Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1943, kev sib tua ntau haiv neeg, tua neeg pej xeem, suav nrog poj niam thiab menyuam yaus, tau mus txog qhov kawg hauv Western Ukraine. Cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim 75 xyoo dhau los tau ploj mus tas li hauv keeb kwm raws li kev tua neeg Volyn lossis Volyn kev xwm txheej. Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Xya Hli 11, 1943, cov tub rog ntawm Cov Neeg Tawm Tsam Ukrainian Tsov Rog (OUN-UPA) * tam sim ntawd tsoo rau 150 tus neeg Polish nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Western Ukraine. Tsuas yog ib hnub, ntau dua kaum txhiab tus neeg pej xeem, feem ntau yog haiv neeg Poles, tau raug tua.
Cov neeg hauv tebchaws Ukrainian xav tias muaj zog sai li sai tau thaum Nazi pab tub rog nkag mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1941, lawv tau koom nrog kev tua neeg tsis yog tsuas yog Komsomol cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv pawg thiab Red Army cov txiv neej, tabsis tseem yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg tsawg - neeg Yudais thiab Tub Rog. Lub npe Lviv pogrom tau poob qis hauv keeb kwm, uas tau sau tseg zoo. Cov tub rog German tau nkag mus rau Lviv thaum sawv ntxov Lub Rau Hli 30, 1941, nyob rau tib hnub ntawd, cov pogroms hauv nroog tau pib hauv nroog, uas thaum Lub Xya Hli 1 tau dhau los ua neeg Yudais pogrom loj. Tib lub sijhawm, kev thab plaub, tua neeg thiab tsim txom ntawm cov neeg Yudais feem coob ntawm Lviv txuas ntxiv mus rau ob peb hnub. Lub sijhawm no, cov tswvcuab ntawm cov neeg tsim tshiab "Ukrainian cov tub rog", cov neeg nyiam tebchaws thiab cov neeg pab dawb los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tau tswj kom tshem tawm txog plaub txhiab tus neeg Yudais hauv Lvov.
Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sab hauv ntawm OUN-UPA * luam tawm twb tau nyob rau xyoo tom qab ua tsov rog, nws ua raws tias tsis yog cov neeg Yudais thiab cov neeg Lavxias nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem yog Tub Rog tau suav tias yog yeeb ncuab ntawm lub xeev Ukrainian. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tshem tawm haiv neeg ntawm cov neeg Polish tau npaj tseg txawm tias ua ntej pib Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Piv txwv li, kev qhia tub rog ntawm haiv neeg Ukrainian, uas tau tsim nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1938, muaj cov lus hais txog qhov xav tau "ntxuav cov neeg txawv tebchaws Polish los ntawm thaj av Western Ukrainian" mus rau tus neeg kawg. Yog li Ukrainian haiv neeg xav kom xaus rau Polish thov rau thaj chaw no, uas rau ntau pua xyoo yog ib feem ntawm cov xeev sib txawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Cov Tub Rog Liab, uas nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Ukraine xyoo 1939, tiv thaiv cov neeg Ukrainian haiv neeg los ntawm kev pib ua raws li lawv cov phiaj xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev thov txim rau Poles tsis kav ntev.
Xyoo 1941, OUN-UPA * tshaj tawm lwm cov lus qhia ntawm nws cov haujlwm thiab kev tawm tsam. Cov ntaub ntawv no suav nrog "Cov Neeg Ua Tub Rog" "kev nruab nrab" ntawm Cov Tub Rog, uas tsis tso tseg lawv txoj kev npau suav ntawm kev tsim Lub Tebchaws Poland Loj dua, uas yuav suav nrog nws muaj pes tsawg thaj av nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Ukraine. Nrog rau thaj tsam keeb kwm - Volyn.
Lvov pogrom, 1941
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Volyn yog thaj av qub, uas nyob rau xyoo X yog ib feem ntawm Kievan Rus (Volyn, thiab tom qab ntawd Vladimir-Volyn tus thawj tswj hwm). Tom qab ntawd, cov av no tau pauv mus rau tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Lithuania, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau tebchaws Poland. Tom qab ntau qhov kev faib tawm ntawm Lub Tebchaws, thaj av no tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm tebchaws Russia. Xyoo 1921, sab hnub poob ntawm Volhynia tau muab rau Poland, thiab sab hnub tuaj mus rau Ukrainian SSR. Xyoo 1939, Sab Hnub Poob Volyn kuj tau muab txuas nrog rau Ukrainian SSR. Thaum Tsov Rog Loj Patriotic, thaj tsam no tau nyob los ntawm Nazi pab tub rog.
