Cov phiaj xwm ntawm tsarist Tus Thawj Coj Ua Haujlwm tsis ua ib qho, tab sis ob qho kev ua phem ib zaug (tawm tsam Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Austria-Hungary) feem ntau raug thuam. Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg "ntxov ntxov" tau raug thuam ntau dua - ua ntej kev tawm tsam tau ua tiav. Russia raug yuam kom tawm tsam kev tawm tsam nyob rau hnub 15 ntawm kev tawm tsam, thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tau ua tiav tsuas yog 30-40 hnub. Tab sis cov no yog qee qhov kev nkag siab yuam kev, Lavxias tus thawj coj ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntawd - Brusilov. Alekseev, Denikin tau sau tseg tias cov phiaj xwm feem ntau raug. Cov kev xav no tau yug los ntawm Soviet keeb kwm keeb kwm, uas tau tawm tsam "Tsov Rog Zaum Ob".
Russia tsis tuaj yeem tos kom ua tiav kev sib sau ua ke, txij li lub sijhawm no cov tub rog German tuaj yeem kov yeej Fab Kis cov tub rog thiab ntes Paris, yuam Fabkis kom muaj kev thaj yeeb. Russia yuav tsum tawm tsam yeej pab tub rog German thiab Austro-Hungarian cov tub rog nyob ib leeg (Tebchaws Askiv tsis tuaj yeem muab kev pab tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb yog tam sim ntawd). Pov tseg txhua lub zog tsuas yog tawm tsam Austria-Hungary, cov tub rog Lavxias tau pheej hmoo ua rau poob rau hauv "thaj av thaj av", qhov no yog qhov kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg German. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov tub rog Lavxias kom kov yeej Austro-Hungarians thiab mus rau Silesia txhawm rau ua kom Berlin ua pauj rau kev ua phem (kom thim cov tub rog los ntawm sab hnub poob) hauv 2 lub lis piam. Nws yog kev twv txiaj, zoo li Schlieffen txoj kev npaj tshiab. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm kho tshuab, pab pawg tso tsheb hlau luam, lossis cov dav hlau muaj zog uas tuaj yeem muab kev ua tiav ntawm lub hauv ntej mus rau qhov tob tob thiab ua tiav kev txhim kho ntawm kev tawm tsam. Thiab lub peev xwm hla kev ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tsis siab. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg, thiab qhov tseeb tias Austro-Hungarian cov tub rog, txawm hais tias lawv qhov tsis txaus, yog thawj pab tub rog European thawj zaug.
Lub tshuab cua daj cua dub puv rau lub tebchaws Yelemes tseem tsis tau daws qhov teeb meem: Russia tau txais lub zog los ntawm pab pawg Austro-Hungarian, uas tau tsom mus rau ze Krakow thiab npaj yuav nce mus rau sab qaum teb kom kaw "Lub hnab Polish". Thiab cov neeg German tau muaj lub sijhawm los hloov pauv cov rog sai sai los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yuam kev ntawm Lavxias hais kom ua, nrog rau German, Austrian, Fabkis, yog qhov tseeb tias txhua tus tau npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua luv. Kev lag luam ntawm cov tebchaws tsis tau npaj rau kev ua tsov rog ntev, ib yam li cov tub rog ntawm cov tebchaws.
Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias Lavxias cov lus txib thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb tau siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cais ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm lub zog loj, txhawm rau tsim kev tawm tsam. Hnub 15 ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, Lavxias cov lus txib muaj li ib feem peb ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau pem hauv ntej (27 tus tub rog, 20 pab tub rog caij nkoj), hnub 23, txog rau ib feem peb ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog tau ntxiv, los ntawm 30-40 hnub, txog li 12-17 kev sib cais tau thim rov qab. Tom qab ntawd, ntau qhov kev sib cais los ntawm Siberia yuav tsum tuaj. Thiab Fabkis thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees siv lub tswv yim qub - los sau tag nrho cov rog thiab pov lawv mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ib zaug los txiav txim siab qhov ua tiav ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Northwestern pem hauv ntej
Tus thawj coj-tus thawj ntawm North-Western Front yog General Yakov Grigorievich Zhilinsky (1853-1918). Nov yog tus neeg ua haujlwm uas tau ua haujlwm nyob rau qib tsuas yog peb xyoos. Xyoo 1898, Zhilinsky yog tus sawv cev ua tub rog rau pab tub rog Mev hauv tebchaws Cuba thaum lub sijhawm Spanish-Asmeskas Tsov Rog (1898). Nws nthuav tawm cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab nthuav qhia txog nws qhov kev soj ntsuam, uas nws tau ua kom pom daim duab tiav ntawm kev ua tsov rog no, piav qhia qhov laj thawj ntawm kev ua tsis tiav thiab swb ntawm cov tub rog Spanish. Yuav luag txhua qhov kev pabcuam nws nyob hauv lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm thiab tub rog-kev tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm (nws ua pov thawj nws tus kheej los ua tus sawv cev zoo). Txij li Lub Ob Hlis 1911 nws tau ua Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1914 nws tau raug xaiv los ua Tus Thawj Coj Hauv Cheeb Tsam Warsaw thiab Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Warsaw. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1914, nws tau txais txoj haujlwm ntawm Commander-in-Chief ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob (raws li ib feem ntawm 1st Army ntawm Rennenkampf thiab 2nd Army of Samsonov).
Zhilinsky tsis muaj sijhawm los kawm tiag tiag ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, kom siv lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Warsaw Cov Tub Rog Hauv Cheeb Tsam, thiab tom qab ntawd Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Tus Thawj Coj. Yog li ntawd, nws tau ua yam tsis paub tseeb.
Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob muaj lub zog tseem ceeb - muaj ntau dua 250 txhiab tus tub rog hauv ob pab tub rog. 1st Army (txib los ntawm General Pavel Rennenkampf) tau xa mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm East Prussia (Neman Army), thiab 2nd Army (txib los ntawm General Alexander Samsonov) tau xa mus rau sab qab teb ntawm East Prussia (Narevskaya pab tub rog). Hauv thawj pab tub rog muaj 6, 5 tus tub rog thiab 5, 5 pawg tub rog sib tua nrog 492 rab phom, hauv pab tub rog thib ob - 12, 5 tus tub rog thiab 3 pawg tub rog caij tsheb nrog 720 phom (cov tub rog pem hauv ntej tau loj hlob mus rau 30 tus tub rog thiab 9 pawg tub rog sib faib.) … Lub hauv ntej muaj 20-30 lub dav hlau, 1 lub dav hlau.
Cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm tau hais los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntuj thiab thaj chaw thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg German nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Prussia. Ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv muaj thaj tsam muaj zog Königsberg muaj zog, mus rau sab qab teb txoj hauv kev ntawm Masurian pas dej, hav hav dej thiab Letzen fortress. Thawj pab tub rog thib 1 ntawm Pavel Karlovich Rennenkampf tau xav tias yuav tau nce los ntawm txoj kab ntawm Neman River hauv lub caij nyoog nruab nrab ntawm ob qho kev cuam tshuam no. Cov tub rog thib ob ntawm Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov yuav tsum tau nce los ntawm ciam teb ntawm Narew River, hla hla Masurian reservoirs thiab Letzen. Ob pawg tub rog Lavxias tau npaj los koom ua ke hauv cheeb tsam ntawm lub nroog Allenstein, yog li txhawm rau tiv thaiv German thiab tiv thaiv cov tub rog tawm tsam lawv.
Qhov teeb meem yog qhov xwm txheej nrog cov tsheb ciav hlau sib txuas hauv tebchaws Lithuania tau zoo dua. Cov tsheb ciav hlau tau mus txog ntawm ciam teb thiab cov tub rog tuaj yeem rub tawm los ntawm thaj av Baltic thiab thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws. Hauv tebchaws Poland, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm kev mloog zoo ntawm cov tub rog thib 2 ntawm Samsonov, qhov xwm txheej nrog kev sib txuas lus tau phem dua. Ib qho ntxiv, pab tub rog yuav tsum qhib kev tawm tsam tsis yog ib txhij, tab sis raws li qib kev npaj. Qhov no yog qhov ua yuam kev loj los ntawm cov lus txib.
