Vim li cas T-34 poob rau PzKpfw III, tab sis yeej Tsov thiab Panthers? Kawm txog kev txheeb cais ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tsheb tiv thaiv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab USSR hauv Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, peb pom tias nws tsis yooj yim sua kom sib piv nws "lub taub hau", txij li lub tswv yim ntawm "tsis tuaj yeem rov qab poob" tau nkag siab los ntawm ob pab tub rog liab thiab Wehrmacht hauv ntau txoj kev. Tab sis qhov teeb meem tsis yog tsuas yog qhov no - hauv kab lus yav dhau los tus sau tau qhia lwm qhov laj thawj uas qhov tsis tuaj yeem kho tau ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsheb tsis tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas ntsuas kev tawm tsam ntawm ob tog.
Qhov tseeb yog xyoo 1943, Soviet lub tsheb tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom tua tus kheej tau txais kev puas tsuaj loj, tsis suav nrog kev kho cov tsheb tiv thaiv puas hauv 1, 5-2, thiab muaj peev xwm ntau zaus ntau dua li lawv cov neeg sib tw German. Raws li kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm German poob ntawm Kursk Bulge qhia, lawv qib ntawm qhov tsis tuaj yeem kho tau yog 20, qhov siab tshaj ntawm 30% ntawm tag nrho cov kev poob ntawm cov tsheb tiv thaiv, thiab rau Soviet lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov phom tua tus kheej nws tau mus txog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 44%, tab sis tuaj yeem siab dua. Qhov no txhais li cas? Nyuaj hais lus, txhawm rau cov neeg German thaum kawg rhuav tshem 40 lub tank Soviet, lawv yuav tsum tshem tawm 100 lub tsheb sib ntaus hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis txhawm rau kom peb cov tub rog tshem tawm tsis tau 40 lub tank German, lawv yuav tsum tsoo 150-200 lossis ntxiv
Vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim?
Thawj qhov laj thawj yog yooj yim heev
Cov neeg German nyob rau xyoo 1943 txuas rau qhov tseem ceeb rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab uas tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv. Ntawd yog, nws tsis txaus rau lawv los tsoo lub tank Soviet - lawv tseem xav tau kom ntseeg tau tias nws tau txais kev puas tsuaj uas tsis sib xws nrog kev ua rog ntxiv. Yog tias lawv ua xyem xyav tias cov cuab yeej tau txais kev puas tsuaj li no, cov neeg tsav nkoj lossis cov neeg tsav nkoj tau cuam tshuam nws. Cov dej num no ntawm cov neeg German tau muab tso rau hauv kwj. Peb, txawm hais tias lawv tau ua zoo ib yam, tab sis muaj kev xav tsis tu ncua tias lawv tsis tau ua haujlwm zoo li cov neeg German tau thim qhov yav tas los uas tau tsoo tawm ntawm cov tsheb tiv thaiv German. Txawm li cas los xij, tus sau tsis muaj cov lej tseeb ntawm qhov teeb meem no.
Qhov laj thawj thib ob, nws tseem yog lub ntsiab
Nws suav nrog (tam sim no koj yuav luag) hauv qhov tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm German tso tsheb hlau luam. Yog, koj tau hnov txoj cai: nws zoo li nws yog qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog uas txo qis qib uas tsis tuaj yeem rov qab tau ntawm German cov tsheb tiv thaiv!
Yuav ua li cas? Nws yooj yim heev. Hauv kab lus yav dhau los, peb tau tshuaj xyuas kom ntxaws ntxaws txog kev hloov pauv ntawm German kev tiv thaiv lub tank phom loj hauv xyoo 1942. Ntsib nrog Soviet T-34 thiab KV tso tsheb hlau luam, cov neeg German raug yuam kom ua kom lawv cov rog sib ntaus sib tua nrog tshwj xeeb 75-mm tiv thaiv phom phom, rub (Pak 40), sai li sai tau. Tab sis txawm tias qhov no tsis txaus rau lawv. Muaj rab phom tua tus kheej hauv Wehrmacht, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas yog txhawb nqa cov tub rog nyob hauv tsev thiab tau ua tub rog nrog rab phom luv luv-75-mm (StuG), uas tsis tsim nyog rau kev tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv cov tsheb-lawv tau rov tsim dua tshiab. rau rab phom ntev 75-mm, yog li ntxiv cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank ib txwm muaj peev xwm. Ib qho ntxiv, cov tso tsheb hlau luam German tshiab kuj tau txais cov phom 75mm zoo ib yam.
