulgaria tam sim no).
Tab sis kev zoo siab ntawm tub rog yog hloov pauv, thiab muaj feem ntau ua rau cov phiaj xwm ci ntsa iab thiab ua haujlwm tiav. Gripped los ntawm kev ntshai piav tsis tau, cov tub rog tau nthuav tawm cov lus xaiv tias basileus tau khiav tawm. Thiab dav dav dav pib, pom qhov no, Cov neeg caij nees Bulgarian pom lawv tus kheej hauv lawv lub hauv paus: lawv nrhiav thiab tua tus yeeb ncuab uas khiav tawm. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, txhua pawg ntawm Thrace poob, thiab tam sim no txoj kev hla Danube tau dawb. Lawv hla tus dej Danube, mus txog Varna thiab pom cov av zoo nkauj nyob ntawm no.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tsev kawm Slavic twb tau nyob hauv cov chaw no lawm. Feem ntau yuav yog, tom qab kev sib cav nrog Avars hauv 602, Ant pawg neeg, ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib koom tes ntawm "Xya Pab Pawg" (xya pab pawg) thiab cov neeg sab qaum teb tuaj rau peb, nyob ntawm no. Feem ntau yuav muaj, lwm pab pawg neeg uas lawv lub npe tsis tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov peev txheej.
Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm qhia tias kev sib hais haum ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub Hiav Txwv ntawm Bulgaria los ntawm Slavs tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 20 ntawm lub xyoo pua 7. Raws li ib txwm muaj rau Byzantine Empire, nws tau sim ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw tshiab, thiab tej zaum lawv tau los yog dhau los ua "koom haum" ntawm lub teb chaws, xws li. pab pawg pawg neeg.
Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau Byzantium, txij li thaum muaj xwm txheej ntawm kev ua tsov rog tsis tu ncua los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua thib 6. txoj kab nruab nrab ntawm phau ntawv teev npe stratiots thiab lwm pawg (piv txwv li, koomhaum koomhaum) raug tshem tawm thiab kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm rau kev ua tsov rog yog ntiav los ntawm ib pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg uas lav ris rau kev ua tub rog.
Yog li, cov Proto-Bulgarians lossis Bulgars tau xaus rau thaj av tshiab. Muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm yuav ua li cas txeeb thaj av uas cov neeg nyob hauv Slavic tau coj los: muaj kev thaj yeeb lossis los ntawm kev pom zoo (Zlatarsky V., Tsankova-Petkova G.), yam tsis muaj kev ua tub rog (Niederle L., Dvornik F.). Cov kws tshawb fawb nco txog qhov xwm txheej sib txawv ntawm Sclavinians uas poob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Bulgarians: nws ntseeg tias cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb tau cuam tshuam nrog lawv raws li kev cog lus, muaj lawv tus kheej cov thawj coj, qhov no yog li cas lawv cov archon Slavun (764/765) tau paub, txawm hais tias lawv tau hloov mus rau qhov chaw nyob tshiab, Thaum Thaum Slavs los ntawm "Xya Pab Pawg" yog cov ntsiab lus lossis muaj "kev cog lus" nrog Probolgars, rov sib cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv lo lus "pact" muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txawv. Raws li lwm qhov kev xav, cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb yog ib ntawm pab pawg ntawm "Xya Pab Pawg" koomhaum, uas nws lub npe tau khaws cia, thiab pawg neeg no tau rov los ntawm lwm pab pawg hauv pawg kom ua rau lawv tsis muaj zog (Litavrin G. G.)
