"Crusade" ntawm Sab Hnub Poob tawm tsam Russia. Tsis muaj leej twg hauv tebchaws Poland tshem tawm cov lus hais rov qab los ntawm 1772 ciam teb. Cov tswv Polish xav plunge Europe mus rau hauv kev ua tsov rog loj dua. Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb tau rov qab ua lub xeev rau Poland, ib feem ntawm thaj av qub ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Yog li ntawd, Warsaw ntseeg tias kev ua tsov rog loj tshiab hauv Tebchaws Europe yuav ua rau Poland thaj av uas nws tau thov.
"Nyob Zoo" Poland
Tom qab peb kev faib tawm ntawm Tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772, 1793 thiab 1795), uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua tsis tiav ntawm pansko-gentry cov neeg tseem ceeb, Polish lub xeev tau raug tshem tawm. Cov tub rog nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm peb lub tebchaws: Austrian. German thiab Lavxias. Hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, tag nrho cov hwj chim no tau swb thiab rhuav tshem los ntawm sab hnub poob kev ywj pheej - Askiv, Asmeskas thiab Fabkis. Entente thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1918 sib cais thaj tsam Polish los ntawm kev poob Austria-Hungary thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab koom ua ke lawv nrog Lub Tebchaws Poland, thaj av uas yog koom nrog Russia ua ntej tsov rog, tab sis tom qab ntawd yog cov tub rog German nyob.
Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1919, Pawg Sab Laj Loj ntawm Entente txiav txim siab ciam teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Poland (Thib Ob Tebchaws Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) raws li qhov hu ua. "Curzon Kab" (muaj npe tom qab Tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Txawv Tebchaws Txawv Tebchaws Tswv Curzon). Txoj kab no tau khiav mus rau qhov twg tus ciam teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Poland tam sim no nyob ze. Cov kab no feem ntau sib raug zoo rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm haiv neeg: mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm nws muaj cov av uas muaj feem ntau ntawm cov neeg Polish, mus rau sab hnub tuaj - thaj chaw uas muaj feem ntau ntawm cov neeg Nepolian (Lithuanian, Western Lavxias). Tab sis keeb kwm ciam teb ntawm Lub Tebchaws Poland thiab Russia hla qhov nruab nrab 100 km sab hnub poob ntawm kab Curzon, yog li qee lub nroog Lavxias qub nyob hauv tebchaws Poland (Przemysl, Kholm, Yaroslavl, thiab lwm yam).
Tus Tshiab Rzeczpospolita tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm thaj av ntawm cov tebchaws tshiab uas tau swb lawm thiab lawv qhov tawg, uas tau kawm mus rau "kev ywj pheej". Yog li ntawd, Warsaw kaw nws lub qhov muag rau qhov kev thov ntawm Entente thiab sim ntes kom ntau li ntau tau, kom rov tsim nws lub teb chaws "los ntawm hiav txwv mus rau hiav txwv" (los ntawm Baltic mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub). Cov tub rog tau nkag mus rau Baltic tua: Versailles Peace Treaty hauv xyoo 1919 pauv mus rau Poland feem ntau ntawm lub xeev German ntawm Posen (Poznan), ib feem ntawm West Prussia, ib feem ntawm Pomerania, uas tau muab lub tebchaws nkag mus rau Baltic. Danzig (Gdansk) tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm "lub nroog dawb", tab sis Cov Tub Ceev Xwm tau thov nws kom txog thaum yeej los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees xyoo 1939. Ib qho ntxiv, Cov Tub Sab tau txeeb ib feem ntawm Silesia (Sab Hnub Tuaj Upper Silesia) los ntawm cov neeg German.
Cov tub rog tau ntes ib feem ntawm cheeb tsam Teshin los ntawm Czechoslovakia. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1920, Cov tub rog Polish txiav tawm ib feem ntawm Lithuania nrog nws cov peev, Vilno (Vilnius). Tab sis feem ntau ntawm txhua tus, cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws Poland vam tias yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, qhov twg Russia tau tawg los ntawm Cov Teeb Meem. Xyoo 1919, cov tub rog Polish tau kov yeej West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) thiab nyob hauv Galicia. Xyoo 1923, Pab Koomtes Pab Koomtes tau lees paub kev nkag tebchaws ntawm Galician av mus rau Poland.
