100 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1919, Soviet-Polish tsov rog xyoo 1919-1921 tau pib. Poland, uas tau txais kev ywj pheej thaum lub sij hawm kev poob ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, tau thov rau Western Russia thaj av - Dawb Russia thiab Me Russia, Lithuania. Cov neeg tseem ceeb Polish tau npaj los kho Rzeczpospolita tsis pub dhau ciam teb ntawm 1772, los tsim Tebchaws Poland Zoo dua "los ntawm hiav txwv mus rau hiav txwv." Cov tub rog tsis lees paub Moscow txoj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab tau tawm tsam rau sab hnub tuaj.
Keeb kwm yav dhau
Thaum lub sijhawm Rurik faj tim teb chaws poob qis (Lub Xeev Lavxias qub), thaj av sab hnub poob ntawm Russia poob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Lithuania thiab Poland. Nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, Lithuania thiab Poland tau koom nrog kev koom ua ke, Rzeczpospolita tau tsim. Lub tebchaws Slavic loj tau thov kom muaj kev vam meej nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj. Nws cov pej xeem thiab peev txheej peev txheej muaj zog dua li ntawm xeev Moscow. Poland tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov tebchaws Russia. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg tseem ceeb Polish tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov no. Cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Polish tsis tuaj yeem koom ua ke Poles thiab Russians rau hauv ib txoj haujlwm txhim kho. Txawm hais tias nyob rau lub sijhawm no Cov neeg Polish-Polish thiab cov neeg Lavxias tseem tau xyaum ua ib feem ntawm tib-super-ethnos. Tseeb tiag, nyob rau hauv thawj tus thawj coj ntawm Rurikovich, sab hnub poob glades (Ncej) thiab Rus-Russians muaj tib leeg kheej ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab cov khoom siv, ib hom lus thiab kev ntseeg.
Tab sis Polish cov neeg tseem ceeb tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Western txoj haujlwm txhim kho, Western matrix. Ntawd yog, txoj haujlwm los tsim kev ua qhev ntiaj teb-tus tswv kev coj noj coj ua. Tom qab ntawd qhov chaw tswj hwm txoj haujlwm no yog Catholic Rome. Rau ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo, txog tam sim no, Poland tau dhau los ua cov cuab yeej rau kev ua rog nrog Russia (Lavxias kev vam meej thiab Lavxias super-ethnos). Cov tswv ntawm Sab Hnub Poob ntau thiab ntau dua cuam cov tij laug ntawm Slavs-Poles rau Russia-Russia. Thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm Russia, Lub Tebchaws tau txeeb thaj av loj, suav nrog Kiev, Minsk thiab Smolensk. Cov tub rog tau thov Pskov thiab Novgorod, thiab tsoo lawv rab hmuv tawm tsam phab ntsa ntawm Moscow.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg tseem ceeb Polish, xa mus rau Western txoj haujlwm (dhau los ntawm Catholicism), ua tsis tiav thiab tsis xav tsim lub xeev sib xws rau Poles thiab Russians. Hauv tebchaws Poland nws tus kheej, feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem (cov neeg ua liaj ua teb) tau ua qhev rau cov neeg siab zoo. Ua haujlwm nyuj (nyuj) rau "xaiv" -lauj kaub, ua siab zoo -siab zoo. Kev sib raug zoo tau tsim raws li cov txheej txheem qub hauv thaj av Western Russia. Lavxias tus thawj coj-boyar cov neeg tseem ceeb tau ua tiav, ua kev cai raus dej. Thiab cov neeg Lavxias tau dhau los ua qhev, uas raug kev tsim txom tsis yog tsuas yog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam, tab sis tseem nyob hauv tebchaws thiab kev ntseeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg saib xyuas Polish tau hnav cov khoom kim heev, kev ua koob tsheej thiab kev ua phem. Kev tswj hwm zoo tau poob qis.
Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas lub tebchaws sab hnub tuaj Europe sab hnub poob tsis muaj nyob ntev (hauv keeb kwm). Nws tau tsoo los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov pej xeem Lavxias, tsis muaj kev tsov kev rog nrog cov neeg nyob ze thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb, thaum lub lauj kaub tsim kev sib koom ua ke-koom tes thiab ua tsov rog ntawm lawv tus kheej rau lawv tus neeg sib tw rau lub zwm txwv muaj koob muaj npe thiab lwm yam. Raws li Lavxias lub tebchaws tau rov qab los, Tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth, uas tsis muaj kev sib koom siab sab hauv, pib raug kev txom nyem ib leeg dhau ib qho. Thaum lub sijhawm kev ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws ntawm Bohdan Khmelnytsky nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th. Lub tebchaws Lavxias tau rov koom nrog ib feem ntawm thaj av ntawm Western Russia (Sab laug-Bank Ukraine, Zaporozhye pab tub rog). Xyoo 1772-1795. Thaum lub sijhawm peb qhov kev faib tawm ntawm Tebchaws Poland -Lithuanian Cov Tebchaws (Tebchaws Poland qhov teebmeem nyuaj sab hauv nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov neeg sab nraud), Tebchaws Poland lub xeev tau raug puas tsuaj, thiab thaj av Lavxias sab hnub poob - Belaya Rus thiab Little Rus -Russia (tsis muaj Galician Rus) - rov qab mus rau Russia Cov haiv neeg Polish thaj av tau sib faib ntawm Prussia thiab Austria.
