Riga Treaty tau kos npe 100 xyoo dhau los. Soviet Russia poob kev ua tsov rog rau Poland thiab raug yuam kom muab thaj av ntawm Western Belarus thiab Western Ukraine. Tsis tas li ntawd, sab Soviet tau cog lus los them nyiaj rov qab rau Tebchaws Poland thiab hloov cov khoom siv kev coj noj coj ua loj.
Kev ua tsis tiav ntawm "Greater Poland" thiab "Red Warsaw" cov haujlwm
Soviet-Polish tsov rog 1919-1921 xaus hauv kev swb ntawm Russia.
Qhov no yog vim ob yam tseem ceeb.
Ua ntej tshaj, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau raug khi rau ntawm lwm qhov, cov yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb yog White Guard. Tebchaws Poland tau siv txoj hauv kev zoo los siv nws cov phiaj xwm los tsim Rzeczpospolita tshiab.
Qhov thib ob, Tebchaws Poland tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Entente, tshwj xeeb yog Fabkis.
Warsaw ua tsis tiav los paub txog nws txoj kev npaj ua kom loj dua Poland
"Los ntawm hiav txwv mus rau hiav txwv"
(los ntawm Baltic mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub).
Cov Tub Rog Liab tau ua rau ntau tus yeej ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thiab mus txog Warsaw thiab Lvov. Kev cia siab tau yug los rau kev tsim "Red Warsaw", thiab tom qab nws, thiab Berlin.
Vim muaj ntau lub laj thawj laj thawj thiab ua yuam kev ntawm Soviet cov lus txib siab thiab cov lus txib ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, coj los ntawm Tukhachevsky, Cov Tub Rog Liab yeej swb ze Warsaw, tom qab ntawd ntawm Neman. Kuv kuj yuav tsum tau tawm sab hnub poob Ukraine.
Poland tau tso ntshav tawm thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev tawm tsam. Ob tog tau los xaus qhov xav tau kev thaj yeeb.
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog, tau kawg, teeb meem ciam teb. Cov tub rog Polish hais kom ciam teb raws Dnieper. Sab Soviet tawm tsam thiab nthuav tawm nws cov lus pom ntawm ciam teb.
Lub ntsej muag ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov tub rog Polish hauv Volhynia thiab Belarus, txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj nrog Wrangel cov tub rog dawb nyob rau Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob, Moscow tau pom zoo. Ob tog pom zoo ntawm txoj kab raws tus dej. Zbruch - Rivne - Sarny - Luninets - sab hnub poob ntawm Minsk - Vileika - Diena. Thiab txiav tawm Lithuania los ntawm RSFSR.
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 12, 1920, kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tau kos npe hauv Riga. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 18, qhov kev txiav txim siab tau pib siv. Kev sib ntaus raug tso tseg.
Tseeb, cov phoojywg ntawm cov tswv Polish tseem tabtom tawm tsam.
Tom qab kev ua siab ntev, Petliurites tau sim txeeb ib feem ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine thiab nyob hauv Litin. Thiab lawv xav tshaj tawm txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm UPR. Txawm li cas los xij, Petliurists raug ntiab tawm mus rau tebchaws Poland.
Ib pawg ntawm Bulak-Balakhovich ua haujlwm hauv Polesie, nws ntes Mozyr. Cov tub rog Soviet tau txeeb tau Mozyr, Cov Tiv Thaiv Dawb tsis tau tawm tsam lawv txoj kev mus rau tebchaws Poland.
Cov Tub Ceev Xwm tau koom nrog Chav Saib Xyuas Dawb.
Kev sib tham nyuaj
Cov tog neeg tau lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm ib leeg, tsis cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm sab hauv, tsis lees paub kev ua phem thiab kev thov nyiaj txiag. Tab sis Moscow lees paub Poland txoj kev koom tes hauv kev lag luam ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thiab hauv nws cov nyiaj khaws cia.
Tebchaws Poland yuav tsum tau txais kev coj noj coj ua thiab keeb kwm muaj txiaj ntsig xa los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Poland ua ntej Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib thiab thaum ua tsov rog.
Cov tub rog Polish tau thim rov qab mus rau txoj kab kev sib cais, Red Army rov qab mus rau Minsk, Slutsk, Proskurov thiab Kamenets-Podolsky. Feem ntau, Tebchaws Poland tau txais thaj av nyob rau sab hnub poob Belarus nrog cov pejxeem txog 4 lab tus tib neeg thiab Western Ukraine nrog cov pejxeem ntawm 10 lab. Kev faib tawm ntawm haiv neeg tus ncej hauv "sab nrauv sab hnub tuaj" yog me me, kwv yees li 10% (suav nrog kev sau npe ntawm txhua tus neeg ntseeg Catholic thiab koom ua haujlwm raws li tus ncej).