Lwm qhov ua yuam kev tau ua thaum lawv kawm los ntawm kev txawj ntse uas cov neeg German tau sib sau ua lub zog tseem ceeb nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob hauv Prussia, thiab tsuas yog ib lub Landwehr corps (cov tub rog nyob ib puag ncig, kev tsim tub rog thib ob) npog ciam teb nrog Poland raws li Berlin. Ntawm Lub Hauv Paus Tsev Kawm Ntawv, lub phiaj xwm tau tshwm sim rau xa lwm qhov kev tawm tsam: Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Qab Teb Hnub Poob yuav tsum khi cov neeg German thiab Austrians rau ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab ntawm Warsaw lawv tau txiav txim siab los tsim pab pawg tshiab uas yuav tawm tsam hauv Berlin kev coj. Yog li ntawd, cov koog uas xav kom txhawb nqa pab tub rog thib 1 thiab thib 2 ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob pib sib sau ua ke nyob ze ntawm Warsaw txhawm rau tsim pab tub rog thib 9.
Yakov G. Zhilinsky
German rog, cov phiaj xwm
Nws paub meej tias rau German cov lus txib, Russia txoj phiaj xwm tsis yog ib qho zais cia, lawv tus kheej tau paub zoo txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm thaj av. Rau 10 xyoo Cov lus txib German tau xav tias Lavxias rog yuav tawm tsam los ntawm thaj av ntawm Poland ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm "Prussian salient" thiab ua haujlwm tawm tsam tiv thaiv tau.
Prussia tau tiv thaiv los ntawm pab tub rog thib 8 nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Colonel General Max von Pritwitz. General Waldersee yog tus thawj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Pawg tub rog thib 8 muaj peb pab tub rog (1st, 17th, 20) thiab ib pab tub rog tshwj tseg (thawj pab tub rog tshwj tseg) thiab ntau pawg sib cais. Tag nrho ntawm 14, 5 tus tub rog thiab 1 pab tub rog sib faib - 173 txhiab tus tub rog, kwv yees li 1044 (nrog rau lub zog) phom. Cov neeg German muaj 36 lub dav hlau thiab 18 lub dav hlau ya dav hlau (siv rau kev tshawb nrhiav). Thaum Lub Yim Hli 6, tus thawj ntawm Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm German, Field Marshal Moltke, tau hais kom General Max Pritwitz yuav lub sijhawm ua ntej yuav hloov cov tub rog los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thiab tuav lub Vistula qis. Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog 8 tau txiav txim siab ua ntej tso tseg ua ntej ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias thib 1 thiab xa 8 qhov kev sib cais mus rau sab hnub tuaj, zais los ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias thib ob nrog 4 kev sib faib thiab nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub pas dej sib nrug nrog 1 thiab 5 kev sib cais. Lub zog ntawm cov neeg German tseem ceeb, ntxiv rau, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tsim ntawm Königsberg thiab Letzen cov tub rog, cov tub rog ntawm Landsturm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau muab tawm tias ob pab tub rog Lavxias tsis muaj tus lej zoo dua. Qhov zoo ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias hauv kev ua tub rog, hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm swamps, pas dej, hav zoov nrog txoj kev nqaim, tau raug txo kom tsis muaj dab tsi. Tsis muaj qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv kev siv phom loj ib yam. Thiab hauv phom hnyav lawv feem ntau tsis zoo (rau cov neeg German - 188, rau cov neeg Lavxias - 24).
Raws li txoj phiaj xwm qub ntawm German cov lus txib, Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia tuaj yeem sab laug, rov qab dhau Vistula. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog tias Königsberg yog lub nroog tseem ceeb thib ob hauv lub tebchaws. Nws tau suav hais tias yog lub plawv ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, qhov chaw ntawm kev kav lub tebchaws Prussian, pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Prussia. Kev tshaj tawm ua ntej kev ua tsov rog hauv cov xim ua rau ntshai los ntawm kev txaus ntshai ntawm kev ua haujlwm Lavxias, "Cov ntshav nqhis ntawm Cossacks." Prussia Sab Hnub Poob yog tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm ntau tus thawj coj thiab tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog. Yuav ua li cas rov qab yam tsis muaj kev sib ntaus hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no? Vim li ntawd, cov lus txib ntawm pab tub rog thib 8 tau txiav txim siab tawm tsam thiab kov yeej cov tub rog Lavxias sib cais. Lub koom haum ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm txawj ntse - General Grunert, Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm Hoffman.
