"Eternal Peace", tau kos npe thaum Lub Kaum Hli 8, 1508 ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab xeev Moscow, tau dhau los ua lwm qhov kev so ib ntus thiab tsuas yog ob xyoos xwb. Qhov laj thawj rau kev ua tsov rog tshiab yog cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm Vasily III Ivanovich txog kev raug ntes ntawm nws tus muam Alena (Elena) Ivanovna, tus poj ntsuam ntawm Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania Alexander Kazimirovich. Nws tau raug ntes tom qab kev sim ua tsis tiav los tawm mus rau Moscow. Ib qho ntxiv, qhov xaus ntawm kev cog lus ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab Crimean Khanate ua rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob lub hwj chim dhau qhov txwv. Sigismund Kuv Qub incited Crimean Tatars los tua cov tebchaws Russia yav qab teb. Ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm tus huab tais Polish thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1512, tshem tawm ntawm Crimean Tatars raws li cov lus txib ntawm Khan Mengli-Girey cov tub, "tus thawj" Akhmet-Girey thiab Burnash-Girey, tuaj rau hauv lub nroog Belev, Odoev, Aleksin thiab Kolomna. Cov Tatars tau rhuav tshem thaj av Lavxias dhau ntawm Oka River thiab tawm mus yam nyab xeeb, noj tag nrho. Cov tub rog Lavxias coj los ntawm cov kwv tij ntawm tus tswj hwm Andrei thiab Yuri Ivanovich, voivode Daniil Shcheny, Alexander Rostovsky thiab lwm tus, tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv Crimean horde. Lawv tau xaj nruj los ntawm Vasily III kom txwv lawv tus kheej rau kev tiv thaiv kab ntawm tus dej Oka. Peb zaug ntxiv nyob rau xyoo 1512 Crimean Tatars tau ua rog rau tebchaws Russia: thaum Lub Rau Hli, Xya Hli thiab Kaum Hli. Thaum Lub Rau Hli, lawv tau tawm tsam Seversk thaj av, tab sis raug swb lawm. Thaum Lub Xya Hli, ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm Ryazan, "tus tub huabtais" Muhammad-Girey tau ya mus. Txawm li cas los xij, lub caij nplooj zeeg ntxeem tau ntawm Crimean horde tau ua tiav. Cov Crimean Tatars txawm hais tias tau siege rau lub peev ntawm Ryazan tus thawj tswj hwm - Pereyaslavl -Ryazan. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem nqa lub nroog, tab sis lawv tau rhuav tshem ib puag ncig thiab coj ntau tus neeg mus ua qhev.
Kev pib ua tsov rog
Nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1512, Moscow tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais tias kev cuam tshuam ntawm Tatar xyoo no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev cog lus Crimean-Lithuanian qhia tawm tsam Lavxias lub xeev. Moscow thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis tshaj tawm kev ua tsov ua rog rau Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Thaum ib nrab Kaum Ib Hlis 1512, cov tub rog tshaj lij ntawm Vyazma tus tswv xeev, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Ivan Mikhailovich Repni Obolensky thiab Ivan Chelyadnin tau mus rau kev sib tw. Cov tub rog tau txais txoj haujlwm, yam tsis tau nres ntawm Smolensk, kom mus ntxiv rau Orsha thiab Drutsk. Nyob ntawd, cov tub rog tshaj plaws yog koom ua ke nrog kev sib cais ntawm cov thawj coj Vasily Shvikh Odoevsky thiab Semyon Kurbsky, uas tau tawm ntawm Velikiye Luki mus rau Bryaslavl (Braslavl).
Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 19, 1512, cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias pab tub rog raws li cov lus txib ntawm Tsar Vasily Ivanovich nws tus kheej tau npaj rau kev tawm tsam. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1513, cov tub rog Lavxias, suav txog 60 txhiab tus tub rog nrog 140 rab phom, tau mus txog Smolensk thiab pib ua tub rog tiv thaiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tawm tsam raug ntaus hauv lwm cov lus qhia. Cov tub rog Novgorod nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm cov thawj coj Vasily Vasilyevich Shuisky thiab Boris Ulanov tau nce qib hauv Kholm. Los ntawm Seversk thaj av, pab tub rog ntawm Vasily Ivanovich Shemyachich tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Kiev. Nws muaj peev xwm hlawv lub nroog Kiev nrog kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg. Regiments ntawm I. Repni Obolensky, I. Chelyadnin, V. Odoevsky thiab S. Kurbsky. Ua kom tiav qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Grand Duke, lawv tau hla hla thaj chaw dav nrog hluav taws thiab ntaj, ua rau lub nroog Orsha, Drutsk, Borisov, Bryaslavl, Vitebsk thiab Minsk puas tsuaj.
Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Smolensk tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Tus tub ceev xwm tawv ncauj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej. Thaum pib ntawm kev siege, thaum Lub Ib Hlis, Moscow pab tub rog tau sim ua lub chaw tiv thaiv ntawm kev txav mus los. Qhov kev tawm tsam tau koom nrog cov tub rog taug kev, suav nrog Pskov squeakers. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog tiv thaiv kev ua phem, nrog kev poob ntau rau cov tub rog ntawm Grand Duke - txog li 2 txhiab tus neeg raug tua. Kev foob pob ntawm Smolensk fortress tsis pab ib yam. Qhov xwm txheej tau nyuaj los ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub caij ntuj no, cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev muab zaub mov rau cov tub rog thiab zaub mov. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov kev hais kom ua, tom qab 6 lub lis piam ntawm kev raug kaw, txiav txim siab thim rov qab. Thaum pib lub Peb Hlis, cov tub rog twb nyob hauv cheeb tsam Moscow lawm. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 17, nws tau txiav txim siab los npaj phiaj xwm tshiab tawm tsam Smolensk, nws tau raug xaiv rau lub caij ntuj sov ntawm tib lub xyoo.
Lub zog tseem ceeb tau koom nrog hauv qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab tawm tsam Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Grand Duke Vasily nws tus kheej nres hauv Borovsk, xa nws cov tswv xeev mus rau lub nroog Lithuanian. 80 xus. cov tub rog nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Ivan Repni Obolensky thiab Andrei Saburov dua tau siege rau Smolensk. 24 xus. ib pab tub rog nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mikhail Glinsky tau siege rau Polotsk. 8tus ua. Kev tshem tawm los ntawm Glinsky rog puag ncig Vitebsk. 14 xus. qhov kev tshem tawm tau xa mus rau Orsha. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib feem ntawm Moscow pab tub rog nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander ntawm Rostov thiab Mikhail Bulgakov-Golitsa, suav nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Loj, tau xa mus rau kab sab qab teb los tiv thaiv Crimean Tatars.
Raws li ua ntej, cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim nyob ze Smolensk. Kev ntes Smolensk yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm no. Kev tiv thaiv lub nroog tau pib thaum lub Yim Hli 1513. Thaum pib, cov tub rog Lithuanian raws li cov lus txib ntawm tus tswv xeev Yuri Glebovich (tsis ntev ua ntej pib kev tawm tsam thib ob, cov tub rog tau rov ua haujlwm nrog cov tub rog thauj tub rog) tawm tsam sab nraum lub nroog phab ntsa. Cov neeg Lithuanians muaj peev xwm nias Repni Obolensky cov tub rog, tab sis tsis ntev lawv tau ya mus los ntawm kev tuaj txhawb ntxiv. Cov neeg Lithuanians raug kev txom nyem loj thiab thim rov qab sab nraum lub nroog phab ntsa. Cov tub rog Moscow tau pib siege, foob pob rau lub fortress. Cov phom loj tau sim ua txhaum phab ntsa kom lawv tuaj yeem mus rau qhov ua phem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog tau npog cov phab ntsa ntoo nrog lub ntiaj teb thiab pob zeb thiab lawv tau tiv thaiv kev tua phom. Tsuas yog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv qib siab thiab cov yees tau tawg. Ntau zaus cov tub rog Lavxias tau tawm tsam, tab sis cov tub ceev xwm tuaj yeem tawm tsam txhua qhov kev tawm tsam. Txawm li cas los xij nws tau pom meej tias tsis muaj kev pab sab nraud, cov tub rog ntawm Smolensk yuav tsis nyob ntev.
Lub sijhawm no, Sigismund Kuv tau sau 40 txhiab tus tub rog thiab txav cov tub rog mus cawm tus neeg raug kaw ntawm Vitebsk, Polotsk thiab Smolensk. Ua tus thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw sib ntaus thaum Lub Kaum Hli. Grand Duke Vasily, uas nyob nrog pab tub rog, txiav txim siab tsis kam txais kev sib ntaus thiab thim rov qab. Ua raws li cov tub rog tseem ceeb, tag nrho cov kev tshem tawm tau rov qab mus rau lawv thaj chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tawm mus no tsis cuam tshuam txog phiaj xwm ntawm Grand Duke ntawm Moscow, kev ua tsov rog txuas ntxiv mus.
Kev sib tw ntawm 1514. Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Orsha (Cuaj Hlis 8, 1514)
Qhov kawg ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 1514, Vasily Ivanovich thib peb tau txav nws cov tub rog, ua ntej mus rau Dorogobuzh, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Smolensk. Cov tub rog tau hais tseg los ntawm Daniil Shchenya, Ivan Chelyadnin (tus thawj coj ntawm Pab Pawg Loj), Mikhail Glinsky thiab Mikhail Gorbaty (Advanced Regiment). Thaum Lub Rau Hli 8, 1514, Grand Duke ntawm Moscow nws tus kheej tau npaj rau kev sib tw, thiab nws cov kwv yau, Yuri Dmitrovsky thiab Semyon Kaluzhsky, tau nrog nws mus. Lwm tus kwvtij, Dmitry Ivanovich Zhilka, sawv hauv Serpukhov, tiv thaiv lub ntsej muag los ntawm kev tuaj yeem tawm tsam ntawm Crimean horde.
Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Smolensk. Tus Vaj Ntxwv Polish thiab Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania Sigismund Kuv Qub, kwv yees txog qhov ua tsis tau ntawm kev tawm tsam Lavxias tshiab ntawm Smolensk, tso qhov kev paub dhau los Yuri Sologub ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov tub rog. Lub Tsib Hlis 16, 1514 80-thous. cov tub rog Lavxias nrog 140 rab phom tiv thaiv Smolensk zaum thib peb. Raws li ua ntej, cais cais tau xa mus rau Orsha, Mstislavl, Krichev thiab Polotsk. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Smolensk tau kav peb lub hlis. Kev npaj ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv mus rau ob lub lis piam: lub tsev fuabtais tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig Smolensk lub chaw tiv thaiv, cov nplaim taws tau teeb tsa ua ntej ntawm lub rooj vag kom tiv thaiv cov tub ceev xwm txoj kev xaiv, thiab txoj haujlwm rau phom tau teeb tsa. Cov peev txheej tau tshaj tawm lub foob pob muaj zog ntawm lub nroog thiab hais lub npe ntawm tus neeg tua phom Lavxias zoo tshaj plaws - Stephen, uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm Smolensk. Phau Ntawv Sawv Rov Los hais tias cov tub rog Lavxias "teeb tsa rab phom loj thiab tsoo ze lub nroog," thiab Grand Duke "hais kom cua daj cua dub los ntawm txhua sab, thiab kev tawm tsam zoo heev los kho yam tsis muaj pa, thiab tua hluav taws mus rau hauv nag xob nag cua." Kev ua ntawm rab phom loj Lavxias thiab tsis muaj kev pab ntev nws thaum kawg tsoo qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tub rog.
Lub Smolensk cov tub rog tau thov kom pib kev sib tham ntawm kev ua tsis ncaj, tab sis qhov kev thov no tau raug tsis lees paub los ntawm Grand Duke Vasily III, uas xav tau kev tso cai tam sim ntawd. Nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab los ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog, cov tub rog Lithuanian tau tso tseg thaum Lub Xya Hli 31. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1, cov tub rog Lavxias tau nkag mus rau hauv nroog. Npis Sov Barsanuphius ntawm Smolensk tau thov kev thov Vajtswv, thaum lub sijhawm cov neeg hauv nroog tau cog lus ncaj ncees rau Moscow txoj cai kav. Tus tswv xeev ntawm Smolensk, Yuri Sologub, tsis kam ua raws li cov lus cog tseg thiab raug tso tawm mus rau Lithuania, qhov uas nws raug tua rau kev tso lub fortress.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Orsha (Cuaj Hlis 8, 1514)
Kev poob ntawm Smolensk ua rau muaj suab nrov zoo. Yuav luag tam sim lub nroog ze tshaj plaws - Mstislavl, Krichev thiab Dubrovna - tau cog lus ncaj ncees rau Moscow txoj cai tswjfwm. Vasily III, tau tshoov siab los ntawm txoj kev yeej no, thov kom nws cov tswv xeev txuas ntxiv lawv cov kev ua phem. Cov tub rog nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Mikhail Glinsky tau tsiv mus rau Orsha, mus rau Borisov, Minsk thiab Drutsk - qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm Mikhail Golitsa Bulgakov, Dmitry Bulgakov thiab Ivan Chelyadnin.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov yeeb ncuab tau paub txog cov phiaj xwm ntawm Lavxias hais kom ua. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mikhail Lvovich Glinsky, thaum tsov rog Lavxias-Lithuanian xyoo 1507-1508. leej twg ntxeev siab rau Lithuania (kom paub meej ntxiv hauv kab lus VO: Tsov rog me ntsis paub ntawm Lavxias lub xeev: Lavxias-Lithuanian tsov rog 1507-1508), tam sim no nws tau ntxeev siab rau Moscow thiab. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Glinsky tsis txaus siab rau qhov tsis kam lees ntawm Vasily III kom hloov Smolensk tus thawj tswj hwm rau nws hauv kev muaj keeb xeeb. Voevoda Mikhail Golitsa Bulgakov tau ceeb toom txog kev ntxeev siab ntawm Mikhail Glinsky los ntawm ib tus ntawm Glinsky cov tub qhe uas ntseeg siab. Tus tub huabtais raug ntes, lawv pom Sigismund cov ntawv los ntawm nws. Ua tsaug rau nws txoj kev ntxeev siab, tus yeeb ncuab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus lej, kev xa tawm thiab txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txav ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias.
