lub USSR
Cov phom loj tiv thaiv dav hlau tau tshwm sim sai tom qab lub dav hlau thiab cov dav hlau pib siv rau tub rog lub hom phiaj. Thaum xub thawj, cov phom me me uas muaj peev xwm nruab nrab ntawm ntau lub tshuab hloov pauv tau siv rau kev tua ntawm lub hom phiaj huab cua. Hauv qhov no, siv cov nplaim hluav taws xob nrog lub raj xa hluav taws xob tau siv. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias xav txog qhov tseeb tias thawj lub dav hlau sib ntaus tau nyob deb ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab lawv qhov nrawm tsis tshaj li ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb niaj hnub no ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tua hluav taws ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tsis tau zoo. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias qhov hluav taws kub los ntawm cov phom tau raug rho tawm "los ntawm qhov muag", tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv hluav taws tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, thiab qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov phom nrog rab phom piston tsis siab dhau.
Kev hais tawm cais yuav tsum yog ua los ntawm 37-120-mm caliber naval nrawm-tua "tiv thaiv kuv tus kheej" phom, npaj los tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg rhuav tshem. Raws li lawv tus yam ntxwv, cov phom no nrog lub tshuab tsis siv neeg ib nrab, muaj lub foob pob zoo, tau zoo tshaj rau kev tua hluav taws. Tab sis thaum xub thawj hauv lawv cov mos txwv tsis muaj shrapnel lossis tawg tawg nrog lub fuse nyob deb, thiab lub kaum sab xis ntsug ntawm qhov siab tau txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg hauv feem ntau ntawm cov tebchaws uas tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm "kuv" rab phom loj tsim cov phom thoob ntiaj teb uas muaj peev xwm tawm tsam kev ya dav hlau. Txog rau hauv av, cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau txais yuav, feem ntau tau teeb tsa ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom lossis cov tsheb ciav hlau.
Armored tsheb Russo-Balt-T nrog 76 hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau
Txawm hais tias txoj haujlwm ntawm Rosenberg's rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 57-mm tau tsim ua ntej ua tsov rog, hauv tebchaws Russia 76-mm rab phom, hu ua 76-mm anti-aircraft gun mod. 1914/15 (3, Qiv qiv phom tiv thaiv dav hlau lossis 8-K). Qhov no yog thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Russia tshwj xeeb 76, rab phom 2-mm nruab nrog lub qhov rooj npoo npoo nrog qhov tsis siv neeg ib nrab, tsim los tua hluav taws ntawm lub hom phiaj huab cua nrog qhov siab txog 6500 meters. Ntxiv rau 76-mm rab phom hauv Lavxias pab tub rog thiab tub rog, tau raug xa tuaj 37-mm Maxim-Nordenfeldt cov phom tsis siv neeg thiab 40-mm Vickers (ob rab phom tau siv tsis siv raws li Maxim system) nrog txoj siv pub mis. Cov phom uas siv hauv cov chav hauv av feem ntau yog ntsia rau ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom. Hauv kev xav, 76-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab 37-40-mm tshuab rab phom tuaj yeem siv tau los tua German cov tsheb loj thiab cov tsheb tiv thaiv, tab sis tus sau tsis muaj xov xwm txog lawv siv hauv txoj haujlwm no.
37-mm automatic cannon Maxim-Nordenfeldt
Txawm li cas los xij, lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau raws li Maxim automatics hauv Russia tau hloov pauv mus ua lub sijhawm luv. Cov phom no muaj ntau qhov tsis txaus: lawv nyuaj rau kev khiav lag luam, muab ncua qeeb hauv kev tua, xav tau dej txias, thiab muaj lub pob qis. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, los ntawm nruab nrab-30s, tsis muaj qhov ua haujlwm tau zoo 37 thiab 40-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv pab tub rog liab. Cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 76-hli ntawm Lender, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau loj txog thaum ib nrab xyoo 30s. Xyoo 1928, rab phom tau hloov kho tshiab: qhov ntev ntawm rab phom tau nce mus rau 55 calibers, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nce qhov ncauj qhov ncauj ntawm qhov projectile mus rau 730 m / s. Lub hom phiaj ntaus qhov siab mus txog 8000 m, thiab qhov hluav taws kub yog 10-12 rds / min. Cov phom tau tsim kom txog thaum xyoo 1934. Raws li Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941, cov tub rog muaj 539 76-mm daim. phom tiv thaiv dav hlau mod. 1914/15 Cov qiv qiv nyiaj thiab 19 daim. 76 hli. phom tiv thaiv dav hlau mod. 1915/28 g.
Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, hauv thawj lub sijhawm ua tsov rog, cov phom no muaj lub sijhawm los tua ntawm lub hom phiaj hauv av. Muab hais tias Lender cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau sib xws kiag li ntawm cov mos txwv nrog faib phom 76-hli, lawv tuaj yeem suav tias yog riam phom tiv thaiv zoo heev. 76-hli armor-tho lub plhaub 53-BR-350A ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1000 metres raws qhov ib txwm tho 60-mm cov cuab yeej. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1941, tuab tuab ntawm cov cuab yeej ua ntej ntawm cov tub rog German feem ntau tsis tshaj 50 hli. Hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, nws muaj peev xwm siv rab yaj phom nrog lub fuse teeb "ntawm kev tawm tsam", thaum cov cuab yeej nkag mus ntawm qhov deb ntawm 400 meters yog 30-35 hli.
76-hli anti-aircraft phom mod. 1914/15 tau yooj yim heev thiab ntseeg tau, lawv tau kawm zoo hauv kev tsim khoom thiab hauv pab tub rog, tab sis thaum pib ntawm 30s, Lender cov phom twb dhau los lawm. Qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb ntawm cov phom no tau txiav txim siab tias tsis muaj peev xwm ncav cuag hauv qhov ntau thiab qhov siab. Ib qho ntxiv, thaum tawg, cov foob pob tawg tuaj yeem tsoo cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau hauv qhov chaw nqaim, uas feem ntau txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tua ntawm lub hom phiaj huab cua nrawm. Hauv qhov no, kev sim tau tsim los tsim cov phom niaj hnub 76-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo 20s lig - thaum ntxov 30s, lub tsev tsim qauv Soviet tseem tsis muaj zog, thiab lub hauv paus tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom siv foob pob hluav taws tau nyuam qhuav pib hloov kho tshiab vim muaj cov khoom siv tshuab txawv teb chaws tuaj. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los yuav cov ntaub ntawv txheej txheem rau German 75-mm rab phom 7, 5 cm Flak L / 59 los ntawm Rheinmetall. Thawj qhov piv txwv, ua hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, tau sim ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Dav Hlau Thaum Lub Ob Hlis-Plaub Hlis 1932. Hauv tib lub xyoo, rab phom tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam raws li lub npe “76-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau phom dav hlau. Xyoo 1931 (3K) . Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau nws, lub plhaub tshiab nrog lub raj mis zoo li lub tes tsho tau tsim, uas tau siv tsuas yog hauv cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau.
76-hli anti-aircraft phom mod. 1931g ua.
Kev siv tshuab kom ntseeg tau tias rho tawm ntawm cov cartridges siv thiab kaw lub kaw thaum tua. Lub plhaub tau thauj khoom thiab raug rho tawm haujlwm manually. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ib lub tshuab tsis siv neeg ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo ntawm rab phom - mus txog 20 puag ncig ib feeb. Kev nqa lub tshuab ua kom nws tuaj yeem tua hluav taws hauv qhov ntau ntawm cov lus qhia ntsug ntawm -3 ° txog + 82 °. Los ntawm cov qauv ntawm 30s thaum ntxov, cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Xyoo 1931 zoo heev niaj hnub no thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm lub foob pob. Lub tsheb thauj khoom nrog plaub lub txaj txaj tau muab hluav taws ncig, thiab nrog qhov hnyav ntawm 6, 5 kg, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm huab cua lub hom phiaj yog 9 km. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm rab phom yog tias kev hloov pauv los ntawm txoj haujlwm taug kev mus rau txoj haujlwm sib ntaus tau siv sijhawm ntev thiab yog qhov ua haujlwm ntau. Tsis tas li ntawd, ob lub log tsheb tsis ruaj khov thaum thauj mus hla qhov av ntxhib.