Maximilian von Prithwitz thiab Gaffron
General P. K. Rennenkampf
Thawj pab tub rog tau hais kom ua los ntawm ib tus kws paub dhau los - P. K. Rennenkampf (1854 - 1918). Nws kawm tiav los ntawm Nikolaev Academy ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Loj (1881). Thaum lub xyoo ntawm kev tawm tsam Ihetuan xyoo 1900-1901, nws tau txais lub npe thiab muaj koob meej thoob plaws hauv cov tub rog, ua tsaug rau kev tua cov tub rog caij nees. Tom qab ntawd Rennenkampf, zoo li A. Suvorov, nrog rau ntau pua pua Cossacks nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv tau npog ntau pua kilometers, ntes ntau lub nroog thiab cov nroog, coj cov neeg raug kaw thiab tshem riam phom ntau txhiab tus tub rog zov, ua rau ntshai. Nws tau cawm ntau pua tus neeg ua haujlwm Lavxias ntawm Suav Sab Hnub Tuaj Kev Tsheb nqaj hlau los ntawm kev tuag, "boxers" tua neeg raug tsim txom, raug lawv tsim txom. Thaum Tsov Rog-Japanese Tsov Rog, nws tau hais kom Trans-Baikal Cossack Division thiab Consolidated Corps. Nws koom nrog ntau qhov kev sib ntaus, raug mob nyob ze Liaoyang, thiab ntawm Mukden nws tau ua siab loj, tuav txoj haujlwm ntawm sab laug los ntawm kev ua phem ntawm pab tub rog ntawm General Kawamura. Nws tau ua tiav raids qab cov yeeb ncuab kab thiab tau txais lub koob npe zoo raws li tus proactive thiab txiav txim siab tus thawj coj.
Thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv, xyoo 1906, nws tau coj kev sib koom ua ke, ua qhov nyuaj thiab txiav txim siab, tom qab lub tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm Manchu Harbin, rov qab sib txuas lus ntawm Manchurian pab tub rog nrog Western Siberia, uas tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev txav chaw nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Siberia ("Chita Republic) "). General suppressing revolutionary ua nyob rau hauv txoj kab kev tsheb ciav hlau. Rau qhov no nws tau txais lub koob npe nrov ntawm "tua" nyob rau hauv Soviet keeb kwm thiab ntaub ntawv. Xyoo 1918, nws raug tua, thaum raug kev thab plaub thiab tsim txom.
Txij li xyoo 1913, nws tau hais kom cov tub rog ntawm Vilna cov tub rog nyob hauv nroog, yog li nws paub txog kev ua yeeb yam yav tom ntej ntawm kev ua tub rog zoo.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm Neman pab tub rog
Thaum Lub Yim Hli 14, General Gurko's 1st Cavalry Division tau ua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav hauv lub zog, ntes lub nroog McGrab. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 17, tag nrho 1st pab tub rog Lavxias hla ciam teb ntawm 60-kilometer pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau sab qaum teb yog tus tub rog thib 20 ntawm General V. Smirnov, nyob hauv nruab nrab yog pawg thib 3 ntawm N. Yepanchin, nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm cov tub rog thib 4 ntawm E. Aliyev. Cov nplaim taws tau npog los ntawm cov tub rog: ntawm sab xis - Lub Cavalry Corps ntawm Khan ntawm Nakhichevan thiab 1st Sepaal Cavalry Brigade ntawm Oranovsky; Gurko cov tub rog sib faib ua haujlwm ntawm sab laug.
Cov lus hais hauv tebchaws German tau teeb tsa tsis zoo, tsis muaj lub sijhawm zoo rau thawj qhov kev tawm tsam, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev tawm tsam Lavxias - Cov tub rog German tau npaj txhij lawm thaum Lub Yim Hli 10-11, thaum 1st Cov Tub Rog tsuas yog mloog zoo. Pritvitz xaiv qhov tos-thiab-pom cov tswv yim. Tsuas yog tom qab kawm paub ua ntej ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias, Pritwitz pib thawb nws cov chav rau pem hauv ntej. Cov lus txib ntawm Pawg Tub Rog 8 tau txiav txim siab muab kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ze lub nroog Gumbinnen, 40 km ntawm ciam teb German-Lavxias. Teeb meem tau teeb tsa tiv thaiv Samsonov tus thib ob pab tub rog - pawg thib 20, General Scholz thiab Landwehr units. Raws li kev suav ntawm cov neeg German, lawv muaj kwv yees li 6 hnub ua ntej pib ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias thib ob, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsoo cov neeg ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias thib 1.