Tab sis yog Theophanes Tus Xib Hwb siv lo lus "kov yeej" cuam tshuam nrog Slavs, tom qab ntawd yawg suab Nikifor "ua rau cov pab pawg Slavic nyob hauv ib puag ncig": cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov tsis ntseeg tias peb yog, ntawm chav kawm, tham txog kev ua phem. Sib ntaus ntawm no, Bulgarians kov yeej Slavs: kev koom ua ke ntawm xya pab pawg thiab sab qaum teb, tom qab ntawd, lawv ntes thaj av ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub mus rau Avaria, raws Danube. Litavrin GG, txawm hais tias nws tau txiav txim siab lub zog ntawm Proto-Bulgarians mos muag, sau tseg:
"Yuav luag ib puas xyoo, cov peev txheej tau hais ntsiag to txog kev ywj pheej ywj pheej ntawm Slavs hauv Bulgaria. Lawv, raws li cov tub rog ntawm Khan cov tub rog, tau koom nrog nws cov phiaj xwm, tsis txhob sim ua kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke nrog haiv neeg Slavs nyob sab nraum Bulgaria."
Yog tias cov neeg sawv cev ua ntej tau tawm tsam thaj tsam ntawm cov neeg nyob tsis tswm thiab tawm mus rau cov neeg ntxeev siab, lub sijhawm no lawv tau rov qab los ntawm tag nrho cov tib neeg ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov neeg nyob tsis tswm.
Asparukh lub horde yog thawj zaug, "tabor" theem ntawm nomadism. Nws nyuaj heev, thiab feem ntau yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem ua nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Danube qhov dej, qhov uas lawv tau nyob hauv 70s. VII xyoo pua, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem taug kev ywj pheej hauv cov xeev uas nyob hauv Moesia, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm pom qhov pom ntawm cov chaw nyob ruaj khov thiab thaj chaw faus neeg, tsuas yog nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 7th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 8, "tshwj xeeb, Novi Pazar faus av”(Pletneva SA).
Khan Asparukh, raws li yawg suab Nicephorus tau sau, rov ua dua txhua pab pawg Slavic mus rau Avar thiab Byzantine ciam teb. Lawv khaws qee qhov kev ywj pheej, txij li lawv tau ciam teb (Litavrin G. G.).
Thaum lub Yim Hli 681, Byzantium lees paub Bulgarian kev kov yeej hauv cov xeev Scythia thiab ob qho Moesia, thiab pib them se rau lawv. Nov yog qhov xeev tau tsim - Thawj Lub Tebchaws Bulgarian, uas tau tsim nyob hauv Balkans.
Nomadic "xeev" hauv Balkans
Qhov kev tsim nom tswv thaum ntxov no yog dab tsi?
Bulgarian lossis Proto-Bulgarian pab pawg neeg yog qhov tseem ceeb ua tub rog ntawm ib tus neeg lossis pab pawg hauv tebchaws. Lub khan tsis yog tsuas yog khan, tab sis yog "khan ntawm pab tub rog."
Tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tau muab faib ua "lawv tus kheej lub xeev", hauv Turkic "el", thiab cov uas xav tau kev puas tsuaj lossis ua qhev. Kev ua tub rog-kev tswj hwm tseem ceeb ua rau kev tswj hwm ntawm Proto-Bulgar Turks. Nco ntsoov tias Sclavinia tsis muaj li ntawd. Xws li tsoomfwv saib tsis taus yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim lub xeev tshiab, lossis hauv cov ntsiab lus kev tshawb fawb, koom nrog kev sib tham hauv chav ua yeeb yam ua ntej, uas, thaum nws poob mus rau qhov kev txaus siab ntawm Byzantine Empire, tam sim ntawd pib nkag mus. Tab sis nyob rau theem pib, txoj kev ntawm nomads yeej. Txawm hais tias nyob rau thawj lub sijhawm nyob ua ke, kev kov yeej Bulgarians thiab kov yeej Slavs nyob thiab tau tswj hwm los ntawm ib lub chaw, tshwj tsis yog qee qhov kev tswj hwm Sklavinia, kev qhuab qhia tub rog phem thiab koom haum hloov txoj kev ntawm Slavs.
