Ntawm cov neeg mob siab rau khaws lawv lub neej yav dhau los, lub npe ntawm lub tebchaws ib txwm qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm nws keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm kev lig kev cai uas dhau ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Lub xeev ntawm Ukraine thov dab tsi hauv qhov kev nkag siab no?
Nws tau ntev tau pov thawj los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm hais tias lo lus no los ntawm "sab nrauv" ntawm thaj av Lavxias thiab Polish. Tab sis cov neeg tsim hluav taws xob hauv Ukraine tsis pom zoo nrog qhov no. Raws li lawv cov ntawv, qhov no tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg tsis paub lus Great Russia kom txaj muag rau lub tebchaws Ukrainian zoo, thiab lo lus "Ukraine" suav nrog lo lus "kra" lub ntsiab lus steppe, thiab lo lus "ina" - lub tebchaws. Thiaj li, Ukraine yog "lub tebchaws steppe". Feem ntau "svidomye" feem ntau ntseeg tias nws txhais tau tias "tus thawj tswj hwm", thiab lo lus "Oukraina" yog tus kheej lub npe ntawm thaj chaw.
Thiab tseem: yuav ua li cas thiab thaum twg lo lus "Ukraine" tshwm?
"Oukrainami", "Ukrainami", "Ukrainami" hauv Russia los ntawm 12th txog 17th xyoo pua tau raug hu ua ntau thaj av ciam teb. Yog li, hauv 1187 Pereyaslavl "Oukraina" tau hais, hauv 1189 Galician "Oukraina", hauv 1271 Pskov "Ukraine", hauv 1571 Tatar "Ukraine", "Kazan Ukraine" thiab cov neeg Ukrainian. cov ntaub ntawv hais txog "Kev pabcuam Ukrainian", thiab nyob rau xyoo pua 17th "Lub nroog Ukrainian ntawm cov hav zoov" tau hais thiab lo lus "ukrayna" tau pib qhia txog thaj av ntawm Middle Dnieper cheeb tsam.
Cov peev txheej Polish tseem hais txog ciam teb "thaj chaw thiab cov nroog ntawm Ukraine", "Ukraine Kiev", "Lyakhov Oukrainians", "tus tswv ntawm lub suab thiab cov txwj laus ntawm Ukraine."
Tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm haiv neeg hauv ob lub npe Lavxias thiab Polish. Lub tswv yim no tsuas yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, qhia txog thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw. Ntawd yog, lo lus "Ukraine" raws li ib txwm hais, nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm ciam teb, tau paub ua lus Lavxias thiab lus Polish thiab tau siv nyob rau hauv lawv ntev.
Tom qab Union Lub Lublin nyob rau xyoo 1569, nrog rau suav nrog Kiev thiab Bratslav cov xeev hauv thaj av huab tais Polish, lawv tau dhau los ua tus ciam teb Polish tshiab thiab ua rau muaj lub npe tshiab li "Ukraine". Lub npe no tsis tau dhau los ua neeg raug cai, tab sis, tau ntxiv dag zog rau kev siv cov neeg Polish, nws pib nkag mus rau hauv chaw ua haujlwm. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th, lo lus "Ukrainians" tau siv los ntawm Poles kom xa mus rau Polish gentry hauv Ukraine. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas lub crown hetman Pototsky nyob rau hauv 1651 hu lawv "cov Ukrainians ntawm tus Tswv".
Txawm hais tias muaj kev sib cais ntawm cov neeg ntawm Rus, nws haiv neeg kev sib koom ua ke tau raug khaws cia, uas tsis haum rau cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Rzeczpospolita. Cov Pol txiav txim siab los ntsuas ntsuas kom faib kev sib koom siab ntawm Russia ntawm qib kev xav, tus kws tshaj lij papal Antonio Possevino qhia kom hu rau sab qab teb hnub poob tebchaws Russia "Ukraine" hauv 1581.
