Kev nyuaj siab ntawm Peb Reich. 75 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 13, 1945, Soviet pab tub rog ua tiav kev ua phem rau lub peev ntawm Hungary, lub nroog Budapest. Kev ua tiav qhov kawg ntawm Budapest kev ua haujlwm tau hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm sab qab teb ntawm Soviet-German pem hauv ntej thiab pab txhawb kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Army hauv Berlin kev coj.
Lub peev Hungarian, cov tub rog ntawm 2nd Ukrainian Pem Hauv Ntej hais kom ua Marshal R. Ya. Malinovsky thiab 3rd Ukrainian Front, Marshal F. I. Tolbukhin raug thaiv rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 26, 1944. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 188 thous. pab pawg German-Hungarian tau thov kom tso lawv txhais caj npab. Txawm li cas los xij, Nazis tua cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Soviet. Ntawm txhua lub nroog European uas tau coj los ntawm Soviet pab tub rog, Budapest tau ua thawj qhov chaw nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Ua ntej, qhov no yog vim qhov xwm txheej ua haujlwm nyuaj ntawm lub nplhaib sab nraud ntawm qhov ncig, qhov twg Nazis tau sim ua kom tsis txhob muaj cov tub rog nyob ib puag ncig ntawm General Pfeffer-Wildenbruch. Cov neeg German tau ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam zoo nrog lub zog mobile tsim. Qhov no ua rau nws nyuaj rau tsom mus rau kev swb ntawm lub nroog cov tub rog. Qhov thib ob, Soviet cov lus txib, txhawm rau khaws cia Hungarian lub peev, qhov uas muaj ntau qhov keeb kwm keeb kwm, thiab kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj loj hauv lub nroog uas muaj neeg coob, sim zam kev siv phom loj thiab dav hlau. Txhua qhov no ncua kev ntes Budapest.
Qhov xwm txheej hauv Hungary
Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1944, Cov Tub Rog Liab, tau ua tiav kev dim ntawm Romania thiab Bulgaria, mus txog ciam teb ntawm Hungary thiab Yugoslavia. Kev tawm tsam tau pib hauv Hungary, Yugoslavia thiab Czechoslovakia. Hungary los ntawm lub sijhawm no tseem yog tib tus phooj ywg ntawm Reich. Kev ua phem rau hauv Hungary rub tawm rau yuav luag rau lub hlis. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias Hitler tau sim nrog nws lub peev xwm los khaws Hungary, thiab cov rog loj ntawm Wehrmacht tau mob siab rau ntawm no, suav nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv muaj zog.
Ib qho ntxiv, cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv Hungarian tseem mob siab rau Hitler mus txog qhov kawg. Muaj tseeb, tom qab kev swb hnyav ntawm cov tub rog Hungarian nyob nruab nrab Don thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1943 thiab poob ntau, kev xav hauv Budapest pib hloov pauv. Tab sis tag nrho, Horthy txoj kev tswj hwm tsis tau muaj teeb meem loj, cov pej xeem muaj kev ntseeg siab, thiab kev tawm tsam tsawg heev. Tsuas yog thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1944 puas yog cov neeg German tau qhib lub tebchaws thaum tsim nyog pib nrhiav kev ua rog nrog kev tawm tsam Hitler kev koom tes. Thawj tus neeg koom siab Hungarian tau tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1944, thaum qhov kev swb ntawm Peb Reich tau pom tseeb thiab pab tub rog liab tau yeej kev yeej hauv Balkans. Lub Kaum Hli 6, 1944 2- Ukrainian Front (2nd UV) tau pib ua haujlwm Debrecen. Los ntawm thawj hnub, peb cov tub rog tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb, swb rau pab tub rog Hungarian thib 3. Thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam, sab hnub tuaj ntawm Hungary thiab sab qaum teb ntawm Transylvania tau raug tso dim.