Raws li nws lub tswv yim ntawm "xeev", khan tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg hauv qab los ntawm lawv lub taub hau, peb tsis paub leej twg nws yog ntawm cov Slavs hauv cheeb tsam, yog li nws tsis tsim nyog sib cav tias cov no tsuas yog cov thawj coj, "archons" cov. Muab qib ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm Slavic haiv neeg nyob rau lub sijhawm no, nws tseem tuaj yeem yog lub taub hau ntawm cov xeem (cov txwj laus, thiab lwm yam). Thiab nws tau nrog lub taub hau ntawm pab pawg neeg uas khan tau sib tham, qhov tseeb tias nws ua rau lawv tsis muaj kev ntseeg kiag li yog qhov tsis ntseeg, yog li, txawm hais tias hauv 811, Khan Krum "yuam" cov thawj coj ntawm Slavs haus dej los ntawm lub tais ua los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm basileus Nikifor I.
Nco ntsoov tias kev ntxub ntxaug rau lub sijhawm no tsis yog pawg tshuaj xyuas, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj hwm.
Cov xwm txheej nom tswv hauv Balkans hauv 7th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 9th
Hauv Balkans, hauv cov cheeb tsam uas nyob ib sab rau Constantinople, ob qho tib si Slavs, ua raws li cov Proto-Bulgarians, thiab kev ywj pheej dawb ntawm Macedonia thiab Greece yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Loos.
Thaum lub sijhawm tsis muaj kev hem thawj ntawm Arab, Byzantium tau niaj hnub tawm tsam lawv. Tab sis hauv cov xwm txheej thaum txheej txheem ntawm lub xeev ntawm Slavs qeeb, lawv tsis tuaj yeem muab qhov tsis txaus siab rau cov yeeb ncuab.
Xyoo 689, Justinian II Rinotmet (Noseless) (685-695; 705-711) tau pib ua tsov rog tawm tsam Proto-Bulgarians thiab Slavs, pom tseeb, Slavs tau nyob ze rau Constantinople, vim nws raug yuam kom nws txoj kev mus rau Thessallonica, ntawm txoj kev, pov tseg "cov pawg loj ntawm Slavs" thiab tawm tsam cov neeg Bulgarians, nws thauj ib feem ntawm cov neeg Slavs uas raug ntes nrog lawv tsev neeg mus rau Opsikiy Fema, mus rau Asia Minor, thiab nws tus kheej nyuam qhuav tsoo los ntawm cov neeg Bulgarians.
Tab sis tom qab poob hwj chim, nws raug yuam kom tig mus rau Tervel (701-721), tus ua tiav ntawm Asparukh, rau kev pab. Khan, kom nws tau txais txiaj ntsig, pab Justinian II rov qab los nws lub zwm txwv, uas nws tau txais cov tais diav muaj koob muaj npe thiab lub npe "Caesar", qhov thib ob tom qab tus huab tais hauv Byzantine hierarchy.
Tab sis Justinian II, vim nws tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev xav, tsis nco qab txog kev pab ntawm khan thiab tawm tsam nws ntawm kev sib tw. Nrog nws yog lub nkoj thiab Thracian cov tub rog. Cov tub rog tau nyob ze lub nroog Anhialo (Pomorie, Bulgaria). Proto-Bulgarians, tau ntsib thiab mob siab rau cov tub rog caij tsheb, tau ua kom zoo dua ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev hais kom meej meej ntawm ib feem ntawm huab tais, kev tsis saib xyuas ntawm cov tub rog Roman, "zoo li tsiaj … dheev tawm tsam Roman pab tsiaj" thiab ua kom yeej tus nees nees Cov tub rog Byzantine. Justinian tau khiav tawm ntawm kev txaj muag los ntawm lawv ntawm lub nkoj mus rau lub peev.
Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Justinian II, cov neeg Arab tau nyob ib puag ncig hauv 717-718. Constantinople, thaum lawv tsaws nyob sab Europe ib sab ntawm thaj chaw. Ua ntej, kev ua tiav ntawm lub nkoj thiab "zais cia" Greek hluav taws, tom qab ntawd daus, kab mob thiab lub fortress ntawm lub nroog phab ntsa thiab cov tub rog coj cov yeeb ncuab kom swb. Tervel, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev cog lus ntawm kev phooj ywg nrog Roman Empire, tau pab nws lub peev thaum lub sij hawm Arab siege, tua 22 txhiab Arabs, raws li Theophanes lub Byzantine. Thiab hauv tib lub xyoo, Proto-Bulgarians thiab Slavs los ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws tau koom nrog kev koom tes ntawm yav dhau los tus huab tais Anastasius II (713-715), uas nrog khan tau tawm tsam rau Constantinople, tab sis Proto-Bulgarians ntxeev siab rau nws, tau txais khoom plig tseem ceeb.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg Bulgarians (thiab Proto-Bulgarians thiab Slavs tam sim no hu los ntawm lub npe no) tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Byzantium (raug tua ntawm 753). Hauv lub tebchaws nws tus kheej, Slavization ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam tau tshwm sim, uas tau pib thaum lub sijhawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Avar Kaganate, piv txwv li, tom qab xwm txheej 746-747. Peloponnese tau dhau los ua Slavic tag nrho, Slavs daim duab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub tebchaws, piv txwv li, yawg suab ntawm Constantinople yog tus yawg Nikita.
Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, kev nyuaj siab pib ntawm Slavs uas tau nyob hauv lub tebchaws, lawv rov qab mus rau lwm thaj chaw.
Tus huab tais iconoclastic Constantine V (741-775), ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev so ntawm sab hnub tuaj, tam sim ntawd tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam hauv Europe, kov yeej Slavs hauv Macedonia thiab ntawm Greek ciam teb hauv 756. Cov no yog thaj av ntawm pab pawg ntawm Dragovites lossis Drugovites thiab Sagudats.
Xyoo 760, nws tau tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm tshiab, lossis tsis yog tua rau ntawm ciam teb Bulgarian, tab sis nyob hauv 28.7 km ntev Vyrbish roob hla cov neeg Bulgarians tau teeb tsa kev rau txim rau nws, feem ntau yuav yog, Slavs tau ntsib hauv qhov teeb meem no yog nws cov thawj coj ncaj ncees. Cov Byzantines tau swb, lub tswv yim ntawm Thrakisian fema tau ploj mus, cov neeg Bulgarians tau txais riam phom, thiab lawv pib ua pauj rau kev ua pauj. Qhov siab ntawm Byzantium tej zaum cuam tshuam nrog kev sib cav uas tau tshwm sim hauv Bulgaria. Hauv chav kawm ntawm nws, kev ua tiav nruab nrab yog nyob ntawm ib sab ntawm ib pawg neeg, tus sawv cev ntawm uas, Taurus, dhau los ua khan thaum muaj hnub nyoog 30. Cov Slavs, pom tseeb nws cov neeg sib tw, tau khiav mus rau huab tais. Nws, nyeg, teeb tsa los ntawm hiav txwv thiab thaj av tawm tsam Proto-Bulgarians. Taurus nyiam 20 txhiab tus phoojywg rau nws sab, feem ntau yuav yog cov Slavs, uas tsis ua raws li Proto-Bulgarians, tab sis yog Slavs ywj pheej, thiab nrog rau cov zog no nws tau pib sib ntaus sib tua tas hnub, yeej yog nyob ntawm cov Loos. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim rau Lub Rau Hli 30, 763, Vasileus ua kev zoo siab, thiab cov Proto-Bulgarians raug ntes tau raug tua.
