"Kev tua neeg pov tseg hauv hav zoov" - lossis kev sib ntaus ntawm Adrianople thaum lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1205

"Kev tua neeg pov tseg hauv hav zoov" - lossis kev sib ntaus ntawm Adrianople thaum lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1205
"Kev tua neeg pov tseg hauv hav zoov" - lossis kev sib ntaus ntawm Adrianople thaum lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1205

Video: "Kev tua neeg pov tseg hauv hav zoov" - lossis kev sib ntaus ntawm Adrianople thaum lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1205

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"… peb ntaus lawv nrog xub;"

(Xwm Txheej Taug Kev 21:30)

Thiab nws yog li ntawd - qhov no yog qhov ua ntej rau zaj dab neeg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua - tias qhov muag tsis pom Doge ntawm Venice, Dandolo, tau dhau los ua tus txiv neej uas muaj kev txawj ntse zoo, thiab thaum txog xyoo 1202 ntau tus neeg tawg rog sib sau ua ke mus rau nkoj mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws, nws txiav txim siab los ua kom zoo dua qhov xwm txheej no thiab tsoo Byzantium nrog lawv pab. Txhua yam yooj yim heev - "Vaj tswv txoj kev lag luam" yog qhov tseem ceeb, tau kawg, tab sis cov lus nug tshwm sim, leej twg yuav them rau lawv kev thauj mus los ntawm hiav txwv? Yog lawm, "cov tub rog ntawm Khetos" tsis muaj nyiaj them rau kev thauj cov nyiaj, thiab ntxiv rau, nyob hauv Venice, ntau tus muaj nuj nqis ntau. Txhawm rau them cov nuj nqis, Dandolo yuam kom cov neeg tawg rog tsis mus rau tebchaws Iziv, tabsis mus rau Dalmatia, thiab nyob ntawd lawv tsis tau zoo ib yam li cov ntseeg: thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 15, 1202, lub nroog Christian Zara, uas yog kev sib tw lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm Venice, raug ntxeev siab rau hluav taws thiab ntaj.

"Kev tua neeg pov tseg hauv hav zoov" - lossis kev sib ntaus ntawm Adrianople thaum lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1205
"Kev tua neeg pov tseg hauv hav zoov" - lossis kev sib ntaus ntawm Adrianople thaum lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1205

Muaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseeb hauv lawv keeb kwm, Cov neeg Bulgarians tau tua cov yeeb yaj kiab keeb kwm zoo heev "Kaloyan" txog qhov xwm txheej no, zoo ib yam li Soviet "Alexander Nevsky". Cov yeeb yaj kiab muaj xim zoo nkauj, ci ntsa iab, tab sis tsuas yog mob me ntsis-suav nrog cov khaub ncaws … Zoo, koj nyiam qhov thav duab no los ntawm zaj duab xis li cas? Ib tus tuaj yeem xav txog lub kaus mom hlau zoo dua, tab sis … tsis pom qhov twg!

Tom qab ntawd Alexei IV Angel, tus tub ntawm tus huab tais ntawm lub Byzantine faj tim teb chaws Isaac II, tig mus rau cov thawj coj ntawm kev sib tw rau kev pab. Nws tau thov kev pab thiab yog li "txaus ntseeg" tias cov neeg tawg rog tau mus rau Constantinople, tau kaw lub nroog, tsoo nws los ntawm cua daj cua dub thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tau ua phem phem. Zoo, thiab ntawm qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib lub tebchaws loj nyob rau xyoo 1204, lawv tau tsim lawv tus kheej - Latin Empire.

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Lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Latin Empire.

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Txhawm rau kom pom kev piv txwv ntawm cov tub rog Latin, cia peb tig, zoo li ib txwm, rau cov duab - cov duab puab. Cia peb pib nrog lub sijhawm me ntsis ua ntej los qhia qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm riam phom. Ntawm no peb muaj cov duab ntawm Gamot de Weston (c. 1189), faus hauv Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Weston ze Lizard.