1st Army Corps (AK) ntawm Hermann von Francois nrog pab tub rog (sab laug sab laug), 17th AK ntawm Lub Yim Hli von Mackensen (nruab nrab), 1st Reserve AK von Belov (sab xis) tau tawm tsam pab tub rog thib 2. Cov neeg German muaj 8, 5 tus tub rog, 1 pab tub rog caij tsheb thiab 95 lub roj teeb, suav nrog 22 qhov hnyav (74, 5 txhiab tus pas nrig thiab sabers, 408 lub teeb thiab 44 phom hnyav - raws li lwm qhov chaw, 508 rab phom loj, 224 rab phom tshuab). Thawj pab tub rog ntawm Rennenkampf muaj 6, 5 tus tub rog thiab 5, 5 pawg tub rog sib tua thiab 55 lub roj teeb (63 txhiab.bayonets thiab sabers, 380 phom, 252 phom tshuab).
Cov phiaj xwm ntawm kev hais kom ua ntawm pab tub rog thib 8 yuav luag thwarted los ntawm tus thawj coj khav theeb ntawm 1st AK Francois. Nws, ua tsis raws li kev xaj, txuas ntxiv mus rau lub zog Lavxias, teb rau cov lus txib ntawm qhov kev hais kom ua uas nws yuav thim tsuas yog "thaum cov neeg Lavxias tau swb lawm." François thaum Lub Yim Hli 17, nyob ze lub nroog Stallupenen, 32 km ntawm Gumbinnen, tau tawm tsam cov tub rog thib peb ntawm Epanchin. Cov tub rog Lavxias, siv rau qhov tsis muaj tus yeeb ncuab, tau tawm mus yam tsis muaj kev saib xyuas, hauv kab, cais tawm ntawm lwm lub zog. Qhov kev faib 27th tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov flank, Cov neeg German tau tsoo ntawm Orenburg cov tub rog, uas tab tom taug kev hauv lub vanguard. Thaum lub Peb Hlis, kab lus Lavxias tau raug tua hluav taws los ntawm rab phom tshuab thiab rab phom loj. Cov tub rog tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj. Faib pib thim rov qab.
Ntawm lub hauv paus chaw ntawm Tub Rog 8, thaum kawm paub tias François tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, ua txhaum qhov kev txiav txim, lawv npau taws thiab rov hais dua kom thim rov qab, tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov lus txib. Nws txaus siab tsis kam. Lub sijhawm no, cov neeg Lavxias tuaj rau lawv qhov kev nkag siab, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Pabcuam Me Nyuam Yaus 25 tau los txog, cov koomhaum ntawm Pab Pawg 27 tau los rau lawv qhov kev nkag siab. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, peb cov chav tau coj Stallupenen, kov yeej cov neeg German, tsis yog tsuas yog lawv raug mob, tab sis tseem ntes cov neeg German, ntes cov neeg khaws cia, 7 phom. François cov tub rog tau rov qab los, tab sis nws tshaj tawm yeej, hais tias nws thim rov qab tsuas yog vim qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov hais kom ua. Txawm hais tias yog tias nws tau nyob, nws lub cev yuav tsuas tau raug tsoo, qee qhov ntawm 20th Russia AK tau los txog.
Thaum Lub Yim Hli 18, Rennenkampf tau sib sau nws cov tub rog thiab rov pib ua phem rau ntawm Pab Tub Rog thib 1. Cov tub rog caij nees sib koom ua ke ntawm General Khan ntawm Nakhichevan (4 kev sib ntaus sib tua tub rog) raug xa mus rau Insterburg. Cov tub rog caij nees tau mus tua lub tsheb German tom qab. Tab sis kev tua tsis tau ua haujlwm, German cov lus txib tau kawm txog kev txav chaw ntawm cov tub rog thiab xa cov tub rog Landwehr los ntawm kev tsheb nqaj hlau. Nyob rau hnub tim 19 ntawm Kauschen, Cov tub rog tub rog Lavxias sib tsoo nrog pab tub rog German Landwehr. Khan Nakhichevan muaj 70 pab tub rog thiab 8 lub roj teeb tiv thaiv 6 pab tub rog thiab 2 lub roj teeb ntawm cov neeg German. Tus thawj coj hauv pawg txiav txim siab tsis hla tus yeeb ncuab, tab sis tawm tsam nws. Tom qab tag nrho, nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj ua yog cov tub rog Lavxias cov neeg tseem ceeb - Tus Saib Xyuas Nees, uas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg zoo tshaj plaws tau ua haujlwm.
