Yuav ua li cas Napoleon swb lawm. Defiant Danube, Aspern thiab Essling, Tsib Hlis 21-22, 1809

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Yuav ua li cas Napoleon swb lawm. Defiant Danube, Aspern thiab Essling, Tsib Hlis 21-22, 1809
Yuav ua li cas Napoleon swb lawm. Defiant Danube, Aspern thiab Essling, Tsib Hlis 21-22, 1809

Video: Yuav ua li cas Napoleon swb lawm. Defiant Danube, Aspern thiab Essling, Tsib Hlis 21-22, 1809

Video: Yuav ua li cas Napoleon swb lawm. Defiant Danube, Aspern thiab Essling, Tsib Hlis 21-22, 1809
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12 qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm Napoleon Bonaparte. Archduke Karl, uas qee zaum hu ua Teschensky, tuaj yeem rov txhim kho ib pab tub rog ib nrab ntawm Habsburg Empire kom sai sai uas nws los ua qhov xav tsis thoob rau Fabkis tus huab tais. Tom qab kev yeej hauv kev sib tw xyoo 1805 thiab 1806-1807, uas Napoleon tau kov yeej cov neeg Austrians, Prussians thiab Russians, nws tsis muaj kev ntseeg tias nws yuav ua rau Schönbrunn tsis xav txog sai sai.

Yuav ua li cas Napoleon swb lawm. Defiant Danube, Aspern thiab Essling, Tsib Hlis 21-22, 1809
Yuav ua li cas Napoleon swb lawm. Defiant Danube, Aspern thiab Essling, Tsib Hlis 21-22, 1809

Yuam kev thiab miscalculations

Tsis zoo li cov kev coj noj coj ua dhau los, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm ib qho ntawm kev ua phem tshaj ntawm Napoleon tseem muaj nqis pib tam sim nrog nws qhov ua rau. Yog tias tsuas yog vim nyob hauv Aspern thiab Essling, nws tsis yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Napoleon nws tus kheej feem ntau yog liam rau qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thawj zaug hauv 1809 ntawm sab laug ntawm ntug dej ntawm Danube.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau nyob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Aspern thiab Essling uas tus huab tais Fab Kis muaj tej zaum yog tus neeg sib tw tsim nyog tshaj plaws - Archduke Charles, yog ib ntawm ntau tus kwv tij ntawm Austrian tus huab tais Franz. Nws yeej Fab Kis ntau dua ib zaug, tab sis twb swb los ntawm Napoleon hauv tsib hnub ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Regensburg.

Duab
Duab

Tham txog Aspern, Bonapartists nyiam hais txog qhov tseeb tias Danube dheev hloov mus rau hauv cov cua daj cua dub uas tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv, zoo li yog tsis nco qab tias cov neeg Austrians tau siv qhov zoo li cas. Cov kiv cua ntawm Napoleon kuj yws tias nws nyuaj heev rau kev tawm tsam Fab Kis los mus rau thaj av uas tsis tau paub dua, txawm hais tias qhov no yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua rau kev tawm tsam.

Yuav luag tsis tau yog tus thawj coj zoo, uas ua tsis tau txhua yam kom tso tag nrho nws lub zog rau hauv nrig, yog li tawg tag nrho cov tub rog thiab kev sib cais. Kev tswj kom sib sau ua ke rau kev pib ua lag luam hauv Bavaria, nrog rau peb pawg neeg Fab Kis thiab cov neeg zov, lwm plaub thiab ib nrab pawg koom nrog, Napoleon coj tsuas yog ob pab tub rog mus rau Austrian peev hla Danube. Txawm tias ua ke nrog tus tiv thaiv thiab cov tub rog, qhov no tau hais meej tsis txaus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab yeej.