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Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim hauv 1205. Cov duab no yog ntawm William de Lanvaley (Lub Koom Txoos Valkern) thiab hnub rov qab mus rau 1217. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, ob tus tub rog hnav khaub ncaws ua saw hlau ua haujlwm ntawm lub taub hau mus rau ntiv taw, thiab lub kaus mom hlau kaw tau kaw ntawm lawv lub taub hau.

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William Marshal 1st Earl of Pembroke, tuag 1219, faus ntawm Tuam Tsev, London.

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Lub npe nto moo ntawm William Longspy, tuag 1226, Salisbury Cathedral.

Rau qee tus, tag nrho cov xwm txheej no tseem ceeb, tseem ceeb heev. Thiab rau qee qhov nws tsuas yog … "qee qhov kev txav mus los ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm lawv cov ciam teb," txij li lawv tus kheej cov haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj. Nws yog qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tseem ceeb heev nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan txiav txim siab sib tham nrog Pope Innocent III. Lawv qhov tseem ceeb yog vam khom lub zog ntawm papacy hauv kev tawm tsam rau lub zog thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lawv lub xeev. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Kaloyan tau txais los ntawm lub zwm txwv dawb huv xav tau lub npe "rex", uas yog, "huab tais", tab sis tus npisov Bulgarian tau dhau los ua "tus thawj coj", uas yog qhov sib npaug nrog qhov siab tshaj ntawm tus yawg koob. Tag nrho cov "npe siab" thiab kev tawm tsam rau lawv zoo li coj txawv txawv rau peb - nws yuav zoo dua, hais tias, tus txiv neej tau saib xyuas cov tub rog. Tab sis tom qab ntawd tib neeg tau yooj yim thiab ua "rex" txhais tau ntau rau ntau tus kav.

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Piv txwv los ntawm Westminster Psatiri ntawm Matthew ntawm Paris, ib nrab xyoo pua 13th. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Nws tau hnav cov khaub ncaws zoo ib yam ntawm tus tub rog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab ib yam tuaj yeem hnav tau thiab "Franks" ntawm Adrianople.

Thiab qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws yog kev sib raug zoo tau tsim los ntawm Bulgarians thiab European knights-crusaders. Lawv tsis cuam tshuam nrog txhua lwm yam, ntxiv rau, tau rhuav tshem Constantinople, lawv txawm pab lawv. Tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib zuj zus txhua hnub thiab ntawm no yog vim li cas: Cov neeg Latins pib nkag mus rau thaj av ntawm Bulgaria, uas, tom qab los rau lub zog ntawm Alexei IV, tau nthuav dav nws cov khoom.

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Thiab qhov no yog Tsar Kaloyan los ntawm zaj duab xis. Lub kaus mom ntawm lub kaus mom hlau yog qhov qhia tau zoo heev. Thiab feem ntau, nws cov cuab yeej ua rog. Ntawd yog, Cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab Bulgarian tau ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov duab ntawm lawv tsar thiab nws cov tub rog.

Tom qab ntawd cov neeg tawg rog pom nws coj txawv txawv Kaloyan lub siab xav kom lawv lees paub nws lub npe muaj koob muaj npe, txawm tias yuav pauv pauv qhov kev pom zoo ntawm kev sib koom tes cog lus. Qhov kev thov ntawm nws ib feem ua rau muaj kev khav theeb ntawm Baldwin I, uas tau hais tias John (raws li Kaloyan's "Franks" tau raug hu) yuav tsum ua rau lawv tsis yog huab tais nrog phooj ywg, tab sis ua qhev rau cov tswv, … tom qab ntawd nws tau txiav txim siab rau nws tus kheej lub zog hauv thaj av uas nws tau txais los ntawm cov neeg Greek, thiab cov neeg Greek, lawv hais tias, raug ntaus los ntawm rab ntaj. Ntawd yog, peb muab txoj cai rau koj rau thaj av no, tab sis … rau qhov no koj yuav tsum lees paub koj tus kheej li peb cov neeg, thiab tsis yog huab tais uas muaj cai sib luag nrog peb!