Cov keeb kwm yav dhau los tau sau ntau pua xyoo, haiv neeg tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cheeb tsam thiab ntau qhov kev tsis txaus siab qub qub rau ib leeg tuaj yeem dhau los ua hom fuse uas tau tua hluav taws rau lub khob hmoov thiab coj tag nrho thaj av, feem ntau nws yog pej xeem cov pej xeem, mus rau kev puas tsuaj tiag. Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm thawj peb ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev sib cav tsis tu ncua ntawm Polish-Ukrainian thaj av thiab kev xav hauv kev xav tau tsim. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov keeb kwm qub-ib puas xyoo, ob tog tau tswj hwm kom ua phem ntau yam phem rau ib leeg, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis dhau qhov kev coj ua niaj hnub ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim hauv Volyn thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, hauv lawv cov ntshav thiab kev lim hiam, tau npog lub keeb kwm yav dhau los.
Ncaj Ncees UPA - Cov Neeg Tawm Tsam Ukrainian Tsov Rog, raws li tis ntawm Lub Koom Haum ntawm Ukrainian Nationalists (Bandera txav) *, tau tsim xyoo 1942. Lub zog rau nws txoj kev kawm yog yeej ntawm Red Army ntawm Stalingrad. Tom qab qhov kev yeej no, cov tub rog Soviet tau pib tso lub tebchaws uas nyob hauv tebchaws German thiab lawv cov phoojywg thiab tau los ze thiab ze dua rau Reichkommissariat "Ukraine", uas tau tsim xyoo 1941 los ntawm cov tub rog German ua haujlwm nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ukrainian SSR. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xyaum los ntawm thawj hnub ntawm kev tsim ntawm UPA *, kev puas tsuaj ntawm haiv neeg haiv neeg Polish pib.
Cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Ukraine tau ua kom zoo dua ntawm lawv tus kheej qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Tom qab kev tawm ntawm Red Army, tsis muaj ib tus neeg tuaj yeem tawm tsam OUN-UPA * laib. Kev txav mus los ntawm pawg neeg Soviet yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Belarus, thiab Tus Kws Lij Choj lawv tus kheej tsis muaj cov tub rog zoo txaus uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo rau cov neeg hauv tebchaws Ukraine.
UPA cov neeg tua rog
Kev tua neeg Volyn (kev tua neeg coob ntawm cov neeg Polish), uas tau ploj mus hauv keeb kwm, pib thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1943. Lub hauv paus pib rau qhov xwm txheej no hu ua Lub Ob Hlis 9, 1943. Hnub no, OUN-UPA * cov tub rog nkag mus rau Polish kev sib hais haum ntawm Paroslya raws li kev coj ua ntawm Soviet pab pawg. Nyob rau lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob thiab Zaum Ob, Paroslya yog ib lub zos me me ntawm 26 lub tsev, nyob ze rau lub nroog Sarny, uas tam sim no nyob rau thaj tsam Rivne cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine. Los ntawm lub sijhawm tua neeg pov tseg, haiv neeg Polish cov pejxeem yog, raws li kev kwv yees ntau yam, los ntawm 15 txog 30 feem pua ntawm txhua tus neeg nyob hauv Volyn. Tom qab so thiab noj mov hauv tsev ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Parosli, Bandera cov txiv neej tau pib ua pauj. Lawv tsis tseg leej twg: lawv tua txiv neej thiab poj niam, cov neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus. Tsuas yog vim hais tias cov neeg hauv zos yog tus ncej. Raws li kev kwv yees ntau yam, los ntawm 149 txog 179 cov neeg nyob hauv nroog raug tua nyob hauv lub zos, suav nrog ntau tus menyuam yaus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Ukrainian pom kev ua phem phem tshaj plaws, feem ntau tsuas yog raug nyiag mus tuag nrog txoj kab nqes. Riam thiab bayonets kuj tau siv. Tsuas yog ob peb tswj kom muaj sia nyob.
Cov neeg pej xeem Polish tau raug tua pov tseg los ntawm haiv neeg Ukrainian thoob plaws Sab Hnub Poob hauv Ukraine raws li ib qho xwm txheej: ntau pawg tub rog nyob puag ncig cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Polish, txhua tus neeg nyob hauv tau sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw thiab raug rhuav tshem. Neeg Asmeskas keeb kwm Timothy Snyder tau sau tseg tias haiv neeg Ukrainian tau kawm txog thev naus laus zis ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj los ntawm cov neeg German. Tias yog vim li cas txhua haiv neeg ntxuav los ntawm UPA * cov tub rog tau txaus ntshai heev. Thiab yog vim li cas xyoo 1943 Volyn Poles yuav luag tsis muaj kev pab zoo li Volyn cov neeg Yudais xyoo 1942, cov kws sau keeb kwm sau tseg.