76-hli anti-aircraft phom mod. Xyoo 1931 hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Finnish
Los ntawm kev paub ntawm Lender cov phom loj, ntau lub phom tau muab tso rau ntawm YAG-10 cov tsheb thauj khoom. "Freight" ZSU tau txais qhov ntsuas 29K. Txhawm rau txhim kho rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, hauv qab ntawm lub cev lub cev tau txhawb nqa. Qhov viav vias ib feem ntawm 76, 2-mm anti-aircraft gun mod. Xyoo 1931 3K tau teeb tsa ntawm tus ncej txheem. Lub tsheb tau ntxiv nrog plaub lub khawm "paws" - nres nres. Lub cev nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm khaws cia tau ntxiv nrog cov tiv thaiv tiv thaiv sab, uas nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm sib ntaus tau rov qab los ntawm kab rov tav, ua rau thaj chaw pabcuam phom ntau dua. Nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom, muaj ob lub thawv them nyiaj ntawm 24 ncig txhua. Ntawm qhov poob sab muaj qhov chaw rau plaub tus neeg coob.
Raws li rab phom 3-K, rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 76 hli ntawm xyoo 1938 tau tsim. Txhawm rau txo sijhawm xa mus, tib lub riam phom tau teeb tsa ntawm lub tsheb tshiab, plaub lub log. Ua ntej tsov rog, pab tub rog tau txais 750 76-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Xyoo 1938 Nws yog rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau nruab nrab tshaj plaws hauv USSR thaum pib ua tsov rog.
Ua tsaug rau lub raj mis zoo li lub tes tsho nrog kev nce nqi ntawm rab phom thiab lub thoob ntev, 76-hli tiv thaiv dav hlau phom dav hlau. 1931 thiab arr. Xyoo 1938 muaj kev nkag tau zoo rau cov cuab yeej ua rog. Lub foob pob hluav taws BR-361 tau siv rab phom 3-K ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 1000 metres ntawm 90 ° lub rooj sib tham lub kaum ntse ntse, ntsaws 85 hli cov cuab yeej ua rog. Hauv thawj lub sijhawm ua tsov rog, qhov no ntau tshaj li txaus los rhuav tshem ib lub tank German.
ZOS SU-6
Xyoo 1936, SU-6 ZSU tau sim, ua tub rog nrog 76-mm 3-K phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm lub chassis ntawm T-26 lub teeb tank. Lub tsheb no tau npaj los nrog txhua lub cav. Nws tsis haum rau cov tub rog, vim tias tag nrho cov neeg tiv thaiv dav hlau tsis haum rau hauv cov phom loj. Ua tsis tiav raws li rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, SU-6 tuaj yeem dhau los ua rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank zoo heev. Txog qhov no, rab phom tsuas yog yuav tsum tau npog nrog lub teeb pom kev tiv thaiv kev sib tawg ua ke ntauwd. Nyob rau hmo ua tsov rog, peb cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank tuaj yeem tau txais lub foob pob hluav taws uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua phem thiab npaj tua cov haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev nplua nuj ntawm T-26 tso tsheb hlau luam hauv Red Army.
Tham txog 76 mm phom, peb tsis tuaj yeem hais txog ob rab phom ntxiv ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm no, uas tau txiav txim siab txiav txim tias yog phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Xyoo 1916, 76-mm anti-aircraft Gun mod. 1902 ntawm Ivanov lub tshuab. Ivanov lub tshuab yog lub hauv paus hlau nrog txoj kab tsheb ciav hlau nyob rau sab saud, nrog rau lub thav duab sab saud tig ntawm 4 lub thawv. Lub axis ntawm kev sib hloov yog lub tog raj kheej ntsia, sprung los ntawm tsis. Lub curbstone muaj plaub lub qhov qhib thiab lub npov sab hauv, uas tau ntim nrog lub ntiaj teb kom ruaj khov. Cov phom hauv thaj av tau muab dov mus rau sab nraub qaum los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog thiab, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, muaj cov kab rov tav tua hluav taws thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 56 °. Qhov tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv dav hlau pom tau siv rau kev tua. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub kaw lus yog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev teeb tsa, uas tsis tso cai los tiv thaiv cov tub rog thaum lub Peb Hlis thiab tus nqi hluav taws tsawg. Ib qho ntxiv, los ntawm nruab nrab-30s, qhov siab ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm huab cua lub hom phiaj tsis txaus siab. Kev teeb tsa lub dav hlau tiv thaiv Ivanov tau ua haujlwm kom txog rau thaum pib Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, thiab los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd lawv twb tau pom tseeb lawm. Tab sis muaj ntau tus ntawm lawv hauv cov tub rog ntau dua li 3-K phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, raws li ib nrab ntawm lub Rau Hli-805 chav nyob.
