Tau ntev, cov kws sau keeb kwm tsuas tham txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Poles hauv cov tub rog uas tawm tsam Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, suav nrog kev tsim cov Polish nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm USSR. Qhov no feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tsim cov neeg nyob rau teb chaws Poland (thaum nws tau txiav txim siab tsis xav hnov qab txog kev txhaum ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog ua ntej Poland) thiab keeb kwm lub tswv yim, los ntawm qhov uas nws ua raws li cov Poles tsuas yog cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Qhov tseeb, ntau pua txhiab tus tub rog tau tawm tsam hauv Wehrmacht, SS thiab tub ceev xwm nyob ntawm Peb Sab Reich.
Ncej hauv Wehrmacht thiab SS
Txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Peb Reich, Cov Tub Rog yog keeb kwm yeeb ncuab. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej, Nazis sim ua colonize Poland, thiab rau qhov no lawv tau siv txoj cai "faib thiab txoj cai". Cov neeg German txawv ntau pab pawg neeg Slavic uas tseem tsis tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm tebchaws Poland. Tshwj xeeb, Kashubians - hauv Pomorie, Mazurs - hauv Prussia, Silesians - hauv Western Poland (Silesia), Gurals (toj siab) - hauv Polish Tatras. Polish Protestants kuj sawv tawm. Cov pab pawg neeg no muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog Cov Tub thiab Cov Protestants tau suav tias yog pawg tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg German. Coob leej neeg Silesians lossis Kashubians tau pom hauv kev ncaj ncees ntawm German kev tswj hwm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txhawb nqa lub tebchaws, uas tsis muaj nyob thaum lub sijhawm Greater Poland txoj cai ntawm 1919-1939.
Qhov thib ob, hauv kev ua tsov rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, qhov uas poob tau tas li zuj zus, Berlin xav tau neeg ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg Nazis tig qhov muag tsis pom kev mus rau Kev Pabcuam ntawm Cov Tub Rog hauv Wehrmacht (ntxiv rau cov neeg Yudais). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee tus Tub Ceev Xwm tau sau npe ua tub rog li Germans. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1939, tau suav pej xeem, qhov uas tib neeg yuav tsum txiav txim siab txog lawv haiv neeg, coob leej hu lawv tus kheej tias yog neeg Germans txhawm rau zam kev nruj kev tsiv. Thiab cov uas hu lawv tus kheej Germans tau poob rau hauv txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev ua tub rog thoob ntiaj teb.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Cov Tub Ceev Xwm tau ua haujlwm nyob txhua qhov chaw: nyob rau sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj, hauv Africa nrog Rommel thiab hauv kev ua haujlwm rog hauv tebchaws Greece. Cov Slavs tau suav tias yog tub rog zoo, qhuab qhia thiab ua siab tawv. Feem ntau lawv yog cov neeg ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab cov neeg ua teb, cov khoom "zoo" rau cov tub rog. Ntau txhiab tus neeg Silesians tau txais Iron Crosses, ntau pua puas tau txais Knight's Crosses, yog cov tub rog German siab tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, cov Slavs tsis raug xaiv tsa rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis raug txib thiab cov tub ceev xwm txoj haujlwm, lawv tsis ntseeg lawv, lawv ntshai tsam lawv hloov mus rau Polish pawg uas tawm tsam rau USSR thiab rau sab hnub poob kev ywj pheej. Cov neeg German tsis tau tsim chav nyob sib cais Silesian lossis Pomeranian. Tsis tas li ntawd, Cov Tub Rog tsis ua haujlwm hauv lub tank, Tub Rog Tub Rog, Tub Rog Tub Rog, thiab cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim tsis paub lus German. Tsis muaj sijhawm los qhia lawv cov lus. Tsuas yog cov lus qhia hauv paus pib thiab cov lus txib tau qhia. Lawv txawm raug tso cai hais lus Polish.
Tus naj npawb tseeb ntawm cov pej xeem Polish uas hnav khaub ncaws German tsis paub. Cov Neeg German suav tsuas yog Cov Tub Rog, uas tau npaj ua ntej lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1943. Tom qab ntawd, 200 txhiab tus tub rog raug coj los ntawm Polish Upper Silesia thiab Pomerania, uas tau muab txuas nrog rau Peb Reich. Txawm li cas los xij, kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm rau Wehrmacht txuas ntxiv mus, thiab ntawm qhov dav dua. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum xaus xyoo 1944, txog 450 txhiab tus pej xeem ntawm kev ua tsov rog ua ntej Poland tau npaj rau hauv Wehrmacht. Raws li Xibfwb Ryszard Kaczmarek, tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm ntawm University of Silesia, tus sau phau ntawv Poles hauv Wehrmacht, kwv yees li ib nrab lab tus Tub los ntawm Upper Silesia thiab Pomerania dhau los ntawm cov tub rog German. Cov tub rog uas seem uas nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws tsis tau sau tseg rau hauv cov tub rog ntawm Peb Reich. Tua, thaum piv nrog qhov poob ntawm Wehrmacht, txog 250 txhiab tus ncej. Nws tseem paub tias Red Army tau ntes, raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsis tiav, ntau dua 60 txhiab tus tub rog Wehrmacht ntawm haiv neeg Polish; cov phoojywg sab hnub poob tau ntes ntau dua 68 txhiab tus ncej; kwv yees li 89 txhiab leej neeg ntxiv mus rau Anders cov tub rog (qee tus tsis muaj neeg nyob, qee leej tuaj ntawm cov neeg raug kaw hauv tsev lojcuj).