Thiab yog tias thaum xyoo 1942 cov neeg German yuav tsum tau siv txhua yam ersatz, xws li kev siv Fabkis txoj 75-hli loj heev siv rab phom thiab (hauv ntau qhov ntau me dua) hauv F-22, uas tseem tsis tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau siv phom tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb, tom qab ntawd thoob plaws xyoo 1943, qhov tsis muaj peev xwm no tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho. Yog tias xyoo 1942, Wehrmacht thiab SS units tau txais 2,144 units. Pak 40 thiab 2 854 Cov phom Fab Kis tau teeb tsa ntawm lub phom German thiab nqa lub npe Pak 97/40, tom qab ntawd xyoo 1943 tus naj npawb ntawm Pak 40 tau hloov mus rau pab tub rog mus txog 8 740 chav nyob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm cov calibers me tau raug txwv nyob rau xyoo 1943 - yog xyoo 1942 4,480 units tau tsim. zoo heev-barreled 50-mm Pak 38, tom qab ntawd xyoo 1943 lawv tau tsim tsuas yog 2 626 chav nyob, thiab thaum ntawd lawv cov khoom raug tso tseg kiag li. Kuj tseem tsis tau siv cov khoom siv loj.
Yog li ntawd, feem ntau, peb tuaj yeem hais tias xyoo 1943 Kev tiv thaiv German tiv thaiv lub tank tau tsim los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb thiab muaj zog heev 75-mm rab phom loj, muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo tua peb T-34 thiab KV. Tab sis qhov no, tau kawg, tsis yog txhua yam.
Xyoo 1943, kev siv loj heev ntawm German tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm hom tshiab tau pib: peb tab tom tham, ntawm chav kawm, txog "khoom" TV V "Panther" thiab T-VI "Tiger". Kuv yuav tsum hais tias ua ntej lub sijhawm ntawd, ob tus Tub Rog Liab thiab Wehrmacht muaj riam phom kawg uas muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem rhuav tshem yuav luag txhua lub tank yeeb ncuab ntawm qhov ncaj qha tua, thiab txawm tias dhau mus. Yog lawm, peb tab tom tham txog tus neeg nto npe German 88-mm thiab qee yam tsis tshua muaj npe, tab sis kuj tseem muaj zog heev hauv tsev 85-mm tiv thaiv phom phom.
Ob qho tib si thiab lwm tus muaj qib txaus ntawm kev nkag mus rau tej cuab yeej thiab lub zog loj los tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv cov tsheb, tab sis muaj qee yam tseem ceeb txwv lawv txoj kev siv. Ua ntej, cov no yog rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, uas xav tau los tiv thaiv cov dav hlau ya dav hlau, thiab hloov lawv los rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam txhais tau tias ua rau huab cua tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv-thiab qhov no nyob deb ntawm qhov ib txwm txais tau. Qhov thib ob, cov riam phom no tau kim heev los tsim cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub tank raws li lawv, thiab tsis tas yuav muaj qhov no, vim tias txawm tias lub tsheb loj uas muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv Soviet tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov phom loj ntawm lub zog me dua. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom nkag siab tias txawm tias lub zog tsim khoom ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tsis tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev tsim khoom ntawm 88-mm "akht-koma-aht" hauv tag nrho npog qhov xav tau ntawm kev tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm pab tub rog thiab lub tebchaws. Qhov thib peb, qhov xav tau rau kev tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab phom tiv thaiv lub tank yog qhov sib txawv hauv ntau qhov kev hwm. Yog li, piv txwv li, rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank yuav tsum ua kom qis thiab tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntau li ntau tau. Thiab, txij li nws qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb tsis pub ntau tshaj ntawm qhov kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha, qhov siab nce siab ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank tsis xav tau, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm rab phom phom me. Nrog rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, qhov tsis sib xws yog qhov tseeb: lub kaum sab xis nce yuav tsum yog 90 degrees, uas yog vim li cas thiaj xav tau lub tsheb loj. Ib qho ntxiv, rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau yuav tsum tau muaj hluav taws ncig, thiab nws yuav tsum tig nrawm nrawm, rub lub qhov qhib tawm hauv av thiab siv rab phom loj thaum tua ntawm cov dav hlau dav hlau ib zaug. Txog rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank, cov txuj ci zoo li no, feem ntau, yuav tsis yog qhov ua tau zoo, tab sis nws tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Tab sis rau rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, qhov ntev thiab qhov hnyav yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, txij li thaum sib ntaus sib tua nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem yob nws ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis rau rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau no yog qhov tsis tsim nyog kiag li, thiab lwm yam.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, tau kawg, sawv cev rau qhov tsim nyog, tab sis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv riam phom tiv thaiv lub tank. Ib zaug ntawm qhov chaw raug ntawm lub sijhawm, rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tuaj yeem nres yuav luag ntau cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam raws li muaj cov phom nyob hauv lawv cov mos txwv, tab sis tib lub sijhawm, tom qab pom lawv txoj haujlwm, lawv dhau los ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev rau cov yeeb ncuab phom loj, thiab vim lawv qhov loj thiab loj, lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv txoj haujlwm sai.