Nyob rau xyoo 20s lig - thaum ntxov 30s, peb cov tub rog kev coj noj coj ua tau dhau los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem phom loj thoob ntiaj teb, suav nrog kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab phom sib faib. Ib tus neeg thov txim ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv no hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov phom loj yog M. N. Tukhachevsky, uas los ntawm 1931 tau ua tus thawj coj ntawm riam phom ntawm pab tub rog liab, thiab los ntawm 1934 - tus tshaj tawm ntawm tus lwm thawj tus tib neeg txoj cai ntawm kev tiv thaiv rau riam phom. Muaj zog, tab sis tsis muaj kev kawm tsim nyog hauv kev tsim qauv thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm cov tshuab siv phom loj (thiab, yog li ntawd, tsis muaj peev xwm hauv qhov teeb meem no), nws nquag txhawb nws tus kheej lub tswv yim hauv lawv cov kev coj ua.
Xyoo 1931, ntawm Tukhachevsky txoj haujlwm, pib ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov "thoob ntiaj teb" 76-mm faib phom, uas tuaj yeem tua hluav taws tiv thaiv dav hlau. Txawm hais tias pom tau qhov phem ntawm lub tswv yim xyoo 1936, riam phom tsim los ntawm kev coj ua ntawm V. G. Grabin tau txais. "76-mm faib phom phom mod. 1936 " lossis F-22 tau xub tsim los rau cov mos txwv muaj zog nrog lub raj mis zoo li tus ntawv. Tab sis nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, Tus Thawj Coj Loj Artillery (GAU) tsis xav hloov mus rau lwm qhov 76-mm mos txwv, txij li lub tsev khaws khoom muaj cov khoom lag luam loj ntawm 76-mm puag ncig nrog cov tuaj. 1900, uas, tau kawg, yog qhov ua yuam kev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, F-22, tsim los rau kev muaj zog ntaus nrig, muaj qhov dav ntawm kev nyab xeeb, uas tau siv tom qab los ntawm cov neeg German, uas tau ntes cov phom loj ntawm hom no hauv thawj lub sijhawm ua tsov rog. Muab qhov tsis txaus ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub peev xwm los tsoo Soviet lub tank nrog tiv thaiv rab phom tiv thaiv phom, F-22 tau hloov pauv mus ua phom tiv thaiv lub tank. Kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov phom suav nrog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm chav rau lub tes tsho loj dua, kev teeb tsa lub qhov ncauj nres thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm mus rau ib sab. F-22, xaiv 7, 62cm FK 39, dhau los ua ib qho zoo tshaj plaws phom tiv thaiv phom hauv Wehrmacht, ntau dua 500 rab phom tau hloov pauv tag nrho. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov phom no kuj tau siv los tuav Marder II thiab Marder III lub nkoj tua hluav taws.
Rab phom "Universal" F-22 ntawm qhov siab nce ze rau qhov siab tshaj plaws.
Feem ntau, "kev ua tau zoo" ua rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm F-22 tsis zoo. Kev txiav txim siab tsim kho lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm F-22 raws li rab phom sib faib. F-22 loj heev. Cov phom feem ntau siv los ua phom tiv thaiv lub tank, tab sis yeej tsis zoo li rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Nws tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los ua qhov kev tawm tsam, uas yog qhov tsis lees txais kiag li rau phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Qhov siab ncav cuag thiab tiv thaiv cov dav hlau tua hluav taws raug tsawg. Thaum tua ntawm lub kaum sab xis siab dua 60 °, lub tshuab kaw lub tshuab tsis kam ua haujlwm, uas cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau qhov hluav taws kub. Kev sib faib phom loj tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv dav hlau tua hluav taws (PUAZO) thiab tiv thaiv dav hlau. Hais txog kev tua ntau yam thiab kev nkag mus rau tej cuab yeej, F-22 tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb tshaj li qhov qub phom phom sib faib. 1902/30 Kev siv F-22 ua phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tseeb tias qhov pom thiab cov lus qhia ntsug tau nyob ntawm ob sab ntawm lub thoob, feem, rab phom tsis tuaj yeem coj los ntawm tus neeg siv phom ib leeg.