Xyoo 1807, tom qab Prussia swb lawm, Napoleon tau hloov chaw Bialystok mus rau Russia. Thiab ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom Polish ntawm Prussia, Duchy ntawm Warsaw tau tsim. Tom qab swb ntawm Napoleon lub tebchaws, Duchy ntawm Warsaw tau muab faib nruab nrab ntawm Prussia, Austria thiab Russia. Emperor Alexander Kuv tau tso cai rau Poles - Lub Tebchaws Poland tau tsim. Vim yog kev loj hlob ntawm haiv neeg Polish thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm 1830-1831 thiab 1863-1864. Polish kev ywj pheej tau txiav. Xyoo 1867, nws cov xwm txheej tau raug txo qis, thiab nws tau txais lub npe ntawm cheeb tsam Vislensky: Warsaw, Kalish, Petrokov, Kalets, Radomsk, Suwalk, Lomzhinsk, Lublinsk thiab Sedlets (txij li xyoo 1912 - Kholmsk) xeev.
Rov kho lub xeev Polish
Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, Tsar Russia Tsar Nicholas II tau cog lus tseg, tom qab yeej, kom sib sau ua ke thaj av Polish ua ib feem ntawm Russia nrog thaj tsam Polish, uas yog ib feem ntawm Austria-Hungary thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Kev rov kho lub xeev Polish yog kom muaj kev koom tes nrog Russia. Cov neeg nyiam haiv neeg Polish nyob rau lub sijhawm no tau faib ua ob tog: thawj zaug ntseeg tias Poland yuav rov qab los nrog kev pab los ntawm Russia thiab ntawm kev them nqi ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Austria-Hungary; qhov thib ob - suav tias yog tus yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab txoj hauv kev kom muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm Tebchaws Poland yog los ntawm kev swb ntawm Tebchaws Russia, nws tau koom tes nrog German thiab Austrians. Jozef Pilsudski, yog ib tus thawj coj ntawm Polish Socialist Party, tau pib tsim cov tub rog Polish ua ib feem ntawm pab tub rog Austro-Hungarian.
Xyoo 1915, Austro-German pab tub rog nyob hauv thaj av ntawm Lub Tebchaws Poland. Xyoo 1916, German cov tub ceev xwm tshaj tawm txoj kev tsim cov menyuam roj hmab Kingdom of Poland. Berlin tau sim koom nrog Cov Tub Rog hauv kev tawm tsam Russia thiab ua tau zoo tshaj plaws siv cov peev txheej ntawm Poland hauv nws tus kheej nyiam. Hauv qhov tseeb, Poland tsis tau rov qab los ua lub xeev ywj pheej, tab sis kom Germanize thiab ua rau lub xeev thib ob Reich. Tom qab Lub Ob Hlis Kev Tawm Tsam Xyoo 1917, Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm Russia tau tshaj tawm tias nws yuav pab txhawb txoj kev rov txhim kho lub xeev Polish hauv txhua thaj av uas cov neeg nyob hauv feem ntau ntawm Cov Ncej, raws li qhov xaus ntawm kev koom tes ua tub rog nrog Russia. Kev tsim ntawm 1st Polish corps nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm I. Dovbor-Musnitsky pib. Tom qab Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Kaum Hli, tsoomfwv Soviet, los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Kaum Ob Hlis 10, 1917, lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm Poland.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1918, cov neeg Polish Dovbor-Musnitsky tau tawm tsam. Cov tub rog liab nyob rau hauv kev hais kom ua ntawm Vatsetis swb tus Tub, lawv thim rov qab. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov neeg German thiab Belarusian haiv neeg, lawv tau pib tawm tsam thiab tuav Minsk thaum Lub Ob Hlis. Cov tub rog Polish tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm cov tub rog German ua haujlwm hauv Belarus (tom qab ntawd nws tau raug tshem tawm). Tom qab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees qhov kev swb nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, Lub Nceeg Vaj Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees tau xaiv Piłsudski (tom qab ntawd nws yog tus neeg nyiam Polish tshaj lij) ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub xeev. Cov koom pheej Polish (Thib Ob Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) tau tsim.