Nkag siab qhov ua tsis tau zoo ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau 88-mm uas yog txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv dav hlau, cov neeg German tau sim daws qhov teeb meem no. Yooj yim muab, lawv tso qhov no, hauv txhua qhov kev hwm, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov phom loj ntawm txoj kab, tiv thaiv los ntawm txhua sab los ntawm 100 hli cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, uas tau muab nws nrog ob qho tib si tsim nyog txav mus los thiab yuav luag qhov kawg tiv thaiv tiv thaiv teb thiab tiv thaiv lub tank phom loj.
Yog li, qhov tseeb, T-VI "Tsov" lub tank tau muab tawm, uas, nrog rau txhua qhov nws muaj qhov tsis txaus thiab hauv cov xwm txheej ntawd thaum nws tseem tuaj yeem xa nws mus rau hauv tshav rog raws sijhawm, yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv lub tank riam phom hauv tsib feeb. Hauv tag nrho, cov neeg German tsim 643 ntawm cov tshuab no hauv xyoo 1943. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog txhua qhov-xyoo 1943, tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv lub tank rub 88-mm Pak 43 thiab Pak 43/41 rab phom pib nkag mus rau pab tub rog, uas txawv ntawm Pak 43 los ntawm kev siv cov phom phom qub los ntawm rab phom 105-mm.
Ua kom zoo tshaj plaws "tua cov tso tsheb hlau luam", "Tsov", vim nws qhov loj loj, kev siv roj ntau thiab lwm yam yam ntxwv ua haujlwm, yog qhov tsis tsim nyog siv los ua lub tsheb loj sib ntaus rau kev sib cais tank. Hauv lub luag haujlwm no, cov neeg German npaj siab siv T-V "Panther", uas yog kev muaj tswv yim rov xav txog cov tswv yim uas tau sau hauv T-34. Peb yuav txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm qhov kev xav tau zoo ntawm German kev lag luam tso tsheb hlau luam tom qab, tab sis tam sim no peb yuav tsom mus rau nws cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb: rab phom 75-mm KwK 42.
Ua ntej nws lub ntsej muag, 75-mm KwK 40 nrog lub thoob ntev ntawm 43 thiab 48 calibers tau raug teeb tsa loj ntawm German cov tsheb tiv thaiv. Qhov nrawm ntawm rab phom loj tiv thaiv cov phom loj ntawm cov phom no yog 770 thiab 792 m / s, feem, uas txaus txaus rau kev ntseeg siab T-34 txawm tias nyob hauv qhov kev npaj ua ntej ntawm qhov deb txog li 1000 m, txawm li cas los xij, lub hauv ntej ntawm lub hull tuaj yeem nkag mus tau yooj yim tsuas yog 500, tej zaum 700 m. nws caliber armor-tho projectile. Yog lawm, T-34 cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsis tau tiv thaiv qhov kev tawm tsam no tag nrho, thiab ntawm qhov kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha, lub tank Soviet tau ua nws txoj hauv kev mus rau ib qho kev kwv yees: ib tus tuaj yeem suav tau tsuas yog muaj peev xwm ua tau, tsuas yog ua tau zoo heev (rau T-34) qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim.
Thiab qhov "txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha" cuam tshuam nrog nws li cas?
Tej zaum tus nyeem ntawv uas twb tau xav tsis thoob yog vim li cas tus sau ntawm tsab xov xwm no tas li siv kab lus "ncaj qha tua ntau yam". Qhov tseeb yog tias muaj ntau tus kiv cua ntawm keeb kwm kev ua tub rog ntsuas thaj tsam ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv lub tank tsuas yog los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov cuab yeej nkag mus rau ntawm cov phom ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsheb koom nrog nws. Qhov ntawd yog, piv txwv li, yog tias cov cuab yeej ua tub rog nkag mus rau KwK 42 tau ntau npaum li 89 hli ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov deb ntawm 2 km, tom qab ntawd Panther tuaj yeem rhuav tshem T-34 tau yooj yim ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1.5-2 km. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj hauv kev no ib leeg dhau ib leeg, vim nws tsis suav nrog qhov muaj peev xwm pom pom cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tsheb tiv thaiv lub sijhawm ntawd. Thiab nws tsis tau muab kev cia siab rau yeej ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm qhov zoo nyob deb.
Dab tsi yog qhov hluav taws kub ncaj qha? Qhov no yog qhov pom tau zoo tshaj plaws, thaum tua nyob qhov twg qhov nruab nrab txoj kev taug tsis nce siab dua qhov siab ntawm lub hom phiaj.