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Thiab nws nyuaj rau ntxiv ib yam dab tsi rau cov cuab yeej ntawm cov cim no … Ntxiv mus, muaj cov hauv qab no ntawm cov keeb kwm keeb kwm paub rau peb, tshwj xeeb, cov ntawv me me los ntawm Kev Rov Ntsuam Xyuas Keeb Kwm los ntawm John Skylitsa.

Raws li, cov pej xeem hauv nroog tau ntxub cov neeg kov yeej, thiab cov neeg muaj peev xwm Greek, pom dab tsi tshwm sim, nkag mus rau kev sib tham tsis pub lwm tus paub nrog Kaloyan, hais tias "peb muaj kev ntseeg ib yam"! Thiab Kaloyan tau cog lus rau lawv kom pib ua tsov rog nrog Latin Empire thaum Easter 1205. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws muaj nws tus kheej pab tub rog thiab, ntxiv rau, 10-txhiab-tus muaj zog sib cais ntawm Kuman (Polovtsian) cov tub rog. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis, Suav Gug de Saint-Paul, tus tswv xeev ntawm thaj av sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws, tau tuag, uas yog lub cim rau kev tawm tsam thoob plaws thaj tsam ntawm Thrace. Crusaders tsis muaj lub zog los tua nws. Lub sijhawm no, lawv tau tawm tsam hauv Asia Me nrog Nicene Empire - ib feem ntawm Byzantium qub. Thiab txawm hais tias yeej nyob ntawm lawv ib sab, qhov xwm txheej nyob rau sab qaum teb tau hnyav heev.

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Thiab qhov no yog tus thawj coj ntawm Cumans. Ib qho raug "Khan Konchak"!

Tom qab ntawd tus huab tais ntawm Latin Lub Tebchaws, tsis tau tos txog qhov tuaj txog ntawm cov tub rog los ntawm Asia, thaum kawg Lub Peb Hlis 1205 tau mus rau Adrianople, uas tau raug ntes los ntawm cov neeg Bulgarians, thiab muab kev thaiv rau nws. Raws li, Tsar Kaloyan tau mus rau lub nroog nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev thaiv nws.

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Thiab cov no yog ob qho "ntsej muag phem" tag nrho - cov thawj coj ntawm cov neeg tawg rog, ntawm sab xis - Emperor Baldwin.

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Zoo, qhov no yog nws keeb kwm duab.

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Thiab Suav Louis … kuj yog ib qho raug … txaus siab txaus ntshai. Hom zoo, xaiv zoo! Tab sis … zoo, tsis muaj ib thooj forged cuirasses uas yuav tau hnav yam tsis tau npog lawv nrog lub tsho loj, thiab ntau ntxiv yog li tsis muaj leej twg yuav tau kos tus ntoo khaub lig rau ntawm cov cuirass! Qhov tsis tseem ceeb, tau kawg, tab sis nws qhia txog tus cwj pwm ntawm ntau "cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab" rau keeb kwm.

"Ioannis, tus vaj ntxwv ntawm Blakia, tau mus pab cov uas nyob hauv Andrinopol, nrog pab tub rog loj: nws nqa nrog nws tawg, pob zeb thiab yuav luag plaub caug txhiab tus neeg, uas tsis yog neeg ncaj ncees …" - Geoffroy de Villardouin qhia rau peb hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Conquest of Constantinople". Plaub caug txhiab tus Polovtsians yog, tau kawg, qee yam ntau dhau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li Villardouin nws tus kheej sau txog tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub rog uas mus nrog tus huab tais, tsuas yog li ntawm ntau pua leej: "Tus huab tais tau hais kom Macairus de Saint-Meneu, thiab Mathieu de Valincourt, thiab Robert de Ronçois, uas muaj txog ib puas tus tub rog … "- ntxiv hauv cov ntawv uas lwm tus tau hais. Tab sis tsis muaj kev ntseeg tias Cumans tuaj nrog Kaloyan ntau.