Tom qab ntawd, tus neeg tswj hwm Hungarian Miklos Horthy tau qhia txog kev yoog raws. Nws tsis lees txais tsoomfwv German, thiab thaum Lub Kaum Hli 15, tsoomfwv tshiab tshaj tawm kev ua tsis ncaj ncees nrog USSR. Hungary qhov kev tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua tsov rog nthuav tawm sab qab teb ntawm Reich thiab tuaj yeem ua rau kev sib cais ntawm pawg Balkan ntawm Wehrmacht. Tsis tas li, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees xav tau roj Hungarian. Hitler cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau nrawm heev. Cov neeg German tau ua haujlwm Panzerfaust. Cov tub rog German tau tswj hwm tag nrho Hungary thiab nws pab tub rog. Tus kheej tshwj xeeb ntawm Fuhrer Otto Skorzeny tau nyiag tus tub rog tus tub, Horthy Jr. Lawv muab nws tso rau hauv qhov chaw mloog lus thiab hais rau nws txiv tias nws yuav raug tua yog nws tawm tsam. Highty capitulated thiab raug ntes nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Lub zog tau xa mus rau tus thawj coj ntawm Hungarian Nazi pro-German tog Salashi. Hungary txuas ntxiv ua tsov rog nyob rau sab Germany. Txhawm rau zam kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv pab tub rog Hungarian, cov neeg German tau faib cov neeg Hungarian los sib faib, lawv ua haujlwm raws li ib feem ntawm pawg German. Cov tub rog Hungarian uas tseem tshuav, zoo li cov tub rog thib 2 thiab thib 3, tau ua raws li cov lus txib German. Txhua chav Hungarian tau nyob ntawm xub ntiag, deb ntawm Budapest. Hauv lub tebchaws sab hauv, yuav luag tsis muaj cov tub rog Hungarian tso cai rau tsoomfwv cia siab rau. Kev tsim cov tank German tau mob siab rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm Hungarian peev.
Kev ua haujlwm Budapest
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 29, 1944, cov tub rog ntawm sab laug ntawm 2nd UV tau pib ua haujlwm Budapest. Lub tshuab tseem ceeb tau tsoo los ntawm cov tub rog 46th, 2nd thiab 4th Guards Mechanized Corps. Feem ntau cov neeg Hungarian tiv thaiv ntawm no thiab kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog. Cov tub rog Soviet yuav tsum mus txog lub nroog los ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj thiab coj nws mus. Los ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, Pawg Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv 7 tau xa lub tshuab pabcuam. Tus so ntawm Malinovsky cov tub rog tau nce qib hauv kev coj ntawm Miskolc. Cov tub rog ntawm 3rd UV (3rd UV) nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Tolbukhin nyuam qhuav ua tiav Belgrade kev ua haujlwm thiab pib hloov pauv ntawm 57th Army mus rau Hungary, uas tau tsom mus rau thaj tsam Banat thiab xav tias yuav ntes cov choj ntawm Danube.
Sab laug ntawm lub thib ob UV tsoo los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv thiab txog thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2, 1944, peb cov tub rog mus txog qhov ze rau Budapest. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis muaj peev xwm coj lub peev Hungarian los ntawm kev txav mus los. Cov lus txib German tau xa 14 qhov kev sib cais ntawm no (suav nrog peb lub tank thiab ib lub tsheb sib faib los ntawm cheeb tsam Miskolc), uas, vam khom rau yav dhau los uas tau npaj ua ntej tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, nres kev ua phem ntxiv ntawm cov tub rog Soviet. Lub hauv paus Soviet tau hais kom nthuav tawm thaj chaw ua phem kom kov yeej pawg Budapest nrog kev tawm tsam sab qaum teb, sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1944, Soviet cov tub rog tau tsoo los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv ntawm tus dej Tisza thiab Danube thiab, tau nce mus txog 100 km, mus txog sab nrauv tiv thaiv kab ntawm Budapest los ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj. Lub caij no, cov tub rog ntawm 3rd UV tau ntes tus choj loj nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm ntug dej Danube. Tom qab ntawd, cov tub rog ntawm lub hauv paus thiab sab laug ntawm 2nd UV tau txais txoj haujlwm los tsim ib puag ncig puag ncig Budapest.
Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 5-9, cov tub rog ntawm 7th Tus Saib Xyuas, 6th Guards Tank Armies thiab pab pawg cavalry cov tub rog ntawm Lieutenant General Pliev tau cuam tshuam sab qaum teb kev sib txuas lus ntawm pab pawg Budapest ntawm Wehrmacht. Ntawm sab laug ntawm 46th, pab tub rog hla Danube sab qab teb ntawm Budapest. Tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem hla lub nroog tam sim ntawd sab hnub poob. Kev sib cav tawv ncauj txuas ntxiv mus txog lub Kaum Ob Hlis 26. Cov lus txib hauv tebchaws Soviet yuav tsum pov cov txheej txheem muaj zog tshiab rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua: Tus Saib Xyuas Thib Ob, 7 Tus Kws Kho Mob thiab 18th Tank Corps. Hauv 26th ib leeg, cov tub rog ntawm 2nd thiab 3rd UV sib koom ua ke hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub nroog Esztergom thiab nyob ib puag ncig yuav luag 190 txhiab. pawg yeeb ncuab.