Kev loj hlob ntawm kev nrawm thiab "qab nthab" ntawm lub dav hlau, kev nce hauv lawv txoj kev muaj sia nyob yuav tsum tau nce qhov siab nce mus txog ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab nce lub zog ua haujlwm. 76 hli. rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau 3-K tau nce kev nyab xeeb. Kev suav suav tau qhia tias nws muaj peev xwm nce nws lub peev xwm mus rau 85 mm. Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau 85-mm tshaj nws qhov ua ntej, rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 76-mm ntawm xyoo 1938, yog nyob hauv qhov muaj zog ntau ntxiv ntawm qhov projectile, uas tsim lub vojvoog loj dua ntawm kev puas tsuaj hauv thaj chaw.
Hauv rab phom tshiab, rab phom 85-mm tau muab tso rau ntawm lub platform ntawm 76-mm anti-aircraft gun mod. Xyoo 1938, ntxiv rau, rab phom thiab ib nrab siv lub tshuab rab phom no tau siv. Yuav kom txo qis rov qab, lub qhov ncauj nres tau teeb tsa. 85-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau raws li lub npe “85-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau phom dav hlau. Xyoo 1939 (52-K) tau pib ua cov khoom loj ntawm kev nqa phom yooj yim (nrog lub laub plaub lub log) 76, 2-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau phom dav hlau. Xyoo 1938 Yog li, ntawm tus nqi qis tshaj plaws thiab hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, tau tsim rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tshiab. Txog thaum lub sijhawm ntawm kev tawm tsam Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees ntawm Soviet Union, kev lag luam tau tswj hwm 2,630 chav nyob rau cov tub rog. Hauv tag nrho, ntau dua 14,000 85-mm rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau raug tua thaum lub sijhawm ua rog.
85-hli anti-aircraft phom mod. 1939 (52-K)
Ntxiv rau kev tiv thaiv huab cua, 85-mm rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau siv dav rau kev tua ntawm lub hom phiaj hauv av, dhau los ua ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tua cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam. Thaum pib qhov nrawm ntawm 800 m / s, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv rab phom rab phom loj 53-UBR-365K, uas hnyav 9.2 kg, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1000 meters raws li ib txwm tho 100 mm ntawm cov cuab yeej. Ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 500 metres, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv rab phom tau zoo heev hauv "cov hniav" yog cov cuab yeej ua ntej ntawm Tiger hnyav. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov phom ntawm rab phom mus txog 20 rds / min.
Twb dhau qhov kawg ntawm Lub Rau Hli 1941, nws tau txiav txim siab los cais cais cov phom loj tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm RGK, ua tub rog nrog nees nkaum 85-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Thaum Lub Xya Hli - Lub Yim Hli 1941, 35 txoj kev ua haujlwm zoo li no tau tsim. Thaum Lub Yim Hli - Lub Kaum Hli, nthwv dej thib ob ntawm kev tsim cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank ntawm RGK ua raws. Ntawm qhov one tes, qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau kuj yog lub tsheb thauj mus los, uas tau muab txoj haujlwm tua hluav taws ncig. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub tsheb laij teb plaub lub log no ua rau rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tsawg dua. Nws txoj kev thauj mus los ntawm cov av mos lossis cov daus sib sib zog nqus tsuas yog ua tau nrog cov tsheb laij teb muaj zog, uas muaj tsawg tsawg hauv Pawg Tub Rog.
Vim tias qhov tsis txaus siv phom tiv thaiv lub tank zoo, xyoo 1942, kev tsim cov phom 85-mm yooj yim tau tsim tawm yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog PUAZO. Raws li kev paub txog kev sib ntaus sib tua, daim ntaub thaiv npog tau muab tso rau ntawm rab phom los tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm cov mos txwv thiab rab phom. Cov phom no tau nkag mus rau hauv cov tub rog tiv thaiv phom loj ntawm RGK. Xyoo 1943, txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho kev pabcuam thiab ua haujlwm zoo thiab txo tus nqi ntawm kev tsim khoom, rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau hloov kho tshiab.