Ntawd yog, nrog rau kev tua, txhawm rau txhawm rau lub hom phiaj, koj yuav tsum tau tsom ncaj qha rau ntawm lub tank, ntawm lub nkoj lossis lub pej thuam, nyob ntawm qhov ntau, tab sis lub ntsiab lus yog, tsom mus rau lub tsheb yeeb ncuab, cov tub rog loj yuav tsoo nws. Tab sis rau kev tua ntawm qhov deb tshaj li qhov kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha, nws yuav tsum tau daws qhov teeb meem geometric zoo ib yam uas tau suav los ntawm cov tub rog siv phom loj: txiav txim siab qhov ntau thiab qhov ntsuas ntawm lub hom phiaj txav mus, suav qhov tsim nyog kho, vim tias txawm tias nrawm dua ntawm 20 km / ha lub tank ib pliag kov yeej 5, 5 m, thiab lwm yam. Txhua yam no nyuaj thiab txo qhov ua rau muaj lub hom phiaj nrawm, thaum cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam, txawm tias raug ntes los ntawm kev xav tsis thoob, yuav ib txwm sim tawm ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, yog li phom tiv thaiv lub tank lossis lub tank yuav nthuav tawm nws txoj haujlwm tsis muaj qab hau.. Yog li, qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tiag tiag thaum lub sij hawm Great Patriotic War tau qis dua li cov cuab yeej ua rog nkag ntawm German tso tsheb hlau luam. Ua piv txwv, xav txog lub rooj uas tau muab los ntawm A. Shirokorad "Tus Vajtswv ntawm Tsov Rog ntawm Peb Reich", mob siab rau, raws li koj yuav yooj yim kwv yees, rau German cov phom loj ntawm lub sijhawm sib xws. Lub rooj tau suav sau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm 735 lub tank tso tseg thiab rab phom tua tus kheej: cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntawv ceeb toom raug coj mus, feem ntau kev ntsuas raug coj los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsheb puas mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm German tso tsheb hlau luam lossis cov phom loj tiv thaiv lub tank.
Cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no tsis txaus ntseeg ua pov thawj tias feem ntau, 75-mm German phom sib tua ntawm 400-600 m (33, 5% ntawm cov neeg mob), thiab 88-mm-600-800 m (31, 2%). Tib lub sijhawm, rab phom 75-mm tsoo 69.6% ntawm lawv lub hom phiaj ntawm kev deb ntawm 100 txog 600 m thiab 84.1% los ntawm 100 txog 800 m, thiab rab phom 88-mm-67.2% ntawm qhov deb ntawm 100 txog 800 m thiab 80, 7 % - ntawm qhov deb ntawm 100 txog 1000 m.
Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov tseeb tias qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tiag tiag tau qis dua li cov uas, hauv kev xav, ua kom lub cuab yeej nkag mus rau rab phom, feem ntau tsis nco qab, thiab qhov no ua rau cov lus xaus tsis raug. Ib qho piv txwv yooj yim: raws li peb tau hais ua ntej, 75-mm T-IVН rab phom tau nkag mus rau pem hauv ntej cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm T-34, tshwj tsis yog ntawm sab xub ntiag ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1,000, thiab raws li qee qhov lus ceeb toom, txawm tias 1,200 m, thiab sab xub ntiag tuaj yeem nkag los ntawm 500 meters -700. Lub tank Soviet, txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem nkag mus rau pem hauv ntej cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm tus pej thuam nrog cov cuab yeej muaj zog tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm qhov deb ntawm kwv yees li 1000 m, tab sis 80 hli ntawm lub hauv ntej ntawm qhov ntawm lub hull tsuas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov phom loj thiab los ntawm qhov deb tsis tshaj 500 m lossis tsawg dua.
Nws zoo li qhov no muab lub tank German ua lag luam kom zoo dua thaum muaj kev sib tw ntawm lub taub hau-rau-lub taub hau. Tab sis yog tias peb xav tias yog los ntawm cov txheeb cais uas tau hais los saum toj no uas yuav luag 70% ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 600 m, thiab hauv 36, 1% ntawm cov xwm txheej, tso tsheb sib ntaus sib tua ntawm qhov deb tsis tshaj 400 m, tom qab ntawd peb nkag siab tias nyob rau hauv xws li, feem ntau, qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo rau T-34, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lub tank German tsis zoo li qhov zoo li nws yuav zoo li raws li cov cuab yeej nkag nkag. Thiab tseem, nws dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas qhov siab ntawm lub tank, vim tias lub tank siab dua, qhov kev nrug deb ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha rau nws: tib yam Asmeskas "Shermans" German cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank tuaj yeem tsoo los ntawm qhov deb dua ua T-34.