Kev quab yuam ntawm ob tog. Sigismund khaws 4 txhiab tus neeg nrog nws nyob hauv Borisov. qhov kev tshem tawm thiab cov tub rog tshuav tau txav mus rau Mikhail Golitsa Bulgakov cov tub rog. Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Polish-Lithuanian yog tus paub dhau los, tus yawg Lithuanian hetman Konstantin Ivanovich Ostrozhsky thiab lub tsev hais plaub hetman ntawm Polish Crown Janusz Sverchovsky.
Tus naj npawb ntawm Lavxias rog tsis paub. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias tsuas yog ib feem ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias tau nyob ntawd. Tom qab kev ntes Smolensk, tus tswj kav Vasily Ivanovich nws tus kheej tau rov qab mus rau Dorogobuzh, ntau qhov kev sib cais tau raug xa mus rhuav tshem thaj av Lithuanian. Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog tau tsiv mus rau sab qab teb kom tawm tsam qhov ua tau los ntawm Crimean Tatars. Yog li ntawd, cov tub rog coob ntawm Mikhail Golitsa Bulgakov thiab Ivan Chelyadnin yog 35-40 txhiab leej. Nws pib nws qhov kev xam pom ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias nyob ze Orsha ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov nroog uas cov neeg nyob hauv cov tub rog ntawm Bulgakov thiab Chelyadnin. Lobin taw qhia tias nyob hauv cov tub rog, ntxiv rau cov menyuam ntawm Tsar lub tsev hais plaub, muaj cov neeg los ntawm 14 lub nroog: Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Kostroma, Murom, Tver, Borovsk, Voloka, Roslavl, Vyazma, Pereyaslavl, Kolomna, Yaroslavl thiab Starodub. Hauv pab tub rog muaj: 400-500 Tatars, kwv yees li 200 tus menyuam ntawm tub rog Sovereign cov tub rog, kwv yees li 3 txhiab tus Novgorodians thiab Pskovites, 3, 6 txhiab tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm lub nroog, suav txog 7, 2 txhiab tus neeg muaj koob npe. Nrog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua qhev, cov tub rog yog 13-15 txhiab tus tub rog. Xav txog qhov poob thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam, kev tawm ntawm cov neeg siab phem los ntawm kev pabcuam (cov neeg raug mob thiab mob muaj txoj cai tawm mus), sau tseg hauv cov peev txheej, Lobin ntseeg, cov tub rog tuaj yeem muaj txog 12 txhiab tus neeg. Qhov tseeb, nws yog lub npe hu ua. "Lub teeb pab tub rog", uas tau xa mus rau kev tua ntawm thaj chaw yeeb ncuab. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm "pab tub rog lub teeb" tau tshwj xeeb tau txais los ntawm txhua tus tub rog thiab suav nrog cov tub ntxhais hluas, "frisky" boyar cov menyuam uas muaj tus lej nees zoo thiab ntaus cov qhev nrog khoom seem thiab ntim nees.
Cov tub rog Lithuanian yog tub rog feudal, suav nrog "povet gonfalons" - cov tub rog tub rog. Cov tub rog Polish tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus sib txawv. Hauv nws, cov tub rog siab tawv tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, tab sis cov tub ceev xwm Polish siv cov tub rog tua rog ntau dua. Cov tub rog nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm hauv Livonia, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Hungary. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub rog ua tub rog yog kev siv phom ntau heev. Cov lus Polish tau tso siab rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm txhua hom tub rog ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua: hnyav thiab lub teeb tub rog, tub rog, thiab foob pob hluav taws. Qhov loj ntawm pab tub rog Polish tseem tsis tau paub. Raws li lub xyoo pua 16th Polish keeb kwm Maciej Stryjkowski, tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib koom ua ke Polish-Lithuanian yog kwv yees li 25-26 txhiab tus tub rog: 15 txhiab tus neeg Lithuanian tom qab kev puas tsuaj kev nom kev tswv, 3 txhiab tus neeg Lithuanian cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe, 5 txhiab tus tub rog hnyav Polish, 3 txhiab tus hnyav Polish tub rog (4 txhiab ntawm lawv tau nyob nrog huab tais hauv Borisov). Raws li tus kws sau keeb kwm Polish Z. Zhigulsky, muaj li ntawm 35 txhiab tus neeg nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Hetman Ostrozhsky: 15 txhiab tus neeg Lithuanian tom qab kev sib tsoo kev nom kev tswv, 17 txhiab ntiav Polish tub rog thiab tub rog nrog rab phom loj zoo, nrog rau 3 txhiab tus tuaj pab dawb cavalry nthuav tawm los ntawm Polish magnates. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias A. N. Lobin ntseeg tias cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian kwv yees li sib npaug rau cov neeg Lavxias-12-16 txhiab tus neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian muaj zog dua, muaj nws cov teeb pom kev zoo thiab cov tub rog hnyav, cov tub rog hnyav thiab cov phom loj.