Qhov cua daj cua dub ntawm Budapest
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov tub rog German thiab Hungarian cov thawj coj ntseeg tias Budapest yuav tsum tsis txhob tiv thaiv nyob hauv ib puag ncig. Tus thawj coj-tus thawj coj ntawm Pab Pawg Pab Pawg Sab Qab Teb, Johannes Friesner, xav kom ua raws kab hauv ntej thiab zam kev sib ntaus hauv txoj kev. Nws kuj tau sau tseg qhov kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv German zoo ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog. Kev kub ntxhov tuaj yeem tsoo tawm tom qab ntawm cov tub rog German. Tus thawj coj ntawm 6th German Army, General Maximilian Fretter-Pico, xav kom thim qab ntawm Kab Attila kom tsis txhob muaj kev hem thawj ntawm ib puag ncig. Cov lus Hungarian kuj tau txiav txim siab tias nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv Budapest tsuas yog hauv cheeb tsam tiv thaiv ntawm Kab Attila. Lub peev, tom qab tsoo dhau txoj kab tiv thaiv thiab kev hem thawj ntawm ib puag ncig, yuav tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. "Tus thawj coj hauv tebchaws" ntawm xeev Hungarian, Salashi, kuj ntshai kev tawm tsam ntawm "nroog loj rabble" thiab ntseeg tias cov tub rog yuav tsum raug thim rov mus rau thaj tsam roob. Cov thawj coj Hungarian tau tshaj tawm tias Budapest yog "lub nroog qhib" thiab yog li zam kev puas tsuaj ntawm keeb kwm peev.
Hitler tsis suav nrog cov lus sib cav ntawm nws cov lus txib thiab Hungarian cov tub rog-kev coj noj coj ua. Cov tub rog tsis thim rov qab. Fuhrer tau xaj kom tiv thaiv txhua lub tsev, tsis txhob suav nrog kev poob, thiab los ntawm kev xaj hnub tim 1 Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1944, nws tshaj tawm Budapest tias yog lub fortress. Tus thawj coj zoo tshaj plaws ntawm SS thiab tub ceev xwm hauv Hungary, dav dav ntawm SS pab tub rog, Obergruppenführe Otto Winkelmann, tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj hauv nroog. Lub 9th SS Mountain Corps nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm SS Obergruppenfuehrer Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch tau xa mus rau nws. Qhov tseeb, nws yog nws leej twg los ua lub taub hau tiv thaiv ntawm Budapest. Txhua lub tsev pob zeb tau dhau los ua lub chaw tiv thaiv me me, txoj kev thiab thaj chaw tau dhau los ua chaw tiv thaiv. Txog rau lawv txoj kev tiv thaiv, lawv tau sau txhua tus neeg uas lawv tuaj yeem ua tau. Friesner thiab Fretter-Pico raug tshem tawm ntawm lawv cov ntawv. Pab Pawg Pab Pawg Sab Qab Teb tau coj los ntawm Otto Wöhler, thiab 6th Army tau coj los ntawm Balck.
Tom qab ib puag ncig, muaj peev xwm thim qhov tub rog npaj-npaj los ntawm Budapest. Thaum xub thawj, tsis muaj ib puag ncig nruj, thiab cov tub rog German-Hungarian, tshwj xeeb nrog kev txhawb nqa sab nraud, tuaj yeem hla mus rau lawv tus kheej. Tab sis lawv tsis tau txais qhov kev xaj ntawd. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv tau qhia los ntawm saum toj no kom sawv mus rau qhov kawg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Budapest, nrog nws ntau dua ib lab cov pej xeem, los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm Fuhrer, dhau los ua chaw sib ntaus sib tua, "Danube Stalingrad". Txog kev ntes lub nroog, pab pawg Budapest tau tsim los ntawm kev hais kom ua ntawm General I. M. Afonin (tom qab ntawd I. M. Managarov). Nws suav nrog 3 rab phom phom thiab 9 pawg tub rog loj.
Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Budapest tau rub los vim muaj kev sib ntaus hnyav uas txuas ntxiv hauv Hungary. German High Command txuas ntxiv txhim kho cov tub rog ntawm pab pawg U hauv Hungary. 37 kev sib cais tau pauv ntawm no, xa los ntawm lwm cov haujlwm hauv ntej (suav nrog hauv plawv Berlin txoj kev taw qhia) thiab los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob. Txog thaum pib Lub Ib Hlis 1945, Cov Neeg German tau tsom mus rau 16 lub tank thiab cov tsheb sib cais ntawm no - ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog tiv thaiv ntawm Reich ntawm Lavxias pem hauv ntej. Cov Nazis tau pib peb qhov kev tawm tsam muaj zog thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1945 nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev thaiv lub Budapest pawg thiab sib koom ua ntej ntawm Danube (Kev Ua Haujlwm Konrad).