Puas yog txhua qhov saum toj no txhais tau tias cov kws tsim qauv German tau ua txhaum hauv lawv lub siab xav muab Panzerwaffe nrog rab phom 75-88-mm haib heev? Yog, nws yeej tsis tshwm sim. Ua ntej tshaj, riam phom muaj zog dua muaj lub ntsej muag zoo ntawm lub dav hlau mos txwv, uas txhais tau tias yog lub sijhawm tua ncaj qha ntau dua li tsis muaj zog dua. Thiab qhov thib ob, ntawm qhov kev sib nrug me me-txog 600 m rau rab phom 75-mm thiab mus txog 1,000 m rau rab phom 88-mm, cov tshuab siv phom loj nrog qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev sib tsoo ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo li T-34 thiab qhov tawg ntawm lub foob pob ua ntxaij foob pob hluav taws hauv qhov chaw tiv thaiv riam phom.
Cov lus xaus luv luv ntawm PTO ntawm Wehrmacht xyoo 1943
Yog li, cia li piav qhia luv luv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm German tiv thaiv lub tank tiv thaiv thiab phom phom hauv xyoo 1943. Cov tub rog German rov nruab nrog ntev-barreled 75-88-mm phom tiv thaiv lub tank, thiab qhov no txhawj xeeb ob lub phom loj thiab tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom tua tus kheej, thaum tseem txuas ntxiv siv phom tiv thaiv lub tank 88-hli tiv thaiv dav hlau "akht-koma-aht". Qhov tshwm sim tsis ntev tuaj. Yog tias ua ntej lub Cuaj Hlis 1942, 75-mm rab phom loj suav txog tsuas yog 10.1% ntawm txhua qhov kev puas tsuaj rau Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam, thiab rau 88-mm phom cov duab no tau ploj mus me me 3.4%, thiab ntau dua 60% ntawm txhua qhov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm 50- hli phom, tom qab ntawd hauv Stalingrad kev ua haujlwm feem pua ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm 75-mm thiab 88-mm phom twb yog 12, 1 thiab 7, 8%, feem. Tab sis hauv kev tawm tsam Oryol, 40.5% ntawm txhua qhov kev puas tsuaj tau ua los ntawm rab phom 75-mm, thiab lwm 26% los ntawm 88-mm caliber, uas yog, sib sau ua ke, cov phom loj ntawm cov ntsuas no tau muab 66.5% ntawm kev poob ntawm Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam!
Hauv lwm lo lus, xyoo 1942 thiab yav dhau los, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub tank hauv Wehrmacht yog rab phom nrog lub peev xwm 50 mm lossis tsawg dua, thiab xyoo 1943-75-88 mm. Raws li, tus naj npawb ntawm dhau qhov nyob hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam tau nce: kom txog rau thaum lub Cuaj Hli 1942, qhov sib faib ntawm cov qhov yog 46% ntawm lawv tus lej tag nrho (sib nrug los ntawm qhov qhov, kuj muaj qhov dig muag qhov), hauv Stalingrad ua haujlwm lawv suav txog 55% ntawm txhua qhov kev swb, thiab hauv Oryol kev ua phem ua phem mus txog 88%!
Thiab yog li nws tau tshwm sim uas xyoo 1943, peb lub tank pom tseeb tau ntsib kev nce ntxiv hauv qhov tsis tuaj yeem kho tsis tau, vim tias feem ntau ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tsoo tau muab los ntawm 75-88-mm zoo li uas tau hle lub tsho tiv thaiv ntawm T-34 thiab KV thiab tawg hauv armored qhov chaw. Kev tawg ntawm qhov projectile hauv cov mos txwv thauj khoom lossis hauv cov roj tsheb tau lees paub qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm peb caug-plaub, tsis muaj lub sijhawm me ntsis ntawm nws rov zoo: kev tawg ntawm cov mos txwv thauj khoom puas lub tsheb tag, thiab hlawv tsheb hauv 87-89% ntawm cov neeg mob tsis tuaj yeem rov qab tau. Tab sis txawm hais tias tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li qhov no tshwm sim, tseem hnyav hnyav German lub plhaub tuaj yeem ua kom puas lub tank hauv tsev - thiab, alas, nws tau ua nws.
Thiab ua li cas txog peb VET?
Nws, alas, tig mus rau "ua tsis ncaj" los ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm German tso tsheb hlau luam. Hauv cov xwm txheej thaum tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntau ntawm German "triplets" thiab "plaub" txawm tias xyoo 1942 tsis tshaj 30-50 mm, txawm tias nto moo "plaub caug tsib"-45-mm anti-tank gun mod. Xyoo 1937 nrog lub thoob ntev ntawm 46 calibers.
Txawm li cas los xij, 40-50 mm ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv twb tau nthuav tawm qee qhov teeb meem rau nws, yog li xyoo 1942 tau txhim kho tus qauv ntawm "plaub caug tsib" nrog lub chim ntev ntawm 68.6 calibers tau tsim-peb tab tom tham txog M-42.