Kev sib cav sib ceg hauv Bulgaria txuas ntxiv mus, thiab nws cov neeg raug tsim txom yog Taurus thiab nws tus thawj coj, uas lees tias swb, tab sis leej twg tuav lub zwm txwv Sabin (763-767), uas tau sim xaus qhov kev pom zoo nrog cov neeg Loos, raug liam tias ntxeev siab thiab khiav mus rau Vasilevs, Cov neeg Bulgarians tau xaiv tus khan tshiab - Pagan, thaum lub sijhawm nws tuaj txog rau kev sib tham txog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb hauv Constantinople cov Byzantines tau nyiag nyiag tus thawj coj ntawm sab qaum teb "Slavun, uas tau ua phem ntau hauv Thrace." Ua ke nrog nws, lawv ntes tus neeg thim txoj moo zoo thiab tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub sab, Christian, uas raug tua tuag. Txawm hais tias nws yog Slav lossis tsis yog, nws nyuaj hais, yog, tej zaum ib tus neeg uas nyuam qhuav lees txais Kev ntseeg yuav tsis yog neeg Greek, tab sis Theophanes lub Byzantine nyob ntsiag to txog nws haiv neeg. Bulgaria, raws li kev sib koom ua ke tsis muaj zog, maj mam poob rau hauv kev muaj hwj chim ntawm lub teb chaws: tej zaum muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm ob tog (xeem), cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Byzantium tau pab ntes nws cov neeg tawm tsam, lawv tau pab coj tsev neeg thiab cov txheeb ze ntawm Sabine mus rau hauv lub tebchaws.. Kev ntes ntawm archon ntawm lub yeeb koob pem hauv ntej tuaj yeem yog vim nws tsis muaj siab ntseeg rau khan thiab nws tig qhov muag tsis pom rau qhov xwm txheej no, kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub zog thiab ua lub luag haujlwm ywj pheej ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg Slavic yog tsuas yog hauv nws txhais tes.
Byzantium thiab Bulgaria tab tom sim ntes cov kev ywj pheej ywj pheej ntawm Balkans sab hnub tuaj; qhov kev txav no, raws li peb pom saum toj no, pib hauv Justinian II.
Xyoo 772, cov neeg Loos, tau sau cov tub rog loj, tawm tsam 12 txhiab tus neeg tiv thaiv, uas tau npaj yuav kov yeej pab pawg Slavic thiab rov qab los rau Bulgaria. Nrog rau kev tawm tsam tam sim ntawd, pab tub rog ntawm Constantine V tau kov yeej pab tub rog ntawm Bulgarian boilers thiab ntes nws, ua kom muaj yeej.
Xyoo 783, logofet Stavrakiy, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Vasilisa Irina, tau tawm tsam cov Slavs. Cov tub rog tau hais tawm tsam Slavs ntawm Greece thiab Macedonia, kom kov yeej Smolyans, Strimonians thiab Rinchians ntawm yav qab teb Macedonia thiab Sagudats, Vayunits thiab Velegesites hauv Greece thiab Peloponnese. "Tau dhau mus rau Thexalaunika thiab Hellas," sau Theophanes Tus lees txim, "nws swb txhua tus neeg thiab ua rau lawv cov ceg av qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Nws kuj tau nkag mus rau Peloponnese thiab xa mus rau lub tebchaws Loos ntau tus neeg raug kaw thiab nyiag khoom."
Ib feem ntawm Slavs, piv txwv li, hauv Peloponnese, tau ua haujlwm tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 10, cov no yog Milling thiab Ezerite pab pawg. Cov pab pawg Slavic, yav tas los tsis pub dawb thiab sau cov khoom plig los ntawm cov neeg Greek, tau muab khoom plig - "pact" hauv tus nqi ntawm 540 lub npe rau milling, 300 lub npe rau cov ezerites.
Tab sis kev kov yeej ntawm lwm pab pawg neeg tuaj yeem ua daim ntawv "pact", tej zaum tsuas yog nyob ntawm cov nqe lus ntawm kev them se thiab, feem ntau yuav, koom nrog kev ua phem thaum tswj hwm kev ywj pheej. Lub teb chaws faj tim teb chaws xav tau kev sib ntaus tshwj xeeb. Yog li, hauv 799, qee qhov "archon", lub taub hau ntawm pawg ciam teb thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Slavs ntawm Velzitia lossis Velegesitia - Velegesites (thaj av Thessaly thiab lub nroog Larissa), Akamir koom nrog hauv kev koom tes txhawm rau rhuav tshem Irina, yog li ntawd, nws tau sib koom ua ke nruj rau cov tub ceev xwm hauv qib siab, yog tias nws tuaj yeem ua qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb no.
Tab sis cov Slavs, uas tau nyob hauv Peloponnese ze lub nroog Patras, tau pib them se rau lub nroog loj hauv nroog, "lawv xa cov khoom siv no raws li, - sau Constantine Porphyrogenitus, - rau kev faib khoom thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm lawv cov zej zog", yog ie ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ywj pheej.