Poland "los ntawm hiav txwv mus rau hiav txwv" ntawm tus nqi ntawm Russia thaj av
Thaum pib xyoo 1919, Tebchaws Poland pib ua tsov rog nrog Soviet Russia (Tsim Kev Thib Ob Tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth). Lub hom phiaj yog ciam teb ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth hauv 1772. Cov tub rog Polish tau tuav ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Lithuania, Belarus thiab Me Russia (Ukraine) yam tsis muaj teeb meem. Cov tub rog tau siv sijhawm zoo - cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tawm tsam nrog Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb. Tom qab ntawd Warsaw nres qhov kev tawm tsam ib ntus. Tsoomfwv Polish tsis xav kom yeej ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Dawb nrog nws cov lus hais tias "ib thiab tsis muaj tebchaws Russia." Kev sib tham hauv lub hlis ntev hauv Taganrog ntawm Denikin thiab Pilsudski tus sawv cev, General Karnitski, tau xaus rau qhov tsis muaj qab hau. Qhov no yog qhov ua yuam kev loj ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb Polish, uas tau qhia nws cov kev txwv. Kev sib ntaus ib txhij los ntawm cov tub rog Polish uas muaj zog, uas tau txhawb los ntawm Entente, thiab pab tub rog ntawm Denikin, tuaj yeem ua rau lub tebchaws Soviet poob los lossis ua rau txo qis hauv nws thaj chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub taub hau Polish Pilsudski tsis suav nrog Cov Tub Rog Liab, ntseeg tias pab tub rog Polish nws tus kheej yuav tuaj yeem nkag mus rau Moscow yam tsis muaj Tus Saib Xyuas Dawb.
Kev sib tham ntawm Soviet-Polish kuj tsis ua tiav. Ob tog tau siv qhov kev txiav txim siab los npaj ib puag ncig tshiab ntawm kev tawm tsam. Xyoo 1920, cov tub rog Polish rov kho nws qhov kev tawm tsam. Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, Cov Kav Tebchaws tau ua tiav qhov kev vam meej tshiab hauv Belarus thiab Me Russia, coj Kiev. Txawm li cas los xij, Pawg Tub Rog liab tau sau nws cov tub rog, rub tawm cov peev txheej thiab pib tawm tsam kev tawm tsam. Thaum Lub Rau Hli, Budyonny's 1st Cavalry Army tau rov qab Kiev. Cov tub rog Polish sim tawm tsam, tab sis swb lawm. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1920, Red Western Front nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Tukhachevsky tau rov tawm tsam. Cov Tub Ceev Xwm tau thim rov qab sai, poob thaj av thiab lub nroog uas tau txais yav tas los. Hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, Red Army tau nce ntau dua 600 km: thaum Lub Xya Hli 10, Cov tub rog Polish tawm ntawm Bobruisk, thaum Lub Xya Hli 11 - Minsk, thaum Lub Xya Hli 14 - Vilno. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 26, hauv cheeb tsam Bialystok, cov tub rog Soviet hla ncaj qha mus rau hauv tebchaws Poland. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1, Brest tau swb los ntawm Reds yuav luag tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv.
Kev kov yeej sai tig kuv lub taub hau. Hauv lawv txoj kev nyiam kev nyiam kev nyiam kev hlub, Bolsheviks poob lawv qhov kev nkag siab ntawm kev faib ua feem. Hauv Smolensk, Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Tebchaws Poland (Polrevkom) tau tsim, uas yog xav tias muaj hwj chim tag nrho tom qab kev ntes Warsaw thiab kev rhuav tshem Pilsudski. Qhov no tau tshaj tawm thaum Lub Yim Hli 1, 1920 hauv Bialystok. Pawg neeg tau coj los ntawm Julian Markhlevsky. Lenin thiab Trotsky tau ntseeg tias thaum Red Army nkag tebchaws Poland, cov neeg tawm tsam kev tawm tsam yuav tawg tawm ntawd, thiab Tebchaws Poland yuav dhau los ua neeg nyob ruaj khov. Tom qab ntawd qhov kev tawm tsam yuav ua nyob hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, uas yuav ua rau yeej ntawm Soviets thoob plaws Europe. Tsuas yog Stalin tau sim ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig rau tsoomfwv Soviet nrog kev hu kom nres ntawm Kab Curzon thiab ua kev thaj yeeb nrog Warsaw.