Qhov kev siv phom loj no tau nrawm dua cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv phom loj uas hnyav txog 1, 43 kg rau qhov nrawm ntawm 870 m / s, uas yog 110 m / s ntau dua li qhov tuaj txog. Xyoo 1937 Hais txog nws lub peev xwm kev sib ntaus, M-42 tau ze txaus rau lub peev xwm ntawm German 50-mm Pak 38 (yog tias koj tsis suav nrog qhov zoo ntawm lub plhaub), tab sis muaj qhov txawv-M- 42 mus rau hauv kev tsim khoom xyoo 1943, uas yog, thaum ntawd thaum Pak 38 tau txiav.
Feem ntau, ntawm chav kawm, M-42 yog qhov phom sij tiv thaiv lub tank vim nws qhov hnyav thiab qhov loj me, tus nqi qis ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, vim qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm German T- III thiab T-IV tso tsheb hlau luam, uas feem ntau tsis tshaj 30 hli. Nws yog qhov yooj yim los nkaum M-42, tso cov roj teeb kom lawv tau npog ib leeg nrog kev sib tua, kom cov neeg German tsis muaj txoj hauv kev sawv ntawm lawv txhua tus. Tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias peb muaj ntau rab phom no hauv xyoo 1943 - tag nrho, 4,151 chav ntawm lawv raug rho tawm xyoo no.
Qhov phom phom tiv thaiv zoo tshaj yog rab phom 57 mm. 1941 ZiS-2, tua 3, 19 kg caliber puag ncig nrog qhov pib ceev ntawm 990 m / s.
Cov mos txwv zoo li no tuaj yeem tsoo 80-mm T-IVH cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv daim hlau taub hau-ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 500 m, ZiS-2 tuaj yeem tiv taus txawm tias Tsov tso tsheb hlau luam. Tab sis qhov khoom tsim tawm tiag tiag ntawm ZiS -2 hauv xyoo ua tsov rog yeej tsis tau tsim - nyob rau xyoo 1941, tsuas yog tsim 141 rab phom, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv raug tshem tawm ntawm kev tsim khoom mus txog rau xyoo 1943. Tab sis xyoo 1943, tsuas yog 1,855 leej raug xa mus rau cov tub rog. riam phom: Kuv yuav tsum hais tias ZiS-2 tau lig lig rau Kursk Bulge, txij li ntawm txhua pab tub rog uas Red Army tau tswj hwm mloog zoo rau ntawd, tsuas yog 4 tus tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank tau ua rog nrog lawv.
Yog li, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv lub tank txuas ntxiv los ntawm "tus neeg ua haujlwm" 76, 2-mm ZiS-3, kev tsim khoom uas xyoo 1943 muaj ntau npaum li 13,924 units.
Tab sis rau tag nrho nws cov txiaj ntsig tsis txaus ntseeg, qhov kev siv phom loj yog tsis txhais tau tias yog riam phom tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv lub tank. ZiS-3 tau tshaj tawm thawj zaug ntawm tsuas yog 655 m / s rau nws lub peev xwm tiv thaiv phom loj, uas ntau dua lossis tsawg txaus rau feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv tub rog German xyoo 1942, tab sis rau xyoo 1943 nws tsis zoo lawm.
Thiab dab tsi ntxiv? Tau kawg, muaj qhov zoo tshaj 85-mm rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 52-K, muaj peev xwm ntseeg tau los tsoo lub tank German ntawm kev tua ncaj qha, tab sis cov phom no tsawg tsawg-ntau xyoo ntawm kev tsim khoom, txij xyoo 1939 txog 1945, lawv tau tsim 14 422 chav nyob, thiab hauv peb qhov kev tiv thaiv huab cua yog qhov xav tau ntawm lawv.
Raws li rau cov tsheb tiv thaiv hauv tsev, feem ntau ntawm Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam tsim xyoo 1943 tau ua tub rog nrog 45-hli lossis 76, 2-mm F-34 rab phom, thiab tom kawg, hais txog nws lub peev xwm tiv thaiv lub tank, kwv yees li sib npaug rau ZiS- 3 Raws li rau cov phom tua tus kheej, feem ntau ntawm lawv yog lub teeb SU-76s, txhua yam zoo ib yam 76, rab phom loj 2-mm, thiab SU-122, uas yog riam phom nrog 122-mm luv-barreled howitzer nrog 22.7 caliber chim ntev.
Los ntawm txoj kev, kev cia siab siab tau txuas rau qhov kawg ntawm qhov hais txog kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv lub tank, txij li nws tau xav tias lawv cov phom ntau yuav dhau los ua riam phom zoo heev. Cov plhaub tau dhau los ua qhov txaus ntshai, tab sis nrawm heev nws tau pom meej tias vim yog "cug" ballistic ntawm 122-mm howitzer nws nyuaj heev kom nkag mus rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab tank los ntawm nws. Tshwj xeeb cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank tso tawm, thawj tso tsheb hlau luam nrog rab phom 85-mm, peb cov tsheb thauj khoom pib tau txais tsuas yog thaum Lub Yim Hli 1943, lawv yooj yim tsis muaj sijhawm los cuam tshuam qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib tw xyoo no. Yog lawm, yog tias koj saib lub sijhawm tso tawm, nws zoo li yuav mus zoo: txij lub Yim Hli mus txog Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1943, 756 SU-85s tau tsim.