Lub npe tshiab pib pib hauv paus hauv chaw ua haujlwm thiab maj mam, tsis yog lub tswv yim ntawm "Rus", "Ukraine" tshwm hauv daim ntawv sau. Yog li los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ib puag ncig tsis huv, lo lus no tau txais lub ntsiab lus kev nom tswv, thiab cov tub ceev xwm Polish, dhau los ntawm Cossack tus thawj coj, uas tau txais kev kawm Polish feem ntau thiab siv zog los ua neeg siab zoo tshiab, tab tom sim qhia lub tswv yim no rau hauv pawg neeg. Cov neeg Lavxias me me tsis lees paub qhov kev yuam cai, thiab tom qab Pereyaslav Rada, "Ukrainian" cov ntsiab lus hauv haiv neeg kev nkag siab yog siv tsis tau.
Nws tseem nyob hauv thaj tsam kev nkag siab, piv txwv li, lo lus "Ukrainians" txuas ntxiv rau cov neeg pabcuam ntawm Slobodskaya Ukraine, thiab txij li xyoo 1765 lub xeev Kharkov txawm tias muaj lub npe Slobodskaya Ukrainian xeev. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, lo lus "Ukrainians" tau siv los cuam tshuam nrog Me Russian Cossacks, uas yog, "Ukrainians" pib hu Cossacks, cov tub rog ntawm ntau thaj tsam ntawm Me Me Russia.
Tab sis lub tswv yim Polish ntawm kev hloov Russia nrog "Ukraine" tsis tau tuag thiab los txog rau nws qhov laj thawj kawg nyob rau xyoo 19th. Rau kev tshaj tawm phiaj xwm, tus kws sau ntawv Polish suav Jan Potocki luam tawm hauv Paris xyoo 1796 phau ntawv keeb kwm thiab thaj chaw hais txog Scythia, Sarmatia thiab Slavs, teeb tsa lub tswv yim tswv yim hais txog cais cov neeg Ukrainian, uas muaj keeb kwm ywj pheej kiag li.
Cov tswv yim no tau tsim los ntawm lwm tus kws sau keeb kwm Polish, Tadeusz Chatsky, uas tau sau xyoo 1801 txoj haujlwm pseudoscientific "Ntawm lub npe" Ukraine "thiab keeb kwm ntawm Cossacks", uas nws tau coj cov neeg Ukrainian tawm ntawm horde ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian uas nws tau tsim dua tshiab, leej twg liam tias tau tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm thoob plaws Volga thaum xyoo pua 7th. Raws li cov kev xaiv no, lub tsev kawm tshwj xeeb "Ukrainian" ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Polish thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim, uas tau txhawb nqa lub tswv yim ntxiv. Tom qab ntawd lawv tsis nco qab txog ukrakh thiab nco txog lawv tsuas yog tom qab ntau dua ob puas xyoo, twb yog lub sijhawm Yushchenko.
Pole Franciszek Duchinsky nchuav cov ntshav tshiab rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia no. Nws tau sim hnav nws lub tswv yim dag ntxias txog "kev xaiv" ntawm cov neeg Polish thiab cuam tshuam nrog "neeg Ukrainian" cov neeg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab sib cav tias cov neeg Lavxias (Muscovites) tsis yog Slavs txhua, tab sis xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Tatars, thiab qhov ntawd lub npe "Rus" raug nyiag los ntawm Muscovites los ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian, uas tsuas yog cov muaj cai rau nws. Nov yog li cas cov lus dab neeg tseem nyob niaj hnub no hais txog Muscovites phem uas nyiag lub npe Rus los yug.
Txawm li cas los xij, txhua qhov kev sim Polish no tsis tau pom los ntawm tib neeg, thiab lo lus "Ukrainians" hauv kev sau ntawv thiab kev nom tswv ua haujlwm mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19 tseem siv tau hauv nws lub ntsiab lus yav dhau los.
Cov tswv yim tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Pototsky thiab Chatsky pom kev txhawb nqa ntawm ib feem ntawm sab qab teb Lavxias teb sab kev txawj ntse, uas tau tsim Cyril thiab Methodius Brotherhood hauv Kiev, coj los ntawm Kostomarov. Qhov kawg tau thov nws tus kheej lub tswv yim ntawm kev muaj ob haiv neeg Lavxias - Great Russia thiab Ukrainian, tab sis tom qab hloov kho nws thiab sau tseg tias "Ukraine feem ntau txhais tau tias yog ib qho chaw sab nrauv thiab lo lus no tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm haiv neeg, tab sis tsuas yog thaj chaw ib."