Tau kawg, muaj lub hom phiaj yog vim li cas rau qhov no. Ncua kev sib txuas lus, uas yog thawj qhov chaw tuaj yeem raug hem los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Archduke Charles, uas tau tswj hwm kom tawg hauv roob ntawm Bohemia. Kev xa tawm ntxov ntawm cov tub rog thib 3 uas muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm Marshal Davout mus rau sab qaum teb ntug dej hiav txwv tau ua rau muaj kev rau txim hnyav - tsis txhob tso siab rau Charles cov tub rog, Davout tau tso nws tawm mus tua lub zog loj ntawm Napoleon.

Duab
Duab

Napoleon, tau kawg, tseem suav txog txoj hauv kev los ntawm Sab Qaum Teb Ltalis ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Viceroy Eugene, yuav luag ob npaug ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Archduke John. Thaum kawg, tus huab tais tau hais meej meej los ntawm qhov ua tsis tau hla hla Danube ncaj qha hauv Vienna. Cov neeg Austrians tau tawg tag nrho cov choj hauv lub nroog thiab khaws lawv nruj ntawm rab phom nrog cov roj teeb muaj zog. Qhov kev hla hla no tuaj yeem raug nqi Napoleon tag nrho nws cov sappers zoo nkauj thiab cov kws tsim khoom.

Thiab thaum kawg, yuav luag liab qab tom qab, ua yeeb ncuab tag nrho, hauv qhov sib txawv rau 1805, thiab tseem muaj neeg coob coob nrog cov pab pawg sib cais thiab kev ua phem. Tsuas yog peb xyoos tom qab, twb nyob hauv Russia lawm, Napoleon yuav tsum faib tib lub zog loj los tiv thaiv kev sib txuas lus, hauv paus thiab khw.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau dua 40 txhiab Davout tau ncaim qee qhov hauv Bohemia, thiab txawm tias rov qab mus rau yav qab teb ntug dej ntawm Danube, tseem nyob deb dhau ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb.22 txhiab tus neeg Bavarians nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Lefebvre hauv 7 pawg neeg tseem nyob hauv ib puag ncig ntawm Salzburg, qhov uas lawv saib Jelachich thiab Archduke Johann. Thiab qhov tseeb, nws yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Viceroy Eugene. Thaum kawg, ob lub cev ntxiv - 9th Saxon thiab 8th Württemberg, nrog kwv yees li 35 txhiab leej, ntawm tus Dej Traun tau npog sab laug ntawm General Kolovrat, uas tsis muaj ntau dua 22 txhiab tus neeg.

Hla

Kev sib kis ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Fab Kis yog qhov xav tsis thoob vim Napoleon, tom qab tsib hnub ntawm kev sib ntaus hauv Bavaria, tau tswj hwm txoj haujlwm ntawm pab tub rog Austrian thiab Vienna. Ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tab sis them khoom plig rau tus thawj coj ntawm Austrians, uas tom qab ntawd tau tswj kom thim nws cov tub rog los ntawm Bohemia mus ntsib Napoleon. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj leej twg muab Napoleon kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb hauv Vienna. Kev kov yeej yuav tsum tau nrhiav rau ntawm ntug dej sab qaum teb ntawm Danube.

Qhov kev xaiv nrog hla hla dej ntawm Vienna, ntawm Nussdorf, Napoleon thiab nws tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm Berthier tsis lees paub tam sim ntawd, vim tias tam sim no tau nrawm heev, thiab cov roj Austrian muaj zog kuj tseem nyob ntawm qhov siab. Ib qho ntxiv, kev txav mus los ntawm Nusdorf tau hem kom tsis txhob tswj hwm lub peev thiab ib puag ncig. Tsuas yog ib qho nyuaj me ntsis ntawm Danube sab qab teb ntawm Vienna, ze rau cov kob ntawm Lobau, qhov uas nws tau npaj kom xa cov pontoons tsim nyog rau kev hla.