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Txoj kev sib ntaus.

Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 13, kev koom ua ke ntawm pab tub rog Bulgarians thiab Polovtsians tau mus txog ntawm Adrianople uas nyob ib puag ncig thiab nkag mus sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov neeg tawg rog. Nov yog qhov tus kws sau ntawv sau txog qhov no: Thiab Ioannis tam sim no tau ze heev uas nws tsuas yog tsib pob nyob deb ntawm lawv. Thiab nws tau xa nws komen mus rau lawv lub yeej rog; thiab hauv lub yeej rog tau hnov lub tswb nrov nrov, thiab lawv tau caij tsheb tawm ntawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb. Thiab lawv tau caum Comenius cov pab koomtes zoo, ua rau lawv poob siab. Thiab thaum lawv xav rov qab mus, cov komen pib tua cov xub ntawm lawv tsis nres thiab ua rau lawv cov nees raug mob ntau. Muaj tseeb tiag, leej twg xav rau txim rau Vajtswv, nws txiav txim siab nws lub siab. Yog li nws tau tshwm sim nrog cov neeg tawg rog. Vim hais tias Polovtsians tig lawv cov nees ib puag ncig thiab … pib tua cov neeg tawg rog los ntawm hneev, uas yuav tsum tau cia siab los ntawm lawv, vim tias qhov no yog cov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov nomads.

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Nws yog nrog cov xub no, lossis theej, cov lus qhia ntawm lawv, tias Cumans ntawm Crusaders tau tawm ntawm kev nqis tes ua.

Hnub tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua rov pib dua. Cov tub rog ntawm Crusaders tau mus tom ntej, thiab Bulgarians thiab Cumans tsis tuaj yeem tiv nws qhov kev tawm tsam thiab pib thim rov qab.

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Tsis yog tsuas yog cov duab, tab sis kuj tseem me me los ntawm cov phau ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tuaj yeem pab peb ua kom pom kev ntawm cov tub rog zoo li cas, koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus. Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog qhov me me sib tham los ntawm 1175-1215 los ntawm cov ntawv sau hauv tsev qiv ntawv Askiv.

"Suav Louis tawm ua ntej nrog nws lub zog sib ntaus; thiab nws tau pib caum tus komen; thiab nws tau xa mus rau huab tais Baudouin kom ua raws nws. Alas! Lawv tau saib tsis zoo npaum li cas uas tau txiav txim siab yav tsaus ntuj dhau los: vim lawv tau caum Comen nyob rau hauv txoj kev no yuav luag yuav luag ob pab pawg, thiab lawv tau hla lawv; thiab lawv tau tsav tsheb rau lawv qee lub sij hawm pem hauv ntej ntawm lawv; thiab komen nyob rau hauv lawv tig nrawm rau lawv thiab pib hoot thiab tua."

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Nov yog qhov nthuav me me los ntawm Huntingfield Psalter ntawm 1212-1220. los ntawm Oxford, uas yog nyob hauv Morgan Library hnub no. Nws qhia pom tias cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv zoo li cas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.