Kev xyaum siv dav dav ntawm 85-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau siv tsawg kawg kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1943. Nws tau paub tias 15 lub foob pob tiv thaiv phom loj ntawm kaum ob rab phom 85-mm tau koom nrog hauv Tsov Rog Kursk. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv raug txwv tsis pub tua hluav taws ntawm lub hom phiaj huab cua. Thaum pib xyoo 1944, raws li cov tub rog tau ua tiav nrog cov phom loj tiv thaiv lub tank thiab pib tsim khoom loj ntawm SU-85 lub nkoj tua hluav taws, 85-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau thim los ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub tank. Tab sis ib txwm muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov phom hauv cov mos txwv ntawm cov roj teeb tiv thaiv dav hlau tau xa mus rau thaj tsam hauv ntej.
Raws li rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 85-mm lossis nrog siv cov mos txwv thaum lub xyoo ua rog, muaj rab phom tsim los nrog T-34-85, KV-85, IS-1 thiab SU-85 tso tsheb hlau luam. tau ua tub rog. Xyoo 1944, 85-mm anti-aircraft gun mod. 1944 (KS -1). Nws tau txais los ntawm kev siv lub foob pob 85-hli tshiab ntawm lub tsheb ntawm 85-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau phom dav hlau. Xyoo 1939 Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab yog txhawm rau ua kom muaj sia nyob ntawm cov thoob thiab txo tus nqi tsim khoom. Tab sis nws qhov kev nkag mus rau hauv cov tub rog loj tau pib tom qab qhov kev tawm tsam kawg.
37-hli tsis siv neeg phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. 1939g ua.
Xyoo 1939, USSR tau siv 37-mm 61-K tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom tshuab, raws li Swedish 40-mm anti-aircraft gun Bofors. Cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 37-hli tsis siv neeg ntawm xyoo 1939 yog ib rab phom me me uas muaj rab peev xwm tiv thaiv dav hlau tsis siv neeg ntawm plaub lub tsheb thauj khoom uas tsis muaj plaub lub log tsav. Cov phom tsis siv neeg yog ua raws li kev siv lub zog rov qab los raws li cov phiaj xwm nrog kev thim rov qab luv ntawm lub thoob. Txhua qhov kev nqis tes ua tsim nyog rau kev txhaj tshuaj (qhib lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj tom qab txhaj tshuaj nrog tshem lub tes tsho, tsoo tus neeg ntaus, muab cov mos mos tso rau hauv chav, kaw lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj thiab tso tus neeg tawm tsam) tau ua tiav. Lub hom phiaj, lub hom phiaj ntawm rab phom thiab kev muab cov yeeb yaj kiab nrog cov cartridges rau hauv lub khw yog nqa tawm ntawm tus kheej.
Kev suav ntawm 37-hli tsis siv neeg phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. 1939g ua.
Raws li kev coj ua ntawm kev pabcuam phom, nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub hom phiaj huab cua ntawm thaj tsam li 4 km thiab ntawm qhov chaw siab txog 3 km. Yog tias tsim nyog, rab phom kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv rau kev tua ntawm lub hom phiaj hauv av, suav nrog cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab tsheb tiv thaiv. 37-hli anti-aircraft tshuab rab phom mod. Xyoo 1939, txawm tias ua ntej tsov rog, nws tau tsim los ua kev tiv thaiv lub tank thiab tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab tau siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv phom. Thaum pib ua tsov rog, cov tub rog muaj 370 37-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 61-K, uas yog kwv yees li 10% ntawm tus lej tsawg kawg uas xav tau. Thaum lub xyoo ua tsov rog, ntau dua 22,000 37-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Xyoo 1939. Rau qhov no tseem yuav tsum tau ntxiv ntau dua 5000 40mm Bofors cov phom loj uas tau muab los ntawm Allies.
40-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau Bofors L60
Txij li thaum Lub Xya Hli 1941, 37-hli tsis siv phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 61-K, nrog rau 85-mm phom 52-K, tau suav nrog hauv cov tub rog tiv thaiv tank ntawm RGK. Cov tub rog no tau ua tub rog nrog yim yim 37-mm thiab yim 85-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau.