Ntawm ib sab pem hauv ntej 10 km deb, 4 kev sib faib tau raug tshem tawm thiab pib tawm tsam pem hauv ntej. Cov neeg saib xyuas tau taug kev zoo li kev ua yeeb yaj kiab, nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub los ntawm phom thiab tshuab phom. Yog li ntawd, qhov poob tau zoo. Yav tom ntej tus phab ej ntawm Dawb txav, Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel, paub nws tus kheej hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no. Nws pawg tub rog nyob hauv txoj haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua tau ntes Kaushen, ntes cov yeeb ncuab lub roj teeb (tsoo txhua tus tub ceev xwm, tshwj tsis yog Wrangel). Wrangel dhau los ua ib tus thawj tub ceev xwm Lavxias (nyob rau lub sijhawm txij thaum pib Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Zaum Ob), uas tau txais qhov Kev Txiav Txim ntawm St. George, qib 4. Cov neeg German tau swb, tab sis cov pawg uas raug tsoo yuav tsum tau thim rov qab. Rennenkampf tso Nakhichevan los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, txawm hais tias tom qab, raug kev nyuaj siab los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (Nakhichevan Khan yog tus nyiam ntawm txhua tus neeg zov), nws tau rov ua haujlwm, muab sijhawm rau nws kom rov zoo dua.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gumbinnen (20 Lub Yim Hli 1914)
Pritvitz tau ntsib teeb meem loj. Rennenkampf tau teem ib hnub so rau lub Yim Hli 20 thiab tsis muaj kev nrawm los tawm tsam German txoj haujlwm ntawm Angerapp River. Nyob rau tib hnub ntawd, Samsonov tus thib ob pab tub rog hla ciam teb. Cov lus txib German yuav tsum tau tawm tsam 1st Army, txij li qhov kev hem thawj ntawm kev nyob ib puag ncig tau dhau los ua qhov muaj zog lossis thim rov qab. General François tau hais tawm tsam, ntxiv rau, nws tau teeb tsa tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm 1st AK txog "yeej" rau kev sib ntaus nrog 1st Army. Pritvitz tau hais kom tua.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau pib ntawm sab xis Lavxias tis, sab qaum teb ntawm Gumbinnen, qhov chaw thib 1 AK Francois tau tawm tsam, qhov tawg ntawm 2 tus tub rog German sib cais thiab cov pawg ntawm Königsberg garrison poob rau ntawm 28th kev faib tub rog ntawm Lieutenant General N. Lashkevich ntawm 20th AK. Tam sim no cov neeg German tau mus taub hau, hauv cov saw tuab. Nyob rau tom qab ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias, Francois cuam cov tub rog caij nees, uas tuaj yeem nkag los ntawm lub flank, vim tias cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Nakhichevan tau thim rov qab. Kev faib tub rog German, tom qab muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, thim rov qab rau pab tub rog Oranovsky. Cov neeg German tau rhuav tshem kev thauj mus los ntawm 28th Division, tab sis lawv tsis raug tso cai nkag mus rau sab nraub qaum. Pawg 28th tau raug kev txom nyem hnyav, tab sis tiv nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab zoo tshaj. Cov thawj coj hauv German zoo siab rau kev qhia ua tub rog Lavxias. Yog li Colonel R. Franz sau hais tias cov tub rog Lavxias "raug qhuab qhia, muaj kev cob qhia zoo, muaj cuab yeej zoo." Lawv tau tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev ua siab tawv, ua siab tawv, txawj siv thaj av thiab "tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv zog hauv kev ua kom muaj zog ntxiv." Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau hnyav heev, Pawg Tub Rog 28th tau poob txog 60% ntawm nws cov neeg ua haujlwm, yuav luag tag nrho cov tub ceev xwm. Cov neeg German muaj peev xwm thim rov qab cov chav Lavxias me ntsis, tab sis tus nqi ntawm kev poob loj, hauv ntau qhov chaw uas cov neeg Germans tua tau npog hauv av hauv ob peb txheej. Russia rab phom loj tua tau zoo heev. Txog ib nrab hnub, Pawg Tub Rog Thib 29 tau tuaj txog rau qhov kev pab ntawm 28th Division, Cov koomhaum Lavxias tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, thiab cov koog ntawm German German 1 tau pib thim rov qab. François txawm tias poob kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tub rog qhov chaw tau ob peb teev.