Feem ntau, lo lus "Ukrainians" raws li lub npe tsis tau txais kev nthuav dav thoob plaws hauv kev txawj ntse lossis hauv cov neeg zej zog ib puag ncig lub sijhawm ntawd. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yog ib tus tswvcuab ntawm cov neeg siab phem tshaj plaws ntawm Taras Shevchenko, tsis tau siv lo lus "Ukrainians".
Tus xibfwb ntawm Lemberg (Lvov) University Hrushevsky, uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm Shevchenko Association hauv xyoo 1895 thiab txiav txim siab los ua pov thawj tias muaj kev ywj pheej "cov neeg Ukrainian" siv nyiaj Austrian, tom qab ntawd sim coj txhua yam no rau nws qhov kev txiav txim siab xaus. Hauv nws txoj haujlwm pseudoscientific "Keeb Kwm ntawm Ukraine-Rus", uas tsuas yog luag hauv kev kawm txuj ci, nws tau qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm "Ukrainians", "Ukrainian tribes" thiab "Ukrainian people" rau hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Rus, thiab kev tshawb fawb ntiaj teb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, "tsim nyog" tau tshuaj xyuas nws txoj kev koom tes rau keeb kwm keeb kwm, hu nws tias "kev tsis ncaj ncees."
Hauv lawv cov haujlwm nom tswv, Hrushevsky thiab nws cov koom nrog pib siv lo lus "Ukraine" tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th hauv lub limtiam "Ukrainian Bulletin", luam tawm xyoo 1906 hauv St. Petersburg, thiab cov ntawv xov xwm "Ukrainian Life", luam tawm xyoo 1912-1917 hauv Moscow …
Los ntawm lawv txoj kev mob siab rau, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tsim txom ntawm "Ukrainians" los ntawm Muscovites tab tom nthuav tawm, hauv phau ntawv thiab ntaub ntawv cov lus "Me Russia" thiab "South Russia" tau hloov los ntawm lo lus "Ukraine" thiab twb tsis nco qab cov lus dab neeg hais txog kev quab yuam Cov Neeg Lavxias Me Me los ntawm Cov Neeg Lav Xias Me ntawm lub npe "Rus" raug pov rau hauv ib yam li tsis muaj npe thiab lawv yuav tsum nrhiav lwm lub npe.
Tom qab Kev Tawm Tsam Lub Ob Hlis, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Lavxias kev ywj pheej, lo lus "Ukrainians" maj mam pib ua kom muaj kev nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb, thawj zaug hauv thaj tsam kev nkag siab, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv kev xav ntawm haiv neeg. Raws li kev ywj pheej ntawm haiv neeg, lo lus "Ukrainians" ntawm qib ua haujlwm tau raug cai los ntawm Bolsheviks nkaus xwb, thiab haiv neeg "Ukrainian" tau tshwm sim hauv phau ntawv hla tebchaws, thiab hauv Galicia qhov no tau tshwm sim tsuas yog xyoo 1939 raws li txoj cai ntawm tus tswj hwm Stalin, uas yog yog li tsis hlub lawv.
Yog li, qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "Ukraine" yog cov lus dab neeg, txhob txwm tshaj tawm qhia los ntawm Cov Tub Rog mus rau Me Nyuam Lavxias ib puag ncig nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev faib Russia kev sib koom ua ke. Lub npe qub ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine niaj hnub no txog rau xyoo pua 17th yog Rus (Dub, Chervonnaya lossis Malaya), thiab cov npe no tau siv los ntawm txhua haiv neeg, pawg kws tshaj lij thiab lees txim uas nyob ntawm no. Tau coj qhov chaw uas ploj lawm Me Me Lavxias cov neeg tseem ceeb, cov neeg Polish tau txhob txwm tshaj tawm yuam lub tswv yim ntawm "Ukraine" tsis yog lub ntuj thiab keeb kwm cov tswv yim ntawm Russia thiab Me Russia, thiab lo lus "Ukrainians" (los ntawm kev tsim cov ciam teb kev pabcuam cov neeg ntawm lub xeev Moscow) tau txais lub ntsiab lus ntawm pawg neeg haiv neeg Ukrainian sib cais.