Tus huab tais tshiab, uas tuav lub zwm txwv los ntawm kev quab yuam, Nicephorus I Genik (802 - 811), ua raws li txoj cai ntawm "sib faib thiab kov yeej", tau ua qhov kev rov qab los ntawm ib feem ntawm cov tub rog femdom los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau thaj tsam ciam teb ntawm Slavs, thiab qhov no yog qhov ua rau muaj kev txav ntawm cov pab pawg Slavic, uas ua ntej qhov no tau txais khoom plig los ntawm cov nroog ib puag ncig thiab cov neeg nyob ib leeg, cov neeg Greek. Hauv 805 cov Slavs ntawm Peloponnese ntxeev siab.
Pom tseeb, txoj cai no tsis ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntawm Bulgarian lub nceeg vaj, hauv 792 Cov neeg Bulgarians tau kov yeej tus huab tais hluas Constantine VI, tus tub ntawm Irina, ntes tag nrho lub tsheb ciav hlau, thiab Khan Krum tshiab (802 - 814), tom qab kev hloov kho, txhawb nws lub zog … Hauv 806 Vasileus ua qhov kev sib tw tsis tiav hauv Bulgaria, xyoo 811 nws rov hais dua. Vasilevs plundered lub peev ntawm Pliska, txhua yam uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem nws tau rhuav tshem: nws tua ob tus menyuam thiab nyuj. Rau cov lus pom zoo ntawm Kev Thaj Yeeb Crum, nws tsis kam. Tom qab ntawd cov tub rog ntawm Krum, feem ntau yuav yog Slavs, tau txhim tsa ntoo tiv thaiv ntawm txoj kev ntawm cov neeg Loos, txhua tus nyob hauv tib Vyrbishsky hla. Ib pab tub rog loj tau raug tua thiab swb, tus huab tais raug txiav caj dab:
"Krum, tau txiav tawm ntawm Nicephorus lub taub hau, dai nws ntawm tus ncej rau ob peb hnub rau kev saib los ntawm pab pawg neeg uas tuaj rau nws thiab rau qhov ua rau peb txaj muag. Tom qab ntawd, noj nws, nthuav tawm cov pob txha thiab shackling nws nrog nyiaj los ntawm sab nraud, nws yuam, tsa nto, kom haus los ntawm nws cov archons ntawm Slavs."
Chiv Keeb ntawm lub xeev Slavic
Kev sib sau ua ke thiab sib pauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg kov yeej thiab kov yeej tuaj yeem pom nyob rau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm no yog kev ua phem thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "kev txom nyem rau qhov kov yeej" tau ua tiav.
Kev yeej ntawm Proto-Bulgarians tau muab txoj cai rau lawv yam tsis muaj kev tso cai pov tseg lub neej thiab kev tuag ntawm pawg neeg Slavic uas kov yeej, thiab qhov tseeb tias Slavs yeej tus lej tsis muaj teeb meem. Txwv tsis pub, pib los ntawm "kev sib raug zoo" thiab "kev nyob ua ke", nws nyuaj piav qhia txog kev ya dav hlau ntawm pab pawg Slavic ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Byzantium los ntawm Proto-Bulgarians: "hauv 761-763. mus txog 208 txhiab Slavs sab laug Bulgaria ".
Cov neeg ua tub rog nyob hauv tus neeg ntawm khan tau sau khoom plig, tau txav pab pawg Slavic mus rau ciam teb ntawm lawv cov khoom, siv kev kov yeej raws li kev ua haujlwm rau kev tsim kho kev tiv thaiv, tshwj xeeb, thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho lub nroog loj ntawm cov nomads. Yog li, ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev sib hais haum ntawm Pliska, lub caij ntuj no loj heev nrog thaj tsam ntawm 23 sq. km, qhov ntev ntawm tus ncej yog 21 km, muaj txoj kev caij ntuj no me me nyob ze, ob peb lwm txoj kev caij ntuj no nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Lesser Scythia.
Ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov nom tswv nomadic, yog "nce tus naj npawb ntawm lawv cov ncauj lus." "Txij li thaum tsim lub xeev Bulgarian," sau tseg G. G. Litavrin, - kev siv dag zog hauv nruab nrab yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev thim cov khoom seem ntawm cov zej zog dawb thiab cov neeg hauv nroog."
Thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tseeb tias cov neeg nyob deb nroog tseem ceeb suav nrog Slavs, qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev sau "pact" - khoom plig los ntawm lawv hauv kev nyiam ntawm pawg neeg kov yeej (V. Beshevliev, I. Chichurov).
Tau kawg, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev tsim qauv ntawm Proto-Bulgarians, tau kawg, nws tsis tas yuav hais txog ib lub xeev twg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog lub xeev feudal thaum ntxov, lawv sawv ntawm txoj kev mus rau lub xeev, nyob rau theem ntawm "kev ywj pheej tub rog", thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Qhov zoo ntawm Proto-Bulgarians, zoo li Avars hla Slavs, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thev naus laus zis (tub rog). Nov yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg sawv cev rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas sawv ntawm qib ib txwm muaj kev txhim kho, thiab nrog kev sib zog ntawm cov rog, cov koom haum pab pawg neeg steppe tseem tuaj yeem ntsuas lawv lub zog nrog cov neeg muaj kev txhim kho ntau ntxiv, xws li Byzantium.
Zoo li feem ntau ntawm "cov nomadic xeev", qhov tseem ceeb hauv Bulgaria yog txheej txheem ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog-horsemen hauv av, hauv cov xwm txheej thaum nws tsis tuaj yeem "camp" nomadism. Ntawm qhov one tes, nws, qhov tseem ceeb no, ntxiv dag zog rau cov qauv ntawm "nom tswv lub tebchaws", thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, tau pab txhawb kev ploj ntawm "tib neeg pab tub rog" ntawm cov neeg caij nees, uas yog tus yuam sij rau kev ua tiav ntawm nomadic "xeev". Thaum kawg, khan yog khan ntawm cov tub rog-neeg. Txog li ib puas - ib puas thiab tsib caug xyoo, kev tswj hwm ntawm Bulgar Turks lossis Protobolar yog qhov tseeb. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm, haiv neeg dualism tau tshwm sim kom txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th. (Sedov V. V.). Kev sib raug zoo tiag tiag tsuas yog pib los ntawm lub sijhawm uas twb tau hais tseg lawm Proto-Bulgarians tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov Slavs, uas muaj cov lej ua tau zoo tshaj. Raws li peb tau sau los saum no, kev nyob sib ze ntawm kev muaj zog Byzantine kev coj noj coj ua cuam tshuam rau kev tawg ntawm Bulgarian, Turkic zej zog, qhov chaw uas cov thawj coj ntawm pab pawg Proto-Bulgarian pib tau txais "lawv tus kheej nyiam" uas cuam tshuam qhov kev txaus siab ntawm "cov neeg tub rog" thaum lub sijhawm "kev tsov rog pej xeem" (VIII xyoo pua), zoo li ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg siab ncaj tau tuag, cov thawj coj Slavic pib thov lawv qhov chaw. Yog tias muaj xwm txheej txheej txheem ntawm kev daws cov neeg tseem ceeb tsis tau ua, vim yog thaj chaw tshwj xeeb (thaj chaw me me rau nomadism) thiab kev nom tswv, nyob ze rau lub ntiaj teb peev ntawm lub ntiaj teb - Constantinople, qhov no tau tshwm sim nrog Proto -Bulgarians. Yog li, kev hloov pauv ntawm nomadic "xeev" mus rau hauv lub xeev Slavic tau pib tom qab lub sijhawm hnyav, tsis pub tsawg dua 150 xyoo tom qab pib ua neej nyob hauv ib thaj chaw, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov txo tus nqi ntawm cov tub rog lub zog pab pawg neeg Proto-Bulgarian thiab muaj cov lej zoo tshaj ntawm pawg neeg Slavic.
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