Nws yog qhov txaus siab uas Hitler xav txiav hla txoj hauv kev mus rau Budapest tsis yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev thim cov tub rog hauv nroog, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tab sis xav txhawb nws nrog cov tub rog tshiab. Hauv nws qhov kev xav, "Danube Stalingrad" yuav tsum zom cov tub rog Lavxias thiab khi lawv. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tuav sab hnub poob ntawm Hungary thiab npog txoj hauv kev mus rau Vienna. Yog li ntawd, Fuhrer categorically tsis lees paub ib lub tswv yim ntawm kev swb Budapest thiab tsoo los ntawm nws cov tub rog kom tau raws li nws tus kheej. Cov tub rog Budapest yuav tsum tuav lub nroog kom txog thaum lawv cov tub rog tuaj txog. Yog li ntawd, Pfeffer-Wildenbruch pab pawg tsis tau sim tawm ntawm lawv lub nroog mus rau qhov tsis muaj kev tawm tsam thiab tos kom txog thaum kawg kom dim. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Hungary tau dhau los ua ib qho kev tawm tsam hnyav thiab ua phem heev. Yog li thaum Lub Ib Hlis 18 - 26, Cov Neeg German tau tawm tsam los ntawm thaj tsam sab qaum teb ntawm Lake Balaton, tshem tawm sab xub ntiag ntawm UV thib 3 thiab mus txog ntawm Danube. Tus yeeb ncuab txoj kev kov yeej raug tshem tawm tsuas yog los ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm pab tub rog ntawm 2nd thiab 3rd UV.
Lub caij no, cov tub rog ntawm 2nd UV txuas ntxiv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau lub peev Hungarian. Lawv tau sim txiav cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv, thiab tom qab ntawd rhuav tshem cais, cais cov yeeb ncuab cov tub rog. Cov tswv yim ntawm pab pawg ua phem tau nquag siv. Cov pab pawg zoo li no feem ntau suav nrog cov tub rog phom, cov tub rog, cov flamethrowers, nws tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm 1-2 lub tsheb tso tsheb hlau luam lossis cov phom tua tus kheej, cov phom uas ntaus nrog hluav taws ncaj. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 18, 1945, peb cov tub rog tau coj mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog - Kab Tsuag, thiab thaum Lub Ob Hlis 13 - sab hnub poob - Budu. Cov seem ntawm pab pawg German-Hungarian tau sim tawm ntawm lub nroog thaum Lub Ob Hlis 11, vim tias kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig tau tawg thiab nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau hla lossis tso tawm, thiab Nazis tsis xav kom swb. Kev sib ntaus txuas ntxiv mus rau ob peb hnub ntxiv. Tsuas yog ob peb puas tus tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm tuaj yeem tawm mus. Tus so raug tua lossis raug ntes. Qhov kev tu lub nroog zaum kawg tau ua tiav thaum Lub Ob Hlis 17. Ntau dua 138 txhiab tus tib neeg, nrog rau cov lus txib, tau raug kaw.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Cov tub rog Soviet tau tso lub hauv paus nruab nrab ntawm Hungary nrog Budapest los ntawm Nazis thiab lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv nroog. Cov yeeb ncuab pawg Budapest tau swb lawm. Hungary raug tshem tawm ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Hungary thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 28, 1944 txiav txim siab thim tawm ntawm kev ua tsov rog thiab tshaj tawm kev ua tsov rog ntawm Reich. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 20, 1945, Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg tau kos npe rau kev ua siab ntev nrog lub zog ntawm kev tawm tsam Hitler kev koom tes. Salash tsoomfwv tseem tawm tsam. Cov tub rog Hungarian tau tawm tsam ib sab ntawm cov neeg German hauv kev ua haujlwm Balaton thiab hauv Austria.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Hungary, suav nrog Budapest cov lus qhia, nyiam lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Wehrmacht, suav nrog los ntawm nruab nrab (Berlin) kev coj. Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Budapest ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau Pab Tub Rog Liab kom ua tiav Vistula-Oder kev ua haujlwm, ua kom kov yeej Berlin.
Kev swb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pawg Budapest tau hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm sab qab teb tis ntawm Soviet-German pem hauv ntej. Kev hem thawj tau tsim los rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm pab pawg Balkan ntawm Wehrmacht, nws qhov kev tshem tawm tau nrawm dua. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau muab sijhawm los tsim kev tawm tsam hauv Czechoslovakia thiab Austria.
Kev ua haujlwm Budapest tau piav qhia ntxaws ntxiv hauv kab lus ntawm "VO": Sib ntaus sib tua Hungary; Thaum pib ntawm kev siege ntawm Budapest; Kev tawg ntawm "Attila Line". Pib ntawm kev ua phem rau Kab Tsuag; Pest ntawm Kab Tsuag. Pib ntawm kev ua phem rau Buda; Qhov kev txiav txim siab ua phem rau Buda; Kev Ua Haujlwm Conrad; Ntshav kawg ntawm pawg neeg Budapest.