Txawm li cas los xij, Moscow txiav txim siab txuas ntxiv qhov kev tawm tsam. Nws xaus hauv swb. Cov Tub Rog Liab poob rau lub Yim Hli sib ntaus sib tua rau Warsaw. Kev cia siab rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm Polish proletariat tsis yog qhov tseeb rau lawv tus kheej. Cov tub rog tau nkees ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua dhau los, kev sib txuas lus ntawm Red Army tau nthuav dav, lub nraub qaum tsis ruaj ntseg. Tus yeeb ncuab tau raug suav tsis txheeb. Cov tub rog Polish, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, muaj lub nraub qaum muaj zog, cov kab hauv ntej tau txo qis, uas tso cai rau Poles tsom mus rau lawv cov kev siv zog tiv thaiv lub peev. Tej zaum nws yuav yog Red Army muaj txoj hauv kev ua tiav, tab sis Tukhachevsky tau ua si. Lub Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob Soviet tau hais los ntawm Tukhachevsky, tus thawj coj loj heev, yog tus taug txuj kev nyuaj uas ua npau suav txog Napoleon lub yeeb koob. Tus thawj coj hauv ntej tau txau cov tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, xa lawv mus rau cov lus qhia sib txawv.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Pilsudski, uas hu ua kev ua tsov rog no "kev ua yuam kev yuam kev", ua rau kev swb yeej ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Tukhachevsky ("Miracle on the Vistula"). Cov tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob raug kev txom nyem hnyav. Qhov no coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias cov tub rog Polish tuaj yeem rov qab tau ib feem ntawm thaj chaw uas tau ploj lawm yav dhau los thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg. Ob tog tau qaug zog los ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab mus rau kev thaj yeeb. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 18, 1921, Riga Peace Treaty tau kos npe ntawm Poland thiab RSFSR (uas nws tus sawv cev tseem sawv cev rau Byelorussian SSR) thiab Ukrainian SSR hauv Riga. Cov cheeb tsam loj - Western Ukraine thiab Western Belarus - tau pauv mus rau Poland.
Txoj cai tswj hwm txoj cai
Thaum tau nqos cov khoom loj, Warsaw tau siv tag nrho lub sijhawm ua ntej Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob sim "zom" nws. Cov neeg khav theeb Polish, tau tsim cov cai ntawm haiv neeg siab tshaj plaws, tau sim ua rau thaj av Western Lavxias thiab Lithuanian los ntawm txoj kev phem tshaj plaws. Cov tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Polish tau sim ua kom muaj paug yuav luag ib feem peb ntawm cov pejxeem. Txhua tus Catholics thiab Uniates tau suav hais tias yog Ncej. "Cov neeg tsis ntseeg" raug tsim txom - uas yog cov neeg tsis ntseeg Catholic tau hu nyob hauv tebchaws Poland. Cov koom txoos tsis sib haum tau raug rhuav tshem lossis hloov mus ua pawg ntseeg. Tag nrho cov zos hauv Volhynia dhau los ua neeg Polish.
Warsaw tau ua raws txoj cai ntawm "kev ntxias". Siegemen yog cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Poland-cov neeg nyob ruaj khov, cov tub rog so haujlwm, cov tswvcuab ntawm lawv tsev neeg, nrog rau cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws uas, tomqab kawg kev ua rog nrog Soviet Russia, thiab tomqab ntawd tau txais kev faib av hauv thaj av ntawm Western Ukraine thiab Western Belarus rau lub homphiaj nquag polonization (polonization) ntawm thaj chaw. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias thaj av Me Me nyob rau tebchaws Russia twb muaj neeg nyob coob heev, cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Poland tau txais kev faib cov av zoo tshaj plaws thiab nyiaj txiag pab dawb. Cov tub ceev xwm Polish nyob rau lub sijhawm muab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm 15 txog 40 hectares ntawm thaj av. Yog li nyob rau lub sijhawm 1921 - 1939. los ntawm haiv neeg Polish thaj av txog 300 txhiab tus neeg tau tsiv mus rau Belarus, mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj Galicia thiab Volyn - txog 200 txhiab tus neeg.
Qhov no coj mus rau kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias sab hnub poob. Xyoo 1930, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tswv tsev hauv tebchaws Poland thiab cov neeg nyob puag ncig hauv tebchaws Ukraine tau dhau los ntau dua. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1930 ib leeg, 2,200 lub tsev Polish tau kub hnyiab hauv Eastern Galicia. Cov tub ceev xwm tau coj cov tub rog, hlawv thiab plundered txog 800 lub zos. Ntau tshaj 2 txhiab tus neeg raug ntes, kwv yees li ib feem peb tau raug kaw ntev.
Polish kev hem thawj
Txij li thaum ntxov xyoo 1920, Cov neeg sawv cev Polish tau tsim nyob rau sab Hnub Poob cov duab ntawm Poland raws li kev thaiv rau Bolshevism, tus tiv thaiv ntawm "kev nkag siab Europe". Xyoo 1921, kev cog lus koom nrog tau kos npe nrog Fabkis. Muaj tseeb, Cov Tub Rog ib zaug ntxiv tsis nco qab lawv tus kheej keeb kwm thiab tsis nco qab tias txawm hais tias Fabkis yog ib tus phooj ywg ib txwm ntawm Poland, nws feem ntau tawm ntawm "tus khub" thaum lub sijhawm txaus ntshai. Tsuas yog lub sijhawm 1807 - 1812, thaum Napoleon tawm tsam nrog Russia.
Xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s, cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws Poland tsis tuaj yeem muab lub tebchaws rau kev hloov pauv kev lag luam lossis kev sib raug zoo uas coj tib neeg mus rau txoj kev vam meej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tsuas yog cov lus qub qub tseem nyob: "Los ntawm mozha mus rau mozha" ("los ntawm hiav txwv mus rau hiav txwv"). Tsis muaj leej twg hauv Warsaw yuav tsis hnov qab txog kev rov qab los ntawm 1772 ciam teb. Cov tswv Polish xav plunge Europe mus rau hauv kev ua tsov rog loj dua. Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb tau rov qab ua lub xeev rau Poland, ib feem ntawm thaj av qub ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Yog li ntawd, Warsaw ntseeg tias kev ua tsov rog loj tshiab hauv Tebchaws Europe yuav ua rau Poland thaj av uas nws tau thov.
Tus thawj coj tseem ceeb ntawm chav kawm no mus rau kev ua rog yog Polish Txawv Tebchaws Minister hauv 1932-1939. Jozef Peb. Tom qab Piłsudski tuag xyoo 1935, lub zog hauv tebchaws Poland poob rau hauv kev txiav txim ntawm pab pawg ntawm peb - Marshal Rydz -Smigla, Thawj Tswj Hwm Moscicki thiab Beck, thaum Beck tau txiav txim siab Warsaw txoj cai txawv teb chaws. Yog li ntawd, kom txog rau lub Cuaj Hli xyoo 1939, Xov Xwm Sab Hnub Poob hu ua tsoomfwv Polish yog Beck tsoomfwv.
Tebchaws Poland tsis yog tus neeg ua phem loj nyob hauv Europe, tabsis Pilsudski thiab cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm nws txoj kev kawm tsis muaj kev phem lossis zoo dua li Mussolini lossis Mannerheim. Hauv Rome, lawv tau ua npau suav ntawm kev rov ua qhov zoo ntawm Roman Empire tshiab, hloov pauv Mediterranean mus rau hauv Italis ib qho, ua rau lub tebchaws qis thiab cov neeg nyob hauv Balkans thiab Africa. Hauv Helsinki, lawv tau npaj los tsim "Greater Finland" nrog Karelia, Kola Peninsula, Leningrad, Arkhangelsk thiab Arkhangelsk xeev (Lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua phem phem ntawm "kev ua phem Stalinist tsoomfwv" tiv thaiv "kev thaj yeeb" Finland; Uas ua rau USSR pib tsov rog nrog Finland). Hauv Warsaw, lawv npau suav txog Ukraine.
Yog li, hauv Warsaw, lawv tseem yaum lawv daim di ncauj ntawm thaj av Lavxias. Cov tswv Polish tsis tau tso tseg lawv cov phiaj xwm rau kev qaug dab peg thiab ua tub rog nyob hauv tebchaws Russia, nkag mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub. Cov tub rog nrhiav ntes feem ntau ntawm Ukrainian SSR. Qhov no, txog thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, tau txiav txim siab txog kev sib raug zoo tsis zoo ntawm USSR thiab Poland. Ntxiv mus, Poland yog tus pib ntawm kev ua yeeb ncuab. Warsaw tawv ncauj tsis lees paub txhua qhov kev sim los ntawm Moscow los tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg nyob ze. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1930s, USSR tau pom zoo kev lag luam nrog txhua lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb, tsuas yog Poland tsis kam kos npe rau qhov kev pom zoo ntawd, thiab tau ntsib cov neeg Lavxias ib nrab tsuas yog xyoo 1939, ob peb hlis ua ntej nws tuag.
Tus ciam teb Polish yog qhov chaw txaus ntshai. Nov yog xyoo 1920, kev sib cav sib tua thiab kev sib tua tshwm sim tas li. Ntau Tus Neeg Saib Xyuas Dawb thiab Petliura tau ua raws li thaj chaw ntawm Tebchaws Poland, uas, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Polish thiab tub rog, tau tawm tsam thaj tsam ntawm RSFSR thiab Ukrainian SSR ib ntus. Qhov no yuam tsoomfwv Soviet kom ua kom muaj zog loj hauv tebchaws Poland. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Soviet Russia, vim nws tsis muaj zog, coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo thaum xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s. Cov neeg tiv thaiv ciam teb Soviet muaj cov lus qhia nruj heev los txwv kev siv riam phom ntawm ciam teb. Poles coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo, zoo li tus kov yeej. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias Moscow thaum lub sijhawm no suav tias Poland yog cov yeeb ncuab feem ntau hauv Tebchaws Europe (nrog rau Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) thiab tau npaj rau kev ua tsov rog tiv thaiv.
Polish Txawv Teb Chaws Minister Jozef Beck tau mus ntsib Berlin. Xyoo 1935.