Tsiv ntawm qee qhov deb raws ntug dej sab qaum teb ntawm Danube txhawm rau kom tsis pom kev, pab tub rog ntawm Archduke Charles tau mus txog qhov siab Marchfeld thaum lub Tsib Hlis 16 - thaj tsam sab qaum teb ntawm Lobau. Nws zoo li nws tuaj raws li qhov xav tsis thoob rau Fab Kis. Napoleon tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tias nyob hauv kev nyuaj siab ntawm Davout 40-txhiab tus neeg, Archduke yuav txiav txim siab koom nrog Johann cov tub rog uas tab tom tuaj ntawm Ltalis. Yog tias Johann tau tswj hwm los koom ua ke ntawm Linz nrog Kolovrat corps, nws yuav tau coj mus txog 60 txhiab tus tub rog mus rau Vienna, thiab tshiab heev.

Thiab qhov no yog ntxiv rau ntau dua 100 txhiab los ntawm Archduke Charles nws tus kheej. Nrog cov rog no nws tsis txaus ntshai los tua nrog Napoleon nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, Archduke Johann tsis tau tswj hwm los koom ua ke nrog Kolovrat, tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm Napoleon, thiab qhov no qhia tias kev sib kis ntawm cov rog rau Fab Kis tsis yog tag nrho. Txawm li cas los xij, Austrian tus thawj coj-tus thawj tswj hwm tau siv Kolovrat cov tub rog los sib tham nrog Lower Austria thiab Tyrol, qhov tseeb yuam Napoleon kom ua kom muaj zog tseem ceeb nyob rau ntawd.

Txoj haujlwm ntawm Bisamberg Heights tau tso cai Archduke Karl txhawm rau tshem tawm Fab Kis ua ntej, txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntseeg tau txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg txaus ntawm Napoleon, nws txiav txim siab tua. Yog tias Johann cov tub rog tuaj txog sijhawm, nws yuav tsum ua txoj haujlwm nyob ze rau tom qab ntawm Napoleon, ntawm kab ntawm nws kev sib txuas lus, thiab ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj.

Duab
Duab

Napoleon tsis tau cia siab tias yuav muaj kev txhawb zog thiab vam tias yuav muab Archduke sib ntaus sib tua txawm tias ua ntej kev txhawb nqa tuaj txog rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, peb rov hais dua tias tus huab tais tsis pom zoo lub zog ntawm Austrians. Lobau Island twb dhau los ntawm yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Tsib Hlis 18 ntawm thawj lub pontoons pib sau cov tub rog ntawm pawg thib 4 ntawm Marshal Massena, npog kev tsim kho kev hla hla ceg qaum teb ntawm Danube. Nws tau siv ob hnub los tsim tus choj - thaum lub Tsib Hlis 19 thiab 20, thiab twb txog thaum sawv ntxov ntawm 21, Fabkis pib txav mus rau sab laug.

Molitor txoj kev faib los ntawm Massena lub cev yog thawj tus nkag mus rau Aspern, uas tam sim tam sim ntawd los ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm Hungarian hussars, ua raws li 10 pab tub rog ntawm Legrand faib. Txoj cai flank thiab lub zos ntawm Essling tau nyob los ntawm Boudé kev faib los ntawm Marshal Lann tus thib ob corps. Tab sis thaum yav tsaus ntuj, tsuas yog faib muaj zog ntawm General Cara Saint-Cyr, suav nrog 18 pawg tub rog thiab 8 pawg tub rog ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm General Saint-Germain, tswj kom rub los ntawm cov kob ntawm Lobau. Napoleon tswj tau thauj tsis pub ntau dua 35 txhiab tus tub rog mus rau sab qaum teb ntug dej hiav txwv, leej twg tsuas tuaj yeem txhawb nqa los ntawm 50 rab phom.

Tus choj, ua los ntawm Fabkis txoj pontoons los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm 68 lub nkoj loj thiab 9 lub nkoj loj loj, tseem tab tom tuav, tab sis nws lub peev xwm muaj tsawg heev. Cov pontoons tau tawg los ntawm qhov tam sim no, ntxiv rau, Austrians twb tau pib txo qis cov nkoj hluav taws raws Danube - nkoj thiab nkoj nrog cov khoom hnyav thiab cov tshuaj tua tau yooj yim, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam loj heev nrog kev hla.