Hauv nruab nrab, qhov xwm txheej rau cov neeg German tseem phem dua. Ib feem ntawm 17th AK, raws li cov lus txib ntawm General Mackensen, tau mus txog lawv thawj kab thaum 8 teev sawv ntxov, tab sis cov tub rog Lavxias pom cov neeg German thiab qhib hluav taws hnyav, yuam kom lawv pw. Cov ntawv German tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj, 17th AK Mackensen poob txog 8 txhiab tus tub rog thiab 200 tus tub ceev xwm. Nyob rau yav tav su, cov tub rog ntawm 35th Infantry Division tau yws thiab pib khiav. Kev ceeb ntshai pib, Lavxias pab tub rog ntes 12 rab phom tso tseg.
Nyob rau sab laug Lavxias flank, ze Goldap, von Belov tus thawj tseg AK tau nce mus. Tab sis cov neeg German poob siab, poob lawv txoj kev thiab nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tsuas yog thaum tav su. Cov chav German, tau ntsib kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv nruj thiab tau kawm txog kev swb ntawm von Mackensen lub cev, pib thim rov qab.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua
Kev swb ntawm lub chaw tau ua rau muaj kev hem thawj loj rau tag nrho pab tub rog thib 8, thiab General Max von Pritwitz tau xaj kom muaj kev tawm dav dav. General Pavel Rennenkampf thawj zaug tau xaj kom txuas ntxiv qhov kev tawm tsam, tab sis tom qab ntawd tau tso tseg. Cov lus txib ntawm 1st Russia Army tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov ua tiav. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau rov ua kom muaj zog, ua kom muaj kev soj qab xyuas, rub lub nraub qaum, cov phom loj tua tag nrho nws cov peev txheej. Cov lus txib ntawm 1st Army tau paub txog kab kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus dej Angerapp, thiab nws muaj kev pheej hmoo nce mus rau tom ntej yam tsis muaj kev saib xyuas, tsis tas yuav ntxiv cov mos txwv.
Tsuas yog nyob rau hnub tim 21 nws hloov tawm tias cov yeeb ncuab tau khiav tawm yooj yim, cov neeg German tau poob siab. Cov neeg ntawm François thiab Mackensen poob txog ib feem peb ntawm lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm. Tus thawj coj ntawm 20th AK Scholz tau tshaj tawm tias Samsonov's 2nd Army twb tau taug kev hla East Prussia, nws hnov tsw zoo li kev puas tsuaj tag. Pritvits muab qhov kev txiav txim kom thim dhau Vistula. Tsis tas li ntawd, txij li cov dej hauv tus dej tau qis vim yog lub caij sov lub caij ntuj sov, tus thawj coj ntawm pawg tub rog German thib 8 tau ua xyem xyav tias nws yuav tuav txoj kab no yam tsis muaj kev txhawb ntxiv.
Pritwitz qhov kev ntshai Berlin txaus ntshai, yog li nws tau raug tshem tawm sai sai los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ua tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog thib 8. Colonel-General Paul von Hindenburg tau raug xaiv los ua nws txoj haujlwm, Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff, tus phab ej ntawm cua daj cua dub ntawm Liege, tau los ua tus thawj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Ib qho ntxiv, lawv txiav txim siab ntxiv dag zog rau pab tub rog thib 8 los ntawm kev hloov 2 lub cev thiab cov tub rog sib faib los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob. Qhov tseeb, nrog txoj kev yeej no, thawj pab tub rog Lavxias ntawm Rennenkampf thwarted "Schlieffen phiaj xwm".