Nws tshwm sim ntau zaus uas lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze, cov neeg Ukrainian zoo tib yam, feem ntau yog cov neeg zej zog, kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam cov pej xeem Polish. Lub tsev ntawm cov tsev neeg Polish uas raug tua raug hlawv, thiab tag nrho cov khoom muaj nqis tsuas yog plundered. Tib lub sijhawm, qhov tshwj xeeb yog tias lawv tua feem ntau nrog riam phom sib tua thiab txhais tau tias tsim kho, siv ua liaj ua teb, thiab tsis yog siv phom. Kev tua nyob rau qhov xwm txheej ntawd yog ib qho yooj yim tuag. Wielding axes, saws, riam, bayonets, ceg txheem ntseeg, txhawb ntawm ywj siab Ukraine tshem tawm kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg tsis muaj txim rau pej xeem.
Kev ua phem ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian hauv tebchaws Volyn tau lees paub los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, cov duab, cov lus pov thawj los ntawm cov neeg muaj txuj ci tseem muaj txoj sia nyob thiab kev nug ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam lawv tus kheej, cov ntaub ntawv ntau txheej tau khaws cia hauv cov ntawv khaws tseg ntawm cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, tus thawj coj ntawm ib ntawm UPA * platoons Stepan Redesha tau hais lus tim khawv thaum lub sijhawm nug tias qee zaum Tus Puav leej tau raug muab pov rau hauv qhov dej thiab tom qab ntawd tua phom tas. Coob leej raug ntaus tuag nrog cov koom haum thiab qag. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nug ntawm tus neeg ua phem hais tias nws tus kheej tau koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv cov neeg Polish, nws tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Yim Hli 1943. Raws li Redesh, ntau dua ob lub kurens ntawm 500 tus neeg uas muaj riam phom thiab ntau dua li ib txhiab tus neeg los ntawm OUN * hauv av, uas tau ua tub rog nrog rab riam thiab lwm yam txhais tau tias txhim kho, tau koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm. "Peb nyob puag ncig tsib lub nroog Polish thiab hlawv lawv ib hmos thiab hnub tom ntej, thaum tag nrho cov pejxeem, txij li menyuam yaus mus rau cov neeg laus, raug tua pov tseg, tag nrho, ntau dua ob txhiab tus neeg raug tua. Kuv tus tub rog tau koom nrog kev hlawv ntawm ib lub nroog loj hauv tebchaws Poland thiab kev ua liaj ua teb nyob ze nws, peb tua neeg txog ib txhiab tus tub rog, "hais tias yog haiv neeg Ukrainian thaum lub sijhawm nug lus.
Ncej - cov neeg raug tsim txom los ntawm OUN (b) kev nqis tes thaum Lub Peb Hlis 26, 1943 hauv lub nroog tam sim no uas tsis muaj neeg nyob ntawm Lipniki
Hauv cov chav ntawm haiv neeg Ukrainian uas tau koom nrog kev tua neeg ntawm cov neeg Polish, muaj qhov hu ua "rezuny" - cov tub rog uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev tua neeg phem thiab siv rau kev tua neeg feem ntau yog riam phom txias - rab riam, riam, ob txhais tes saws. Lawv cia li tua neeg pov tseg nyob hauv Volyn. Tib lub sijhawm, cov kws sau keeb kwm Polish uas ua haujlwm tshawb fawb txog "Volyn tua neeg pov tseg" suav txog 125 txoj kev tua neeg, uas tau siv los ntawm "rezuns" hauv lawv kev tua neeg. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tua neeg no khov khov cov ntshav ntawm ib tus neeg ib txwm.
Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov xwm txheej loj thiab ntshav tau tshwm sim hauv Volhynia hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Xya Hli 11, 1943, thaum ntau lub tsev ntawm UPA * tau tawm tsam 150 Polish lub zos, cov zos thiab cov liaj teb tib lub sijhawm. Ntau tshaj kaum txhiab tus neeg tuag hauv ib hnub nkaus xwb. Piv txwv li, thaum Lub Xya Hli 11, 1943, 90 tus neeg tau tuag ib zaug hauv Kiselin, uas tau sib sau ua ke rau hauv pawg ntseeg hauv ib cheeb tsam, suav nrog tus pov thawj Aleksey Shavlevsky. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, raws li ntau yam kwv yees, txog li 60 txhiab tus tuag nyob rau hauv Volyn tua neeg pov tseg (ncaj qha rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Volyn), thiab tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm tua Poles thoob plaws Western Ukraine yog kwv yees li ntawm 100 txhiab tus neeg. Thaum lub sijhawm Volyn tua neeg, yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg Polish hauv cheeb tsam tau raug puas tsuaj.