Pib Thaum Kawg

Kev hem thawj los ntawm sab qaum teb tau ua rau txaus ntshai dua. Twb txog peb teev thaum tav su, cov tuab tuab tuab tuab neeg Austrians pib nqes lug ntawm Bisamberg Heights - Archduke Charles muaj tsawg kawg yog 75 txhiab leej ntawm tes, txhawb nqa los ntawm peb puas rab phom. Tsib qhov muaj zog txhua lub sijhawm - Generals Giller, Bellegarde, Davidovich thiab Rosenberg, ntxiv rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Hohenzollern, txhawb nqa los ntawm tub rog ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Liechtenstein, poob rau Fabkis.

Los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm siab, Austrian tus thawj coj tswj hwm kom pom nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Napoleon, uas tau sim thauj cov tub rog ntau txhiab leej hla hla tus choj nkaus xwb. Danube thaum lub Tsib Hlis, thaum cov kwj deg tseem tab tom nqis los ntawm cov roob, yog tus dej dav thiab nrawm heev, uas tso cai tsuas yog qeeb qeeb ntawm txhua hom tub rog ib leeg zuj zus. Thiab qhov no - nrog txoj kab nqaim nqaim ntev, txawm tias cov tub rog tsiv nrog lawv nyuaj, thiab cov sijhawm muaj txiaj ntsig tau siv los hla cov phom loj.

Tus choj tsis tsim nyog raws li txoj kev khiav tawm. Tsuas yog ob xyoos dhau los, Napoleon tau ua kom zoo dua qhov ua yuam kev zoo los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Friedland, tab sis lub sijhawm no nws tau qhia txog kev ntseeg tus kheej zoo. Archduke Charles tau nrawm los tuav lub sijhawm los rhuav tshem ib nrab ntawm Fab Kis cov tub rog nyob rau sab qaum teb ntug dej hiav txwv, thaum tseem tshuav Napoleon cov tub rog, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov phom loj, tseem tsis khoom hla. Cov tub rog loj, yuav luag 50 txhiab tus neeg Fabkis, feem ntau dai rau ntawm ntug dej sab qab teb ntawm Danube.

Los ntawm Austrian tus thawj coj, cov neeg pab cuam tam sim ntawd maj nroos mus rau Generals Kolovrat, Nordmann thiab lwm tus, uas tau hais kom cov tub rog nyob rau ntawm tus dej Danube. Lawv tau xaj kom npaj nkoj tua hluav taws tshiab los rhuav tshem cov choj uas Fabkis ua. Archduke Karl ua tib zoo tiv thaiv nws cov tub rog tseem ceeb txhua tag kis, xaj cov tub rog thiab cov chaw tawm tsam kom tawm tsam tsuas yog ua yeeb yam. Nws tsis muaj lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsoo cov neeg tua rog Fab Kis, lossis tseem tsoo qhov chaw khoob.

Duab
Duab

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb rau kev tawm tsam Austrian yog Aspern thiab Essling, nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm Fabkis. Nruab nrab ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus muaj zog no tau tawg ntau lub tsev, feem ntau yog pob zeb, ib puag ncig los ntawm lub vaj laj kab nrog cov phab ntsa thiab laj kab, qhov twg muaj zog Austrian cov roj teeb tau teeb tsa tam sim ntawd nyob hauv qab npog ntawm cov tub rog. Hauv lawv lub nraub qaum, raws li qhov tshwj tseg, Hohenzollern cov tub rog tau nyob - 23 cov tub rog, sib sau ua ke hauv ib lub xwmfab ua ntej.

Ntawm ob sab, kev sib ntaus sib tua tam sim tam sim ntawd, raws li cov neeg sau sau sau hais tias, "kev npau taws ntawm kev tawm tsam, zoo li kev tawv ncauj ntawm kev tiv thaiv, yuav luag tsis muaj piv txwv hauv keeb kwm kev ua tsov ua rog." Aspern thiab Essling tau hloov tes ntau zaus. General Molitor hauv Aspern tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev faib ntawm Marul, thiab Lann tau tswj kom rub ob peb pawg tub rog los ntawm kev faib Oudinot mus rau Essling.