Nws tseem paub txog qhov muaj Pov Thawj nyob hauv SS pab tub rog. Thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lavxias pem hauv ntej, Cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb Polish tau sau tseg hauv 3rd SS Panzer Division "Dead Head", hauv 4th SS Police Grenadier Division, hauv 31st SS Volunteer Grenadier Division thiab hauv 32nd SS Volunteer Grenadier Division "January 30".
Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, qhov hu ua więtokrzyskie Brigade, lossis "Brigade of the Holy Cross," tsim los ntawm Polish Nazis uas ua raws li kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thiab kev tawm tsam Semitic, thiab leej twg koom nrog kev ua phem rau Cov neeg Yudais, tau lees paub rau SS pab tub rog. Nws tus thawj coj yog Colonel Anthony Shatsky. Pawg tub rog więtokrzysk, tsim nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1944 (ntau dua 800 tus neeg tua rog), tawm tsam tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam tub rog tawm tsam hauv tebchaws Poland (Ludov pab tub rog), cov koomhaum Soviet. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1945, pab tub rog tau ua phem rau cov tub rog Soviet thiab dhau los ua ib feem ntawm cov tub rog German. Los ntawm nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov pab pawg ua phem raug tsim los rau tom qab ntawm Red Army.
Ua ke nrog cov neeg German, pawg tub rog ntawm Tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv tau thim rov qab los ntawm Tebchaws Poland mus rau thaj tsam ntawm tus tiv thaiv ntawm Bohemia thiab Moravia (nyob hauv Czechoslovakia). Nyob ntawd, nws cov tub rog thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau txais qhov xwm txheej ntawm SS pab dawb, tau hnav ib nrab hauv SS cov khaub ncaws, tab sis nrog cov ntawv Polish. Cov neeg nyob hauv pab tub rog tau ntxiv los ntawm cov neeg tawg rog Polish thiab tau nce mus rau 4 txhiab tus tib neeg. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis, cov tub ceev xwm tau xa mus rau pem hauv ntej, nws txoj haujlwm yog los tiv thaiv lub nraub qaum hauv cheeb tsam pem hauv ntej, tawm tsam tiv thaiv Czech pab pawg thiab pab pawg saib xyuas Soviet. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1945, cov tub rog Polish SS tau thim rov qab sab hnub poob kom tau raws li cov neeg Amelikas txoj kev vam meej. Ntawm txoj kev, txhawm rau txhawm rau txo lawv txoj hmoo, lawv tau tso ib feem ntawm Flossenbürg qhov chaw nyob hauv Golišov. Cov neeg Asmeskas tau txais tus txiv neej Polish SS, tso siab rau lawv nrog kev tiv thaiv ntawm German cov neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, thiab tom qab ntawd tso cai rau lawv mus nkaum hauv thaj chaw Asmeskas txoj haujlwm. Hauv kev ua tsov rog tom qab Poland, cov tub rog ntawm Holy Cross Brigade tau raug txim vim tsis tuaj.
Tub ceev xwm Polish
Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1939, cov neeg German pib tsim tub ceev xwm pab neeg Polish - "Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws" (Polnische Polizei im Generalgouvernement). Yav dhau los tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm ntawm Tebchaws Poland tau raug coj mus rau nws qib. Txog Lub Ob Hlis 1940, cov tub ceev xwm Polish suav 8, 7 txhiab tus neeg, xyoo 1943 - 16 txhiab tus neeg. Los ntawm cov xim ntawm cov khaub ncaws, nws raug hu ua "tub ceev xwm xiav". Nws tau koom nrog hauv kev ua txhaum cai txhaum cai thiab nyiag neeg. Tsis tas li, tub ceev xwm Polish tau koom tes nrog cov neeg German hauv kev nyab xeeb, tiv thaiv thiab saib xyuas kev pabcuam, koom nrog hauv kev raug ntes, raug ntiab tawm ntawm cov neeg Yudais, thiab tiv thaiv cov neeg Yudais ghettos. Tom qab ua tsov rog, 2 txhiab tus tub ceev xwm "xiav" tau raug lees paub tias yog tub rog ua phem, txog 600 tus neeg raug txim tuag.
Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1943, nrog rau qhov pib ntawm kev tua cov pej xeem Polish ntawm Volyn los ntawm cov tub sab nyiag ntawm pab tub rog Ukrainian ntxeev siab (UPA), cov tub ceev xwm German tau tsim tub ceev xwm tub rog Polish. Lawv tau xav tias yuav hloov pauv cov tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Ukraine hauv Volyn, uas yog ib feem ntawm Tsoomfwv General thiab tau hla mus rau sab ntawm UPA. Cov tub rog tau koom nrog 102nd, 103rd, 104th tub rog tub rog ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, nrog rau tub ceev xwm pawg tub rog ntawm 27th Volyn Infantry Division. Ib qho ntxiv, 2 tus tub ceev xwm Polish tau tsim - 107th (450 tus neeg) thiab 202nd (600 tus neeg). Lawv, ua ke nrog pab tub rog German thiab tub ceev xwm, tau tawm tsam UPA chav nyob. Tsis tas li, Cov tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Poland tau cuam tshuam nrog Polish tus tiv thaiv tus kheej thiab koom nrog hauv kev rau txim rau cov neeg Lavxias sab hnub poob. Cov tub ceev xwm hauv pawg tub rog tau ua raws li SS cov lus txib hauv Volhynia thiab hauv Belarusian Polesie.
Cov tub ceev xwm Polish tau hnav khaub ncaws zoo li tub ceev xwm tub rog German. Thaum xub thawj lawv tau Soviet ntes riam phom, tom qab ntawd lawv tau txais German carbines, phom submachine thiab rab phom tshuab lub teeb.
Thaum pib xyoo 1944, cov tub rog ntawm 107th Cov Tub Rog Tub Ceev Xwm Polish tau hla mus rau ntawm Pab Pawg Hauv Tsev. Cov tub rog ntawm pab tub rog 202nd nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 1944 tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm SS pab tub rog, thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli 1944 pawg tub rog tau swb thiab tawg nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Pab Pawg Liab hauv thaj tsam Warsaw.
Neeg Yudais tub ceev xwm
Tsis tas li, cov pej xeem ntawm yav dhau los Tebchaws Poland tau ua haujlwm hauv tub ceev xwm Jewish. Tom qab kev ua haujlwm, tag nrho cov neeg Yudais ntawm Poland tau raug yuam kom nyob hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb thiab tiv thaiv - lub tsev pheeb suab. Cov cheeb tsam no muaj kev tswj hwm tus kheej thiab lawv tus kheej kev pabcuam tub ceev xwm (Judischer Ordnungsdienst). Cov tub ceev xwm ghetto nrhiav cov neeg ua haujlwm yav dhau los ntawm tub ceev xwm Polish, tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm ntawm pab tub rog Polish, cov neeg Yudais los ntawm haiv neeg. Cov neeg Yudais tub ceev xwm tau tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kev xaj sab hauv lub tsev pheeb suab, koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam, tiv thaiv thaum lub sijhawm hloov chaw tshiab thiab raug xa tawm ntawm cov neeg Yudais, kom ntseeg tau tias tau ua tiav kev xaj xaj ntawm cov tub ceev xwm German, thiab lwm yam. tau phom nrog rab phom. Muaj kwv yees li 2,500 tus tub ceev xwm nyob hauv Warsaw ghetto loj tshaj, 1,200 hauv Lodz ghetto, thiab 150 hauv Krakow.
Thaum raug ntes, hloov pauv, raug ntiab tawm, thiab lwm yam, cov tub ceev xwm Yudais lub hom phiaj thiab nruj ua raws cov lus txib ntawm cov neeg German. Qee tus neeg koom tes raug txiav txim siab tuag thiab tua los ntawm cov neeg Yudais Kev Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam. Ib feem me ntawm tub ceev xwm, los ntawm qib thiab ntaub ntawv, tau sim pab pab pawg neeg raug rhuav tshem. Nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab, Nazis kuj tau ua rau cov tub ceev xwm Yudais, feem ntau ntawm nws cov tswv cuab raug tua. Tom qab kev ua tsov rog, cov neeg Ixayees cov kev pabcuam txawj ntse tau tshawb nrhiav thiab foob cov neeg tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm cov neeg Yudais tub ceev xwm thiab lwm tus neeg ntxeev siab.
Tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob Kawg, Tebchaws Poland tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm cov neeg zej zog. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab tsis ua kom tsaus ntuj dhau los ntawm Poland thiab nws cov pej xeem. Cov keeb kwm keeb kwm tau lees paub tias Cov Tub Rog tau tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm Hitlerite Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Qhov kev pom no tseem muaj nyob hauv tebchaws Poland tam sim no. Cov tub rog Polish ntawm Wehrmacht thiab lwm pawg ntawm Peb Reich lawv tus kheej tau sim tsis nco qab qhov kev pabcuam txaj muag. Cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev ua rog tau sau memoirs txog kev ua haujlwm hauv pab tub rog ntawm Anders, thawj pab tub rog Polish thib ib uas yog ib feem ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Liab Liab (1st Army of the Polish Army), nyob hauv pab pawg sib cais. Lawv sim tsis tham txog kev pabcuam hauv Wehrmacht. Cov uas raug ntes nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob tom qab ua tsov rog thiab rov qab mus rau lawv lub tebchaws tau raug txheej txheem kho kom rov zoo. Feem ntau tsis muaj teeb meem nrog qhov no. Lawv yog cov neeg ua haujlwm nyuaj ib yam, cov neeg ua haujlwm me, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov neeg nyob deb ntawm kev ua nom ua tswv thiab txaj muag ntawm ntau qhov kev ua phem txhaum cai uas Nazis tau ua.