Tus thawj coj Polish tshiab, coj los ntawm Pilsudski, teeb tsa txoj haujlwm los kho Rzeczpospolita tsis pub dhau ciam teb ntawm 1772, nrog kev teeb tsa kev tswj hwm thaj av Western Lavxias (Dawb thiab Me Russia) thiab Baltic xeev. Warsaw tau npaj los tsim lub xeev muaj zog los ntawm Baltic mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub, los ua tus kav Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj - los ntawm Finland mus rau Caucasus. Lawv vam tias yuav tig Russia, txiav tawm ntawm Baltic thiab Dub Seas, los ntawm thaj av thiab peev txheej ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab qab teb sab hnub poob, los ua lub zog thib ob. Tsov rog nrog Soviet Russia hauv cov xwm txheej no yog qhov tsis tuaj yeem zam. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog sau cia tias tib lub sij hawm tus Poles tau thov ib feem ntawm thaj av ntawm Czechoslovakia thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees.
"Tus tswv tsev lub tswv yim yuav xaus li cas." Soviet daim ntawv loj loj
Qhov pib ntawm kev sib cav
Raws li cov lus ntawm Brest-Litovsk Kev Thaj Yeeb, Soviet Russia tsis kam txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm Central Powers los ntawm Baltic States, ib feem ntawm Belarus thiab Ukraine. Cov tebchaws Lavxias sab hnub poob tau nyob hauv Austro-German pab tub rog. Moscow tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv ua tsov rog nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, tabsis kev pom zoo yog qhov ntsuas ib ntus. Tsoomfwv Soviet tsis tso Belarus thiab Ukraine. Ib qho ntxiv, hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv ntiaj teb, Lenin xav tias nws tsim nyog los ua Warsaw Soviet txhawm rau txhawm rau rhuav tshem Versailles system thiab koom ua ke nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Soviet Russia thiab yeej ntawm Socialist Revolution hauv Tebchaws Yelemees tsim lub hauv paus rau kev yeej ntawm kev hloov pauv ntiaj teb.
Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918, tom qab kev swb ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes, tsoomfwv Soviet tau xaj ua ntej ntawm Pab Pawg Liab (7th thiab Sab Hnub Poob cov tub rog - tsuas yog kwv yees li 16 txhiab tus mos txwv thiab sabers) mus rau thaj av sab hnub poob ntawm Russia tom qab kev thim cov tub rog German txhawm rau tsim Soviet hwj chim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Soviet tau nyuaj los ntawm kev ua ntawm cov neeg German: kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev sib txuas lus, ncua kev khiav tawm; kev pab rau cov neeg dawb, cov neeg hauv tebchaws thiab hauv paus hauv kev tsim lawv tus kheej cov chav, lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog thiab khoom siv; kev ncua ntawm cov tub ceev xwm German hauv Western Belarus thiab xeev Baltic.
Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 10, 1918, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau tuav Minsk. Tsoomfwv Polish ntawm Pilsudski tau hais kom xaj Vilna. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1919, Cov Tub Rog tau ntes Vilna. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1918 - Lub Ib Hlis 1919, Cov Reds tau siv ntau thaj chaw ntawm Lithuania. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 5, Soviet cov tub rog tau tsav tsheb tawm ntawm Vilna.
Lub tebchaws Soviet tshiab tau tsim. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 16, 1918, Lub Koom Haum Lithuanian Soviet tau tsim. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30 - 31, 1918, Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Belarusian Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Kev Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam thiab Peasants 'Tsoomfwv tau tsim hauv Smolensk. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1919, Tsoom Fwv Tsav Xwm Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Tshaj Tawm tau tshaj tawm qhov kev tshaj tawm uas tshaj tawm kev tsim ntawm Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus (SSRB). Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 31, 1919, SSRB tau tawm ntawm RSFSR thiab tau hloov pauv los ua Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, uas nws tau txais kev lees paub los ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet Russia. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 27, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Lithuanian thiab Belarusian koom pheej tau ua, Lithuanian-Belarusian SSR (Litbel) tau tsim nrog lub peev hauv Vilna. Litbel caw Warsaw nkag mus rau hauv kev sib tham thiab daws qhov teeb meem ntawm ciam teb ib txwm muaj. Pilsudski tsis quav ntsej cov lus thov no.