Ib qho cuab yeej tiv thaiv kab mob tracer 37 hli UBR-167 projectile hnyav 770 grams tawm ntawm lub thoob ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 865 m / s. Ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500 metres raws qhov ib txwm muaj, nws nkag mus rau 46 mm ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rhuav tshem cov tub rog German nruab nrab thaum tua ntawm ib sab. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv rab phom tua hluav taws nrawm nrawm hauv lub luag haujlwm tsis yog rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank uas muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev muaj yeej ntawm cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau yog qhov khoom kim heev uas tsis tuaj yeem lees paub. Hauv qhov no, qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1941, 37-mm tshuab rab phom los ntawm cov phom loj tiv thaiv lub tank tau thim rov qab. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum ua tsov rog xyoo, 37-hli tsis siv phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 61-K feem ntau siv rau kev tua ntawm lub hom phiaj hauv av.
Tsis ntev ua ntej tsov rog, rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 25-hli ntawm xyoo 1940 tus qauv (72-K) tau tsim, uas tau qiv ntau tus qauv tsim los ntawm 37-mm 61-K phom ntev. Tab sis thaum pib muaj kev tawm tsam, nws tsis nkag mus rau hauv pab tub rog. Cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 72-K tau npaj rau kev tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm qib phom loj thiab hauv Pab Pawg Liab tau tuav txoj haujlwm nruab nrab nruab nrab ntawm cov phom loj tiv thaiv dav hlau phom tshuab DShK thiab muaj zog dua 37-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau. 61 -K Nws. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv lub tawb thauj khoom rau lub me-caliber tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tshuab rab phom loj txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov hluav taws kub.
Vim yog qhov nyuaj hauv kev ua tiav lawv cov lej ua haujlwm, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm 25-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau tshwm sim hauv Red Army tsuas yog nyob hauv ib nrab ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Lawv lub peev xwm tiv thaiv lub tank, vim lawv lub peev xwm me dua, tau phem dua li ntawm 37-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500 metres, lub foob pob ua ntxaij rab phom hnyav 280 grams. nrog thawj qhov nrawm ntawm 900 m / s, nws tau hle 30-mm cov cuab yeej ua rog raws li qhov qub. Qhov ntawd ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tawm tsam lub teeb tso tsheb hlau luam, tsheb tiv thaiv tub rog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, hais txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, 25-mm projectile tau qis dua li txawm tias 37-mm projectile, uas nws qhov txiaj ntsig tau suav tias tsis txaus.
Feem ntau, cov phom 76-85-mm tau siv rau kev tua ntawm cov hom phiaj hauv av, tshwj xeeb yog cov phom tiv thaiv lub tank. Cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau qee zaum dhau los ua qhov teeb meem nkaus xwb hauv txoj kev ntawm German tso tsheb hlau luam. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb heev hauv kev tiv thaiv lub tank tiv thaiv phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, tso rau hluav taws ncaj qha, ua si hauv Tsov rog Moscow. Kwv yees li 50% ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tau tso lawv txoj haujlwm thiab nqa cov kab tiv thaiv ntawm txoj hauv kev mus rau peev. Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv Smolensk tiv thaiv kev sib ntaus sib tua, "pab pawg nomadic" tau faib los ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv huab cua thiab cov cuab tam rau kev xa mus rau thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij. Cov pab pawg zoo li no feem ntau ua rau cov phom loj tsis tau xav txog ua ntej kab ntawm cov tub rog German tau tawg ua ntej, tseb kev ntshai ntawm lawv thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau tib neeg thiab khoom siv.
Tom qab cov neeg German pib Ua Haujlwm Typhoon, txuas nrog kev hem thawj ntawm kev kov yeej ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog hla Borovsk mus rau Naro-Fominsk thiab hla Maloyaroslavets mus rau Podolsk, ib pawg plaub lub dav hlau tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab peb lub dav hlau tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 12, nyob ze lub nroog Borovsk, pab pawg tau sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov yeeb ncuab kem mus txog rau cov tub rog tub rog uas muaj zog ntxiv nrog tso tsheb hlau luam. Rau cuaj teev cov tub rog loj thiab tshuab rab phom tau tuav tus yeeb ncuab rov qab, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tub rog ntawm pawg tub rog 33 tau cuam tshuam rau Nazis rov qab 8 km ntawm Borovsk nrog kev tawm tsam. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, pab pawg tiv thaiv dav hlau tau tsoo 8 lub tso tsheb hlau luam, ob lub foob pob thiab nce mus rau ib pab tub rog tub rog.
Cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub dav hlau ntawm 732th tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom loj tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj thaum tiv thaiv Tula. Plaub lub roj teeb nruab nrab nruab nrab tau xa mus rau sab qab teb mus rau Tula. Cov dej tiv thaiv lub tank tau raug khawb rau pem hauv ntej ntawm txoj haujlwm tua, tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv lub tank thiab cov minefields tau teeb tsa. Chaw nres tsheb Searchlight tau npaj rau kev sib ntaus hmo ntuj. Kev sim los ntawm cov neeg German txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev txav mus tsis tau. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ib leeg, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 30, cov yeeb ncuab poob ntau dua 20 lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab ntau dua 200 tus tub rog tua rog. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ob lub hlis ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm Tula, cov tub rog tiv thaiv dav hlau tau rhuav tshem 49 lub tso tsheb hlau luam, 5 lub tsheb tiv thaiv, 3 rab phom loj thiab 12 lub phom phom, 11 lub dav hlau thiab txog 1,850 tus yeeb ncuab cov tub rog thiab cov tub ceev xwm.
Xyoo 1942, ntawm Stalingrad, Cov Tub Rog Liab tiv thaiv dav hlau tua phom tau qhia txog txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua siab loj, tshem tawm qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog German nkag mus. Feem ntau, cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam thiab dav hlau tau tawm tsam txoj haujlwm tib lub sijhawm, thiab cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau yuav tsum tau tua hluav taws ntawm ob qho tib si. Piv txwv li, lub roj teeb thib 3 ntawm 1077th Zenap tau rhuav tshem 14 lub tso tsheb hlau luam, 3 lub dav hlau thiab ntau txog 100 tus tub rog yeeb ncuab hauv ib hnub nkaus thaum Lub Yim Hli 23, 1942. Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov tub rog tiv thaiv lub dav hlau ntawm 1077th tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom loj, uas tau npog lub Hoobkas ib feem ntawm Stalingrad los ntawm kev tawm tsam huab cua, ib txhis nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm Stalingrad. Hauv tag nrho, 75 tus ntxhais tau ua haujlwm hauv cov tub rog, thiab tau siv phom 37-mm 61-K phom tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab 85-mm 52-K phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, 37 phom nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Nws yog lawv leej twg, ua ke nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Stalingrad Tsheb Laij Teb, tau thaiv txoj hauv kev ntawm kev rhuav tshem German lub tank ntawm 16 Panzer Division of Lieutenant General Hube. Los ntawm 23 txog 24 Lub Yim Hli 1942, hauv cheeb tsam tiv thaiv ntawm 1077th regiment, 83 tso tsheb hlau luam raug rhuav tshem, 15 tsheb thauj khoom raug rhuav tshem, thiab mus txog rau pab tub rog me me raug puas tsuaj. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, tag nrho cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau ploj mus, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov phom tua dav hlau tau tuag. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1942, cov neeg tua phom dav hlau ntawm 1080th tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej. Cov tub ceev xwm cov neeg ua haujlwm raug kev txom nyem hnyav, tab sis qhov hluav taws kub ntawm lawv 76-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau phom dav hlau. 1938 nres German tso tsheb hlau luam sim txhawm rau hla kev ncig.
Thaum Tsov Rog Zoo Tshaj Plaws, rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau feem ntau siv los tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv cov tsheb, tab sis peb yuav tsum lees tias qhov no yog kev ntsuas yuam. Nyob rau theem tsim qauv, kev tsim cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau suav nrog kev tuaj yeem tua ntawm lub hom phiaj hauv av, tab sis nws tsis muaj peev xwm siv tas li siv riam phom kim thiab nyuaj rau kev tua ntawm lub hom phiaj hauv av. Qhov no tau xyaum tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav tshaj plaws, thaum nws yuav tsum tau nres tus yeeb ncuab kev tawm tsam ntawm tus nqi.