Sib ntaus. Ostrozhsky cov tub rog thaum Lub Yim Hli 27, 1514, hla Berezina, nrog kev ceeb tsis txaus ntshai tua ob lub tebchaws Lavxias uas tau tso tseg nyob rau ntawm tus dej Bobre thiab Drovi. Thaum kawm paub txog kev ua yeeb ncuab pab tub rog, cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Moscow tau thim tawm ntawm Drutsk cov teb, hla mus rau sab laug ntawm Dnieper thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm Orsha thiab Dubrovno, ntawm tus dej Krapivna. Hmo ua ntej ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus sib tua, cov tub rog nyob ntawm ob sab ntawm Dnieper. Cov tswv xeev hauv cheeb tsam thaj tsam txiav txim siab rov ua Vedrosh sib ntaus, yeej rau riam phom Lavxias. Lawv tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg Lithuanians los ntawm kev tsim cov ferry thiab hla Dnieper. Ib qho ntxiv, raws li cov ntaub ntawv Polish thiab Lavxias, Hetman Ostrozhsky pib sib tham nrog cov tswv xeev Lavxias; lub sijhawm no, cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian hla Dnieper. Hmo ntuj ntawm lub Cuaj Hlis 8, Cov tub rog Lithuanian hla tus dej thiab npog lub hom phiaj ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua. Los ntawm sab nraub qaum, pab tub rog ntawm tus yawg Lithuanian hetman Konstantin Ostrog yog Dnieper, thiab sab xis sab xis tau so tawm tsam tus dej ntws Krapivna. Tus hetman tau tsim nws pab tub rog hauv ob kab. Cov tub rog nyob hauv thawj kab. Cov tub rog Polish hnyav tau tsim tsuas yog ib feem plaub ntawm thawj kab thiab sawv hauv nruab nrab, sawv cev rau nws ib nrab txoj cai. Ib nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab thiab sab laug thiab sab xis yog Lithuanian cov tub rog. Hauv kab thib ob yog cov tub rog thiab cov phom loj.
Cov tub rog Lavxias tau tsim nyob hauv peb kab rau kev tawm tsam pem hauv ntej. Cov lus txib tau tso ob pawg tub rog loj rau ntawm cov flanks ntawm qhov deb, lawv yuav tsum npog cov yeeb ncuab, tsoo mus rau nws lub nraub qaum, rhuav cov choj thiab puag ncig cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias kev ua tiav ntawm pab tub rog Polish-Lithuanian tau yooj yim los ntawm qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev ua ntawm Lavxias rog. Mikhail Bulgakov muaj kev sib cav sib ceg nrog Chelyadnin. Nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Bulgakov, muaj cov tub rog ntawm Sab xis, uas nws tau coj mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm nws tus kheej txoj haujlwm. Cov tub rog tau tawm tsam sab laug ntawm cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian. Lub voivode vam tias yuav tsoo cov yeeb ncuab flank thiab nkag mus rau tus yeeb ncuab nraub qaum. Thaum xub thawj, kev tawm tsam Lavxias tau ua tiav, thiab yog tias cov tub rog Lavxias tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, qhov kev hloov pauv loj tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Tsuas yog kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb cavalry ntawm Tebchaws - hussars (tis hussars), nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm lub tsev hais plaub hetman Janusz Sverchovsky nws tus kheej - nres kev tawm tsam ntawm Lavxias rog. Bulgakov cov tub rog tau thim rov qab rau lawv txoj haujlwm qub.
Tom qab qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv M. Bulgakov Chelyadnin coj lub zog tseem ceeb rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov tub rog siab tshaj nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Ivan Temko-Rostovsky tau tsoo ntawm tus yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm tub rog. Sab laug-flank kev sib cais nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Ivan Pronsky tau mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm sab xis ntawm Lithuanian tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm Yuri Radziwill. Cov tub rog Lithuanian, tom qab tawv ncauj tiv thaiv, txhob txwm khiav tawm thiab coj cov neeg Lavxias mus rau hauv qhov chaw tua phom loj - qhov chaw nqaim nruab nrab ntawm cov hav thiab hav zoov. Kev ntaus nrig ntawm cov phom loj yog lub teeb liab rau kev tawm tsam dav dav ntawm cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian. Tam sim no Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mikhail Golitsa Bulgakov tsis txhawb Ivan Chelyadnin. Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lub tshuab tshiab los ntawm cov txiv neej Polish ntawm caj npab - lawv twb tau tsoo ntawm lub zog Lavxias tseem ceeb. Chelyadnin cov tub rog tau khiav tawm. Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias raug nias tawm tsam Krapivna, qhov uas cov neeg Lavxias raug kev txom nyem loj. Cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian yeej txoj kev yeej.