Raws li txoj kev, cov tswv Polish tau txeeb Vilno, keeb kwm peev ntawm Lithuanian Rus, los ntawm Lithuania. Nrog rau qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Pilsudski, tus thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg Lithuanian-Belarusian, General Zheligovsky, tau tsa "kev hloov pauv", nyob hauv Vilna, sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Lithuania thiab tsim kev txhawb nqa lub xeev tsim-Middle Lithuania. Qhov "xeev" no tau koom rau hauv Tebchaws Poland xyoo 1922.
Kev txiav tawm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv Western Theatre tso cai rau Moscow ua tiav qhov kev swb ntawm Wrangel cov tub rog nyob rau sab qab teb Russia. Tom qab ntawd Moscow yuav tsum yaum Warsaw rau lub sijhawm ntev dua kom tsis txhob txhawb nqa qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm Petliura, Bulak-Balakhovich thiab Savinkov, uas yog los ntawm cov av Polish. Kuj coj Zheligovsky pab tub rog mus tom qab.
Raws li txoj cai, cov tub ceev xwm Polish tso tseg tsis txhawb nqa Petliurists thiab White Guard. Tab sis qhov tseeb, qhov teeb meem tsuas yog txav mus thaum cov tub rog Soviet tsav cov chaw no tawm ntawm lawv thaj chaw. Qhov no tsim kev hem thawj ntawm kev rov ua tsov rog ntxiv. Ib qho ntxiv, cov tub rog Polish thov tawm hauv pab tub rog ntawm ciam teb thiab txhawb kev tawm tsam Soviet. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Warsaw tau sim nrhiav kev pab tshiab los ntawm Fab Kis, tab sis Fabkis tsis khoom nrog nws cov teeb meem.
Thaum ib nrab Kaum Ib Hlis 1920, kev sib tham tau pib dua hauv Riga.
Cov thawj coj Polish thaum kawg tau ua haujlwm thiab tshem riam phom White Guard. Cov Petliurites kuj tau raug tshem tawm, tab sis qee leej tau mus rau Romania. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev sib tham tam sim no yog kev pom zoo nyiaj txiag. Warsaw, tau kawg, xav tau kom ntau li ntau tau los ntawm Russia, thiab Moscow tsis tau maj nrawm los ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm Cov Tub Rog.
Cov neeg sawv cev Polish tau thov 300 lab rubles hauv kub, thiab Soviet tau npaj los muab 30 lab. Tus Kws tseem xav kom hloov 2 txhiab lub tsheb ciav hlau, ntau lub tsheb, tshwj tsis yog 255 lub tsheb ciav hlau, 435 tus neeg caij tsheb thiab ntau dua 8,800 lub tsheb thauj khoom raug nyiag thaum tsov rog. Cov tub rog tseem xav tau thaj chaw ntxiv hauv Ukraine: lawv tau thov kom tso Proskurov, Kamenets-Podolsky, Novo-Konstantinov thiab Novoushitsk.
Cov kev xav tau no nyuaj rau qhov xwm txheej.
Lub sijhawm no hauv Tebchaws Europe tau tham ntau txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tawm tsam tshiab los ntawm Entente hauv Russia. Cov neeg dawb kuj tseem tos nws. Wrangel khaws tag nrho pab tub rog. Thiab nws tau npaj rau nws tsaws hauv Russia.
Cov tub rog, nrog kev pab ntawm Askiv thiab Fabkis, txuas ntxiv txhim kho lawv cov peev txheej tub rog. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 21, 1921, Cov tub rog Polish-Fab Kis tau kos npe tawm tsam Russia thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Paris txhawb Warsaw txoj cai ntawm kev rub tawm kev sib tham thiab nrhiav los tsim ib txoj siv tiv thaiv Soviet los ntawm Baltic mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub.
Muaj tseeb, hauv Baltics lawv tau saib Poland nrog ceev faj, lawv ntshai ntawm nws txoj kev xav hauv thaj av. Romania thaum pib lub Peb Hlis 1921 tau pom zoo rau kev koom tes ua tub rog nrog Poland.
Ntiaj teb phem
Hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo thoob ntiaj teb, Moscow yuav tsum tau pom zoo. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 24, 1921, ob tog tau ncua qhov kev tawm tsam. Kev thaj yeeb tau kos npe rau lub Peb Hlis 18, 1921.