Tab sis cov txheej txheem tshiab tsis tshwm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tam sim tom qab kawm tiav - nws yuav tsum mus rau pab tub rog, cov - kom kawm paub siv nws li cas, thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, German "Panthers", txawm hais tias tsim los ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 1943, tau mus ua rog tsuas yog nyob ze Kursk, thaum Lub Xya Hli. Thiab tib yam siv rau qhov tsuas yog "tus yeeb ncuab" muaj peev xwm tiv taus Wehrmacht tso tsheb hlau luam tshiab xyoo 1943 - SU -152. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis-Lub Rau Hli 1943, 290 chav ntawm cov phom tua tus kheej tau tsim, tab sis tsuas yog 24 ntawm cov tsheb no tsoo rau Kursk Bulge. Thiab tag nrho, 668 chav nyob tau tsim rau kev ua tub rog ntawm peb cov tub rog xyoo 1943. SU-152 thiab 35 chav ntxiv. TSO-152.
Hauv qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias "lub peev xwm tsoo tus yeeb ncuab lub tank" yog ib yam, thiab "kev tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv lub tank" yog qhov sib txawv me ntsis. Yog lawm, SU-152 muaj lub zog loj heev 152-mm howitzer-gun ML-20S, uas nws cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv rab phom muaj qhov nrawm ntawm 600 m / s nrog qhov hnyav ntawm 46, 5-48, 8 kg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov hnyav ntawm qhov projectile thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev thauj khoom sib xyaw ua rau cov kab ke no tsis nrawm rau kev sib ntaus sib tua tank - tsuas yog 1-2 rds / min. Yog li ntawd, peb tuaj yeem hais tias SU-152, txawm hais tias nws muaj ntau yam kev paub ntau dua piv rau Wehrmacht rab phom nws tus kheej, uas tau txais rab phom 88-mm, vim nws tau ua haujlwm zoo dua li lawv nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tsis zoo rau lawv. Nws yog "tank destroyer".
Hauv lwm lo lus, Cov Tub Rog Liab, tsis zoo li Wehrmacht, tau lig rau kev siv phom tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm lub zog siab, thiab qhov no tau tshwm sim vim qhov tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej siv German, vim tsis muaj qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb rau lawv txog xyoo 1943. Alas, thaum qhov kev xav tau no tau ua tiav, kev tshem riam phom tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav ib zaug. Thiab qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov no yog tias xyoo 1943 lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam cov tsheb tiv thaiv cov tub rog tiv thaiv tau poob rau qhov qub thiab niaj hnub "plaub caug tsib", thiab ntawm rab phom phom loj ntawm 76, 2-mm F-34 thiab ZiS-3. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, peb cov phom, ntxiv rau, muaj teeb meem nrog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv phom, vim qhov ntawd, rau 76, 2-mm cov phom loj tshuab, kev lag luam raug yuam kom hloov mus rau kev tsim cov hlau khoob 53- BR-350SP, uas, txawm hais tias lawv tau siv cov cuab yeej nkag mus tau zoo, tab sis tsis nqa cov khoom tawg.
Ntawd yog, nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum German cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub tank muab kev ua txhaum ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab tawg ntawm lub plhaub nrog qhov ntsuas ntawm 75-mm lossis ntau dua hauv lub tank hauv tsev, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub tank tiv thaiv nrog 45-hli projectile, muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau 25-30 hli ntawm ob sab ntawm "triplets" thiab "fours" thiab ua rau lawv tsis ua haujlwm, tab sis tib lub sijhawm muaj qhov tshwj tseg me me, lossis 76, 2-mm monolithic blanks lossis sub-caliber projectiles, nws cov cuab yeej siv phom kuj tseem qis. Cov mos txwv zoo li no, tseem tuaj yeem tso tus yeeb ncuab lub tank tawm ntawm kev nqis tes ua, tab sis lawv, nrog rau qhov tsis tshua muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, tau rhuav tshem qee yam ntawm nws cov khoom sib dhos thiab sib dhos, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem ua kom puas lub tank lossis phom tua tus kheej.
Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau qib siab uas tsis tuaj yeem kho tau ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov phom tua tus kheej ntawm USSR xyoo 1943 tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm German tso tsheb hlau luam yog qhov tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv lub tank muaj peev xwm tig cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam mus rau hauv pawg ntawm seem hlau nrog 1-2 hits. Qhov txawv txaus, Soviet tiv thaiv lub tank tiv thaiv kab ke, txawm tias nyob hauv cov xwm txheej no, tau ua tiav zoo nrog nws lub luag haujlwm, nws tsoo tsoo cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov phom tua tus kheej-tab sis qhov teeb meem yog vim qhov tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov plhaub hauv tsev, feem ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej puas tuaj yeem raug ua haujlwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, German 75-88-mm rab phom loj tau tso tib yam "peb caug-plaub" ntau tsawg dua ntawm "lub neej thib ob tom qab kho dua tshiab."