Poland tsis tuaj yeem hla mus rau qhov txiav txim siab sai sai, vim tias cov neeg German tseem tsis tau ua tiav kev khiav tawm, thiab ib feem ntawm cov tub rog Polish tau hloov mus rau ciam teb sab hnub poob (ciam teb tsis sib haum nrog Czechoslovakia thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees). Tsuas yog tom qab kev cuam tshuam ntawm Entente thaum Lub Ob Hlis, uas tau xa Tebchaws Poland mus rau nws qhov kev cuam tshuam (raws li txhiab xyoo tiv thaiv riam phom Lavxias), puas yog cov tub rog German tau tso cov Tub Rog mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1919, cov tub rog Polish tau nyob hauv Kovel, Brest-Litovsk, Kobri, thiab hauv Me Me Russia-Kholmshchina, Vldamir-Volynsky. 9 - 14 Lub Ob Hlis 1919, Cov Neeg Germans tso tus Tub Rog rau hauv txoj kab ntawm tus dej. Niam - r. Zelvyanka - r. Ruzhanka - Pruzhany - Kobrin. Tsis ntev, cov chav ntawm Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab tau los ze rau tib qhov chaw. Yog li, Polish-Soviet pem hauv ntej tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lithuania thiab Dawb Russia.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib cav tau pib nyob rau yav qab teb cov lus qhia (Polish-Ukrainian War ntawm 1918-1919). Ua ntej, haiv neeg Polish thiab Ukrainian tau sib cav nyob ntawd hauv Galicia, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Lvov. Cov tub rog Galician ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Ukrainian koom pheej (ZUNR), uas tau txhawb los ntawm Kiev Cov Ntawv Teev Npe, poob qhov kev ua tsov rog no. Qhov no coj mus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Galicia los ntawm Cov Tub Rog. Ib qho ntxiv, thaum ua tsov rog, Bukovina raug ntes los ntawm Romanians, thiab Transcarpathia los ntawm Czechs. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1919, Soviet Ukrainian Pem Hauv Ntej tau ntsib nrog cov tub rog Polish nyob rau sab qab teb, uas los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau rov txhim kho lub zog Soviet hauv Mekas.
Tau rov txhim kho nws cov tub rog, thaum kawg Lub Ob Hlis 1919, cov tub rog Polish hla tus Niemen thiab mus tawm tsam. Cov tub rog Soviet nyob rau sab hnub poob suav txog 45 txhiab tus neeg, tab sis lub sijhawm no feem ntau cov tub rog npaj tau npaj mus rau lwm qhov kev qhia. Thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj (tawm tsam los ntawm Kolchak cov tub rog), Yav qab teb thiab Ukrainian pem hauv ntej (Denikin qhov kev tawm tsam, kev tawm tsam) tsis tso cai ntxiv dag zog rau Sab Hnub Poob. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1919, Cov tub rog Polish ntes Slonim, Pinsk, thaum lub Plaub Hlis - Lida, Novogrudok, Baranovichi, Vilno thiab Grodno. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis - Lub Xya Hli 1919, Cov tub rog Polish tau txhawb nqa los ntawm 70,000 tus tub rog muaj zog ntawm Józef Haller, uas Entente tau tsim yav dhau los hauv Fab Kis rau kev ua tsov rog nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Thaum Lub Xya Hli, Cov Pej Xeem tau ntes Molodechno, Slutsk, thaum Lub Yim Hli - Minsk thiab Bobruisk. Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg, cov tub rog ntawm Red Army tau tawm tsam, tab sis tsis ua tiav. Tom qab ntawd muaj kev ncua ntawm lub hauv ntej.
Qhov no tau tshwm sim ntau vim yog kev tawm tsam ntawm Denikin cov tub rog thiab txoj haujlwm ntawm Entente lub zog (Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm Poland tus ciam teb sab hnub tuaj txwv qhov kev xav tau ntawm Cov Tub Rog). Tsoomfwv Polish tau txhawj xeeb txog kev ua tiav ntawm Denikin cov tub rog nyob rau yav qab teb Russia. Tsoomfwv dawb tau lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm Poland, tab sis tawm tsam qhov kev thov ntawm Poles rau tebchaws Russia. Yog li ntawd, Povlauj txiav txim siab so. Pilsudski tsis suav tias yog pab tub rog liab, tsis xav kom Denikin yeej thiab xav tias cov neeg Lavxias yuav los ntshav ib leeg, uas yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los npaj cov phiaj xwm los tsim "Greater Poland". Nws cia siab tias Reds yuav kov yeej Denikin cov neeg, thiab tom qab ntawd nws yuav tuaj yeem kov yeej Red Army thiab hais kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb rau Poland. Ib qho ntxiv, Pilsudski daws cov teeb meem sab hauv, tawm tsam kev tawm tsam. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, Cov Tub Rog tau tawm tsam cov neeg German, hauv Galicia tawm tsam Ukrainian haiv neeg. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1919, cov neeg ntxeev siab tawm tsam hauv Silesia. Cov tub rog Polish tau tshem tawm qhov kev tawm tsam, tab sis kev nruj tseem nyob. Yog li ntawd, Pilsudski txiav txim siab ncua kev txav mus rau sab hnub tuaj, tos kom muaj xwm txheej zoo dua.
Jozef Pilsudski hauv Minsk. 1919 xyoo