Poland pom zoo rau 30 lab rubles hauv kub raws li Polish ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj khaws tseg ntawm yav dhau los Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Tab sis nws xav tau 12 txhiab square metres. km. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tau muaj kev pom zoo: Poland tau muab kwv yees li 3 txhiab square metres. km hauv Polesie thiab ntawm ntug dej ntawm tus dej. Western Dvina. Poland tau txais 300 lub tsheb ciav hlau, 435 lub tsheb thauj neeg caij tsheb thiab 8100 tsheb thauj khoom. Russia tawm mus rau Tebchaws Poland cov khoom lag luam uas tau koom nrog RSFSR thiab Ukrainian SSR, tsuas yog 255 lub tshuab tsheb ciav hlau thiab ntau dua 9 txhiab lub tsheb.
Tus nqi tag nrho ntawm cov khoom lag luam tawm sab laug thiab xa mus rau Tebchaws Poland tau kwv yees li ntawm 13.1 lab rubles kub hauv xyoo 1913. Tag nrho tus nqi ntawm lwm cov khoom siv tsheb ciav hlau, uas tau hloov pauv ua ke nrog cov chaw nres tsheb, tau kwv yees li ntawm 5, 9 lab rubles hauv kub. Qhov tseeb, cov no yog cov nyiaj them rov qab.
Poland tau raug zam los ntawm kev lav ris rau cov nuj nqis thiab lwm yam kev lav phib xaub ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Ob tog tau cog lus tias yuav hwm ib leeg txoj kev ywj pheej, tsis txhawb cov koomhaum ua phem tawm tsam nrog ib lub tebchaws. Cov txheej txheem xaiv kev ua neeg xam xaj tau xav ua.
Hauv RSFSR, qhov kev pom zoo tau pom zoo thaum lub Plaub Hlis 14, hauv tebchaws Poland - hnub tim 15, hauv tebchaws Ukrainian SSR - ntawm 17th. Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 30, tom qab kev sib pauv cov cuab yeej ntawm kev pom zoo hauv Minsk, qhov kev cog lus tau pib siv.
Yog li, cov phiaj xwm ntawm haiv neeg Polish kom "polonize" Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine thiab ib feem ntawm cov xeev sab hnub poob ntawm Russia thiab tsim "Greater Poland" ua tsis tiav.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaj av ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Belarus thiab Sab Hnub Poob Ukraine, nyob feem ntau ntawm cov neeg Lavxias sab hnub poob, tau pauv mus rau Warsaw.
Hmoov tsis zoo, cov neeg tseem ceeb Polish tsis paub lawv qhov yuam kev. Warsaw plam txoj hauv kev los tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog Russia, tsom mus rau nws cov muaj peev xwm sib tw (Fabkis, Askiv thiab Yelemes). Tom qab kev ua tsov rog xyoo 1919-1921, Txoj Kev Kawm Zoo Hauv Tebchaws Poland tau txuas ntxiv nrog kev hwm rau cov xeev nyob sib ze, thiab tshwj xeeb yog Russia.
Kev quab yuam polonization, kev tswj hwm thiab kev nruj nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Lavxias teb sab thaj av txuas ntxiv mus txog rau lub Cuaj Hli 1939, thaum tsoomfwv Stalin ua tiav kev sib koom ua ke ntawm thaj av Lavxias thiab cov neeg Lavxias nyob rau sab hnub poob.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Russophobic thiab Nazi txoj cai ntawm Pilsudski thiab nws cov qub txeeg qub teg tau coj mus rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm Tebchaws Poland (Thib Ob Rzeczpospolita) xyoo 1939, qhov kev poob qis hauv lub xeev tshiab.
Kev vam meej ntawm Poland thiab cov neeg Polish yog ua tau tsuas yog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev koom tes nrog Russia.
Raws li nws yog xyoo 1945-1980s. Cov haiv neeg Slavic muaj cov hauv paus hniav thiab txoj hmoo. Cov Tub Rog tau dhau los ua kev tawm tsam Lavxias "tsoo lub ram" (Vatican, Austria, Fabkis, Askiv thiab Asmeskas). Tab sis qhov no tsis tau coj kev zoo siab rau tib neeg, tsuas yog kev tu siab.
Cov neeg tiam tam sim no ntawm cov neeg tswjfwm Polish tsis nkag siab qhov no thiab tab tom taug txoj kev rake keeb kwm. Dooming cov neeg mus rau kev puas tsuaj tshiab yav tom ntej.