Thiab qhov kawg, qhov kawg. Thaum pib xyoo 1943, Cov Neeg German tsis suav cov tsheb tiv thaiv lub teeb los ntawm lawv cov kev sib ntaus sib tua - lawv cov TI, T -II thiab lwm yam qauv Czech suav txog tsuas yog 16% ntawm tag nrho cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov phom tua tus kheej - tawm ntawm 7,927 tso tsheb hlau luam. thiab rab phom tua tus kheej uas Wehrmacht ntsib tus tshiab, 1943, tsuas muaj 1 284 chav nyob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev faib cov tsheb tiv thaiv lub teeb nyob hauv cov tub rog rog ntawm Red Army thaum 1943-01-01 yog 53, 4% - tawm ntawm 20, 6 txhiab tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm USSR, 11 txhiab lub teeb. Ib qho ntxiv, kev tsim cov tsheb loj hauv USSR txuas ntxiv rau xyoo 1943, thaum nyob hauv tebchaws Yelemes kev tsim cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau raug txiav tag.
Yog li, peb pom tias muaj ntau lub laj thawj yog vim li cas thiaj tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov phom tua tus kheej ntawm USSR yuav tsum tau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov neeg German nyob rau xyoo 1943. Thiab lawv tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev ua tub rog ntawm Red Army thiab qhov zoo ntawm Soviet tankers. Txhawm rau txhawm rau sib piv qib ntawm kev qhia tawm tsam ntawm lub tank rog ntawm Wehrmacht thiab Red Army, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los sib piv raws nraim qhov dav, uas yog, rov qab thiab tsis tuaj yeem rov qab poob ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm ob tog, tab sis qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tsis tuaj yeem ua ua tiav, vim tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntseeg tau los ntawm German sab. Thiab kev sib piv tsuas yog qhov uas tsis tuaj yeem kho tau yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kiag li, vim tias yog vim li cas tau hais los saum no, tawm ntawm 100 lub tsheb German puas tsuaj, cov neeg German tsis tuaj yeem poob 20-30 lub tsheb, thiab peb li - 44 lossis ntau dua.
Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem yog tias ob tog hauv peb qhov piv txwv, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, poob 100 lub tso tsheb hlau luam txhua qhov, tsis yog 20-30 lossis 44. Thiab vim yog qhov yooj yim ntawm cov lej no, German lub tank sib cais, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam poob tag nrho 15-20% ntawm thawj lub zog sib ntaus, pom lawv tus kheej nrog 10-20 lub tsheb npaj rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov hlau hlau ntawm Red Army dov rau lawv. Thiab, tau kawg, lawv tsis tuaj yeem pab lawv cov tub rog thiab lwm chav nyob ntxiv lawm.
Thiab tom qab ntawd, tom qab kev ua tsov rog, zoo ib yam E. von Manstein, piav qhia nws "yeej" ntawm Kursk Bulge thiab "ua tiav" kev thim rov qab ntawm cov tub rog tau muab rau nws, thaum lub sijhawm lawv, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tsuas yog khaws tag nrho lawv lub peev xwm sib ntaus., tab sis kuj tau swb ntau zaus, "hordes ntawm Red Army" uas tau nias rau lawv, cia li ob peb nplooj ntawv tom qab, Kuv yuav tsum tsis txaus siab piav qhia txog lub xeev tiag tiag ntawm cov tub rog nws tau thim rov qab rau Dnieper:
"Hauv qhov no, lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm pab pawg tau tshaj tawm tias raws li ib feem ntawm peb pawg tub rog tseem tshuav, suav nrog kev tuaj txog ntawm peb qhov kev sib cais ntxiv thaum lub Peb Hlis, nws tso ncaj qha rau kev tiv thaiv kab Dniep er, 700 km ntev, tsuas yog 37 kev faib tub rog (5 ntau qhov kev sib cais uas tau poob lawv cov kev tawm tsam, tau faib tawm ntawm cov kev sib faib uas tseem tshuav). Yog li, txhua qhov kev faib tawm yuav tsum tiv thaiv ib txoj kab dav 20 km. Qhov nruab nrab lub zog ntawm thawj kev sib faib sib faib, txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no tsuas yog 1,000 tus txiv neej.…. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau poob ntau npaum li cov neeg ua haujlwm tau poob qis."
Thiab cov lus no ntawm German tus kws kho mob hauv tebchaws German yog qhov qhia tseeb ntawm yuav ua li cas Red Army tau tawm tsam xyoo 1943.