Kev ua phem rau ib sab ntawm OUN-UPA * cov neeg hauv tebchaws tsis tuaj yeem tsis tau txais cov lus teb los ntawm Poles. Piv txwv li, chav nyob hauv Tsev Tub Rog tseem tau ua phem rau cov zos Ukrainian, suav nrog ua lawv tus kheej kev ua pauj. Nws ntseeg tias lawv tau tua ntau txhiab tus neeg Ukrainian (txog li 2-3 txhiab tus neeg pej xeem). Tag nrho cov neeg tua neeg Ukrainian tuaj yeem ncav cuag 30 txhiab. Nws yuav tsum tau nyob hauv siab tias ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv tuaj yeem raug tua los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob sib ze - haiv neeg Ukrainian. UPA cov neeg tua rog * tua cov neeg Ukrainians uas tau sim pab Pabcuam thiab cawm lawv, lawv kuj tau thov kom cov neeg Ukrainian nrog tsev neeg sib xyaw ua phem tua lawv cov txheeb ze ze, Poles. Thaum tsis kam lees, txhua tus raug tua.
Kev tua neeg ntawm Poles thiab Ukrainians tau nres tsuas yog tom qab tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine tau raug tso tawm los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Red Army. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txawm li ntawd los, nws tsis muaj peev xwm rov pom kev sib haum xeeb ntawm ob haiv neeg ib leeg. Tias yog vim li cas, thaum Lub Xya Hli 1945, USSR thiab Poland tau nkag mus rau hauv kev pom zoo ua ke ntawm kev pauv cov pej xeem. Cov tub rog uas nyob hauv thaj tsam uas dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Soviet Union tau tsiv mus rau Poland, thiab cov neeg Ukrainian uas nyob hauv tebchaws Poland tau mus rau thaj tsam ntawm Ukrainian SSR. Kev hloov chaw nyob tshiab tau codenamed Vistula thiab kav ntev yuav luag ob xyoos. Lub sijhawm no, ntau dua 1.5 lab tus tib neeg tau rov ua dua tshiab. Qhov "kev hloov chaw ntawm tib neeg" no tau pab txo qis kev nruj ntawm tus ncej thiab cov neeg Ukrainian. Tib lub sijhawm, thoob plaws tebchaws Soviet keeb kwm, lawv tau sim tsis nco qab lossis kov qhov kev mob no ib zaug ntxiv. Kev tua neeg Volyn tsis tau nthuav tawm thoob plaws hauv USSR, thiab hauv tebchaws Poland Cov Neeg Sawv Cev hauv cov xyoo ntawd, tsuas yog qee qhov haujlwm uas mob siab rau qhov xwm txheej no tau tshaj tawm. Cov kws sau keeb kwm thiab cov pej xeem sawv daws rov qab los rau cov xwm txheej no tsuas yog xyoo 1992, tom qab kev tawg ntawm USSR.
Monument rau cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm Volyn tua neeg pov tseg hauv Krakow
Txoj cai ntawm Kiev tus thawj coj tshiab hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no tau ua rau ntau qhov teeb meem keeb kwm ntawm Poland thiab Ukraine. Yog li, Warsaw tau txiav txim siab tsis tu ncua Kiev rau qhov qhuas tus tswv cuab ntawm OUN-UPA *, ntxiv rau kev ua tsis ncaj ncees ib txwm muaj, uas tau ua tawm tsam Polish qhov chaw nco. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 2016, Polish Sejm tau lees paub Lub Xya Hli 11 tias yog Hnub Nco Txog Lub Tebchaws rau Cov Neeg Raug Txom Nyem ntawm Kev Ua Phem ntawm Cov Neeg Xam Xaj ntawm Tebchaws Poland, cog lus los ntawm haiv neeg Ukrainian. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Tebchaws Poland tsis ntev los no tshaj tawm tias qhov kev rov kho zaum kawg ntawm cov neeg Polish thiab Ukrainian yuav ua tau tsuas yog thaum qhov tseeb hais txog kev tua neeg Volyn raug lees paub.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li RIA Novosti, cov tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Ukraine hais kom rov kho dua cov kev cai ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj Ntawm Lub Koom Haum ntawm Kev Nco Txog Lub Tebchaws, uas txhawj xeeb rau cov neeg Ukrainian. Txoj cai lij choj no, uas tau pib siv thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 2018, qhia txog kev lav phib xaub rau kev tshaj tawm ntawm "Bandera kev xav" thiab tsis kam lees ntawm Volyn tua neeg pov tseg.