Duab
Duab

Coob leej Austrian cov phom loj tau txiav cov qib ntawm Fab Kis sai li sai tau thaum lawv cov kab lus tau sim tua, tawm hauv txoj kev nqaim ntawm Aspern thiab Essling. Cov tub rog tau raug kev txom nyem hnyav heev uas Napoleon tau xaj Marshal Bessières kom ua rau cov tub rog caij dav hlau thiaj li yuav rov qab tau cov roj teeb los ntawm cov neeg Austrians.

Qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas cuirassiers yog, raws li ib txwm muaj, ci ntsa iab - tsis muaj kev txwv tsis pub ua ke nrog kev nrawm thiab lub zog ntawm cov "txiv neej hlau" no. Liechtenstein cov tub rog, rau feem ntau lub teeb, lawv yooj yim dua, tab sis kev sib ntaus sib tua luv luv tau muab sijhawm rau cov neeg Austrians thim cov roj teeb loj.

Duab
Duab

Kev sib tsoo ntawm cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Bessières tau poob qhov tseeb ntawm Hohenzollern square, uas, txawm tias muaj kev sib tw ntawm ob lossis peb lub xwmfab, tseem tswj tau tawm tsam thiab tswj hwm ib qho. Qhov kev xav ntawm Fab Kis cov tub rog sai sai qhuav, txawm hais tias nws tseem tsis tau tsim nyog hais tias nws swb lawm. Bessières raug yuam kom thim rov qab, txawm hais tias muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab muaj kev poob ntau.

Txog lub sijhawm no, cov neeg Austrians tau ntes Aspern dua. Hauv nruab nrab, cov xwm txheej ntawm Hohenzollern tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv kab, thiab lawv tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Liechtenstein cov tub rog, uas tuaj rau lawv qhov kev nkag siab dua. Lawv pib maj mam tab sis muaj tseeb los nias tawm tsam cov kab me me ntawm Fab Kis cov phom loj uas npog Bessieres 'rov qab los. Tus thawj tub rog nrog nws cov neeg tiv thaiv ntau dua ib zaug thiab tau rov ua dua, thiab tswj kom tiv thaiv kev hla ntawm Fabkis txoj kab.

Duab
Duab
Duab
Duab

Hmo ntuj cuam tshuam kev tawm tsam tsuas yog lub sijhawm luv luv; tab sis txhua qhov cim ntawm kev swb yeej rau Fab Kis tau nyob ntawd. Ntawm sab laug, cov neeg Austrians thaum kawg tau txais Aspern thiab xyaum ua tiav lawv txoj kev taug, hem tias yuav tua tus kheej hla. Lub chaw Fab Kis, txawm hais tias txhua qhov kev siv ntawm cuirassiers ntawm Bessieres, tau pov tseg yuav luag rau ntawm tus choj. Thiab tsuas yog Marshal Lann, yuav luag ib puag ncig los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, tseem nyob rau Essling, txawm hais tias qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau qhov tseeb tias cov neeg Austrians, pib tawm tsam dua, yuav txiav nws tawm ntawm kev hla kev.

Txhua Napoleon txoj kev cia siab tau txuas nrog qhov tseeb tias nws cov tub rog tshiab, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, cov phom, txuas ntxiv hla tus choj, tawm mus rau hauv hav hav Marchfeld. Txawm hais tias muaj kev phom sij txaus ntshai nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 21, thaum sawv ntxov ntawm hnub tom ntej, Napoleon muaj ntau dua 70 txhiab tus neeg thiab 144 rab phom nyob sab laug ntawm ntug dej Danube, thiab Marshal Davout tsis paub tab twb tau tswj kom coj nws 30-khib ib txhiab los ntawm tus thib 3 corps mus rau kev hla kev.

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