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Ntawm 11 tus tswv xeev loj ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias, 6 tus raug ntes, suav nrog Ivan Chelyadnin, Mikhail Bulgakov, ob leeg ntxiv raug tua. Tus Vaj Ntxwv thiab Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania Sigismund I, hauv nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm yeej thiab ntawv mus rau cov thawj coj European, tau hais tias 80,000 tus tub rog Lavxias tau swb lawm, cov neeg Lavxias poob txog 30 txhiab tus neeg raug tua thiab raug ntes. Cov lus no tseem tau txais los ntawm tus tswv ntawm Livonian Order, cov neeg Lithuanians xav kom yeej nws rau lawv sab, kom Livonia tawm tsam Moscow. Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, kev tuag ntawm sab laug-flank cavalry tshem tawm ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias yog qhov tsis ntseeg. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov tseeb tias feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias, feem ntau yog cov tub rog, tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm Polish ya hussars, feem ntau yuav yooj yim tawg, tau ntsib qee qhov poob. Tsis tas yuav tham txog kev puas tsuaj feem ntau ntawm Lavxias 12,000 lossis 35,000 tus tub rog. Thiab ntau ntxiv, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev swb ntawm 80 txhiab tus tub rog Lavxias (feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias hauv lub sijhawm ntawd). Txwv tsis pub, Lithuania yuav tau ua tsov rog.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau xaus nrog kev tawm tsam yeej rau cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian thiab thim rov qab ntawm Moscow lub zog, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tseem ceeb. Cov neeg Lithuanians tuaj yeem rov qab tau ob peb lub chaw tiv thaiv me me, tab sis Smolensk tseem nyob nrog xeev Moscow.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Orsha. Xyoo pua 16th engraving.
Kev tawm tsam ntxiv. Phiaj xwm 1515-1516
Raws li qhov kev swb ntawm Orsha, tag nrho peb lub nroog uas tau nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Vasily III, tom qab kev poob ntawm Smolensk (Mstislavl, Krichev thiab Dubrovna), tau sib cais los ntawm Moscow. Hauv Smolensk, kev koom tes tau tshwm sim, coj los ntawm Npis Sov Barsanuphius. Cov neeg koom tes xa tsab ntawv mus rau tus huab tais Polish cog lus tias yuav tso Smolensk. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj cai ntawm tus npis sov thiab nws cov neeg txhawb nqa tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus tswv xeev Smolensk tshiab Vasily Vasilyevich Dumb Shuisky. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog, nws tau nthuav tawm qhov kev koom tes: cov neeg ntxeev siab raug tua, tsuas yog tus npis sov tau raug zam (nws raug xa mus nyob txawv tebchaws). Thaum hetman Ostrozhsky tau mus txog lub nroog nrog 6,000 tus muaj zog sib cais, cov neeg ntxeev siab raug dai rau ntawm phab ntsa kom pom tag nrho ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog. Ostrozhsky ua ntau qhov kev tawm tsam, tab sis cov phab ntsa muaj zog, cov tub rog thiab cov neeg hauv nroog, coj los ntawm Shuisky, tawm tsam ua siab tawv. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tsis muaj rab phom loj siege, lub caij ntuj no tab tom los txog, cov tub rog tawm hauv tsev mus ntxiv. Ostrozhsky raug yuam kom tsa lub siege thiab tawm mus. Tus tub ceev xwm txawm caum nws thiab ntes ib feem ntawm txoj kev thauj mus los.
Hauv 1515-1516. ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua mus rau hauv thaj tsam ciam teb tau ua tiav, tsis muaj kev ua phem loj. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 28, 1515, tus tswv xeev ntawm Pskov, Andrei Saburov, tau hu nws tus kheej tias yog tus neeg khiav tawm thiab nrog kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg raug ntes thiab rhuav tshem Roslavl. Lavxias tawm mus rau Mstislavl thiab Vitebsk. Xyoo 1516, cov tub rog Lavxias tsoo thaj tsam ntawm Vitebsk.
Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1515, tshem cov tub rog Polish los ntawm kev hais kom ua ntawm J. Sverczowski raided Velikiye Luki thiab Toropets av. Cov yeeb ncuab ua tsis tau lub nroog, tab sis ib puag ncig tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev. Sigismund tseem tab tom sim tsim kom muaj kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Lavxias. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1515, hauv Vienna, tau muaj kev sib tham ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Roman Maximilian, Sigismund I thiab nws tus tij laug, Hungarian huab tais Vladislav. Hauv kev sib pauv rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev koom tes ntawm Lub Tebchaws Dawb Huv Roman Empire nrog Muscovite xeev, Sigismund tau pom zoo tso tseg cov lus foob rau Bohemia thiab Moravia. Xyoo 1516, kev cais me me ntawm cov neeg Lithuanians tau tawm tsam Gomel, qhov kev tawm tsam no tau yooj yim dua. Sigismund nyob rau xyoo no tsis muaj sijhawm rau kev ua tsov rog loj nrog Moscow-pab tub rog ntawm ib tus ntawm Crimean "tus thawj" ntawm Ali-Arslan, txawm hais tias muaj kev sib raug zoo koom nrog tsim los ntawm tus huab tais Polish thiab Khan Muhammad-Giray, tau tawm tsam thaj tsam Lithuanian. Cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm rau Smolensk tau thwarted.
Moscow xav tau sijhawm los rov qab los ntawm kev swb ntawm Orsha. Ib qho ntxiv, tsoomfwv Lavxias xav tau los daws teeb meem Crimean. Hauv Crimean Khanate, tom qab Khan Mengli-Girey tuag, nws tus tub Mohammed-Girey tau los ua hwj chim, thiab nws tau paub txog nws tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau Moscow. Moscow txoj kev mloog kuj tseem cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov xwm txheej hauv Kazan, qhov twg Khan Muhammad-Amin poob mob hnyav.
Kev sib tw ntawm 1517
Xyoo 1517, Sigismund tau npaj phiaj xwm loj rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Russia. Ib pab tub rog tau mob siab rau hauv Polotsk raws li cov lus txib ntawm Konstantin Ostrozhsky. Nws lub tshuab yuav tsum tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Crimean Tatars. Lawv tau them nyiaj ntau los ntawm tus neeg sawv cev Lithuanian Olbracht Gashtold, uas tuaj txog hauv Bakhchisarai. Yog li ntawd, Lavxias lub xeev raug yuam kom hloov pauv lub zog tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob muaj kev hem thawj los ntawm kev coj mus rau sab qab teb, thiab cov tub rog hauv cheeb tsam yuav tsum tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1517, 20 thous. cov tub rog Tatar tau tawm tsam thaj tsam Tula. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog Lavxias tau npaj txhij thiab Tatar "corral" cov neeg tawg rog uas tau tawg thoob plaws hauv thaj av Tula tau tawm tsam thiab swb tag nrho los ntawm cov tub rog Vasily Odoevsky thiab Ivan Vorotynsky. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tawm ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, uas pib thim rov qab, raug txiav tawm los ntawm "cov neeg hauv tebchaws Ukrainian". Cov Tatars raug kev txom nyem loj. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis, cov neeg tawg rog Crimean uas tau txeeb Seversk av tau swb lawm.
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1517, tus vajntxwv Polish txav ib pab tub rog los ntawm Polotsk mus rau Pskov. Xa cov tub rog ntawm kev sib tw, Sigismund ib txhij sim ua kom Moscow ceev faj los ntawm kev pib sib tham kev thaj yeeb. Thaum lub taub hau ntawm pab tub rog Polish -Lithuanian yog hetman Ostrozhsky, nws suav nrog cov tub rog Lithuanian (tus thawj coj - J. Radziwill) thiab cov tub rog Polish (tus thawj coj - J. Sverchovsky). Tsis ntev los no qhov kev dag ntxias ntawm kev tawm tsam Pskov tau meej dua. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 20, cov yeeb ncuab tau mus txog qhov chaw tiv thaiv Lavxias me me ntawm Opochka. Cov tub rog raug yuam kom tso tseg ntev, tsis txhob ntshai tawm ntawm lub nroog Pskov no hauv qab. Lub fortress tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov tub rog me me nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Vasily Saltykov-Morozov. Siege ntawm lub fortress dragged rau, nullifying lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm Lithuanian ntxeem tau - ua rau xav tsis thoob. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 6, Cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian, tom qab foob pob lub fortress, tau tsiv mus rau cua daj cua dub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog tiv thaiv kev ua phem rau tus yeeb ncuab nres, cov neeg Lithuanians raug kev txom nyem hnyav. Ostrozhsky tsis tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam tshiab thiab tos rau kev txhawb nqa thiab phom phom. Ntau qhov kev tawm tsam Lithuanian, uas tau xa mus rau lwm lub nroog Pskov, tau swb lawm. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander ntawm Rostov swb 4 txhiab. yeeb ncuab tawm, Ivan Cherny Kolychev puas 2 txhiab. yeeb ncuab tub rog. Ivan Lyatsky yeej ob lub yeeb ncuab sib cais: 6 thous. ib tug tub rog 5 versts los ntawm lub yeej rog tseem ceeb ntawm Ostrog thiab cov tub rog ntawm lub suab lus Cherkas Khreptov, uas tau mus koom nrog hetman rau Opochka. Lub tsheb ciav hlau wagon raug ntes, tag nrho cov phom, thiab tus yeeb ncuab voivode nws tus kheej squeaked. Vim tias kev ua tiav ntawm Lavxias cov tub rog, Ostrozhsky raug yuam thaum Lub Kaum Hli 18 kom tshem kev tiv thaiv thiab thim rov qab. Kev tawm mus nrawm heev uas cov yeeb ncuab tso tseg txhua "koom haum ua tub rog", suav nrog cov phom loj siege.
Qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm Sigismund qhov kev tawm tsam zoo tau pom tseeb. Qhov tseeb, phiaj xwm tsis ua tiav tau ua rau Lithuania lub peev nyiaj txiag tsis zoo thiab tso qhov kawg rau kev sim hloov pauv kev ua tsov rog hauv nws qhov kev nyiam. Kev sim los sib tham kuj ua tsis tiav. Vasily III tau khov kho thiab tsis kam rov qab Smolensk.
Xyoo kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog
Xyoo 1518, Moscow muaj peev xwm faib lub zog tseem ceeb rau kev ua rog nrog Lithuania. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1518, Novgorod-Pskov pab tub rog, coj los ntawm Vasily Shuisky thiab nws tus tij laug Ivan Shuisky, tawm ntawm Velikiye Luki mus rau Polotsk. Nws yog lub zog ruaj khov tshaj plaws ntawm Lithuania nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ciam teb ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm. Cov pab cuam tawm tsam tau xa mus deb rau sab hauv ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Kev tshem tawm ntawm Mikhail Gorbaty tau ua phem rau Molodechno thiab sab nrauv ntawm Vilna. Semyon Kurbsky cov tub rog tau mus txog Minsk, Slutsk thiab Mogilev. Kev tshem tawm ntawm Andrei Kurbsky thiab Andrei Gorbaty ua rau lub nroog Vitebsk puas tsuaj. Kev tawm tsam tub rog Lavxias ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau kev lag luam thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.
Txawm li cas los xij, ze rau Polotsk, pab tub rog Lavxias tsis ua tiav. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, cov neeg Lithuanians ntxiv dag zog rau lub nroog, yog li lawv tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo. Kev siege tsis ua tiav. Cov khoom siv tau ploj mus, ib qho ntawm cov khoom xa mus rau zaub mov thiab cov zaub mov tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Vasily Shuisky thim rov qab mus rau ciam teb Lavxias.
Xyoo 1519, Cov tub rog Lavxias tau tawm tsam qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab rau hauv Lithuania. Cov tswv xeev ntawm Moscow tau txav mus rau Orsha, Molodechno, Mogilev, Minsk, thiab mus txog Vilno. Tus huab tais Polish tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam Lavxias. Nws raug yuam kom tawm tub rog tawm tsam 40 txhiab leej. Tatar pab tub rog Bogatyr-Saltan. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 2, 1519, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Sokal, cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Grand Hetman Crown Nicholas Firley thiab Grand Hetman ntawm Lithuanian Tub Vaj Ntxwv Konstantin Ostrog tau swb lawm. Tom qab ntawd, Crimean Khan Mehmed Girey tsoo kev sib koom tes nrog tus huab tais Polish thiab Grand Duke Sigismund (ua ntej ntawd, Crimean Khan tau cais nws tus kheej los ntawm kev ua ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus), ua pov thawj nws cov kev ua nrog poob los ntawm kev ua phem ntawm Cossacks. Txhawm rau rov qab muaj kev thaj yeeb, Crimean Khan tau thov kom muab khoom plig tshiab.
Moscow xyoo 1519 txwv nws tus kheej rau kev tua cov tub rog, uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau nyiaj txiag thiab txwv nws lub siab kom tawm tsam. Cov neeg Lithuanians tsis muaj lub zog loj nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam Lavxias, yog li lawv txaus siab nrog kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov nroog thiab cov tsev fuabtais zoo. Xyoo 1520, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Moscow txuas ntxiv mus.
Truce
Xyoo 1521, ob lub hwj chim tau txais teeb meem txawv teb chaws txoj cai tseem ceeb. Poland nkag mus ua rog nrog Livonian Order (tsov rog 1521-1522). Sigismund rov pib sib tham nrog Moscow thiab pom zoo tso tseg thaj av Smolensk. Moscow kuj xav tau kev thaj yeeb. Xyoo 1521, ib qho ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws Tatar raids tau tshwm sim. Cov tub rog yuav tsum tau khaws cia ntawm ciam teb yav qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam tshiab los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm Crimean thiab Kazan. Vasily III tau pom zoo pom zoo rau kev tso tseg, tso tseg qee yam ntawm nws cov lus thov - xav kom tso tseg Polotsk, Kiev thiab Vitebsk.
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 14, 1522, tau kos npe tsib xyoos kev tawm tsam. Lithuania raug yuam kom ua raws li kev poob ntawm Smolensk thiab thaj tsam ntawm 23 txhiab km2 nrog cov pej xeem ntawm 100 txhiab tus neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg Lithuanians tsis kam xa cov neeg raug txim rov qab. Feem coob ntawm cov neeg raug kaw tuag hauv tebchaws txawv tebchaws. Tsuas yog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mikhail Golitsa Bulgakov raug tso tawm xyoo 1551. Nws tau siv sijhawm li 37 xyoo nyob rau hauv kev poob cev qhev, tau ua neej nyob yuav luag txhua tus phooj ywg hauv kev poob cev qhev.