"… Muaj, ntxiv rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog, lwm tus, uas suav nrog cov tub rog uas tsis paub ntau txog kev ua tub rog; thiab lawv pib xav tias ntshai thiab tshee hnyo. Thiab Suav Louis, uas yog thawj tus koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, tau raug mob hnyav heev hauv ob qhov chaw; ob qho tib si Comenius thiab Blacs pib nias lawv rov qab … "- hais Geoffroy de Villardoin, uas yog, nws tsis yog cov tub rog uas ua ntej ua ntej, tab sis qee tus tub rog" uas tsis paub ua tub rog lag luam zoo heev. " Lawv yog leej twg, tam sim no nws tsis tuaj yeem paub, tab sis, pom tseeb, muaj ntau ntawm lawv. Lub caij no, Cumans thiab Blaks (Bulgarians) nkag los ntawm ob sab thiab, zoo li zaum kawg, pib tua cov tub rog ntawm Emperor Baldwin los ntawm hneev. Tam sim no tsis muaj leej twg xav tawm tsam thiab qee qhov kev tawm tsam tau pib tawg mus rau hauv txhua qhov kev qhia … Txhawm rau zam qhov kev swb, tus kws kho mob hais tias: "Thaum kawg - tom qab tag nrho, Vajtswv tso cai ua tsis tiav - peb yeej swb lawm."

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, raws li tus kws kho mob ntev, cov neeg tawg rog raug kev txom nyem hnyav hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, ntau tus tub rog tuag, thiab huab tais Baldwin nws tus kheej raug ntes los ntawm Bulgarians, qhov uas tom qab nws tuag. Zoo, thaum Lub Rau Hli 1, hauv Constantinople, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 98 (!), Tus Venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo, uas koom nrog txoj haujlwm no, kuj tau tuag thiab raug faus rau hauv Cathedral ntawm St. Sophia.

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Qhov ntxa ntawm Enrico Dandolo hauv Hagia Sophia.

"Npis Sov Pierre ntawm Npelehehem thiab Etienne du Perche, kwv tij ntawm Count Geoffroy thiab Renaud de Montmirail, kwv tij ntawm Suav ntawm Nevers thiab Mathieu de Valincourt, thiab Robert de Ronçois, Jean Frinazes, Gaultier de Nulli, Ferry d'Hierre, Jean, nws tus tij laug, Estache tuag nyob ntawd. De Eumont, Jean, nws tus tij laug, Baudouin de Neuville thiab ntau lwm tus, txog qhov uas phau ntawv tsis hais ntawm no … ".

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Emperor Baldwin cov npib.

Ntawm qhov kev tu siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev swb no yog qhov tseeb tias lub halo ntawm kev ua tsis tau zoo nyob ib puag ncig cov neeg tawg rog, uas txog tam sim no tau them nyiaj rau lawv tus lej tsis tseem ceeb, tau raug rhuav tshem. Cov tub rog koom siab ntawm Bulgarians thiab Polovtsians tam sim no tuaj yeem rhuav tshem thaj av mus txog Redest, Selimvria thiab Constantinople, uas tsis nyiam cov neeg Greek nyob ntawd.

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Tab sis daim duab no los ntawm Huntingfield Psalter tib yam qhia qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tua Thomas Becket, uas raug tua nyob rau theem ntawm lub thaj ntawm lub tuam tsev Canterbury xyoo 1170. Tab sis … tus sau nkauj nws tus kheej tau sau thiab qhia hauv 1212-1220. thiab cov tub rog hauv nws qhov me me tau piav qhia los ntawm lub sijhawm no. Ntawd yog, lawv txhua tus nyob hauv lub tsho tiv no lossis hnav khaub ncaws ntawm lub taub hau mus rau ntiv taw hauv cov ntawv xa xov. Lub kaus mom hlau tuaj yeem raug kaw lossis hauv daim ntawv "ntsiav tshuaj".

Yog lawm, tus huab tais Latin uas raug kaw raug coj mus rau Bulgarian lub peev, Tarnovo, thiab kaw rau hauv ib lub pej thuam nyob ze ntawm Frensky Gate. Lub pej thuam tsis tau dim: nws yuav tsum tau rov tsim dua, tab sis lub qhov rooj tseem sawv niaj hnub no. Tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv qhia meej txog txoj hmoo ntxiv thiab xwm txheej ntawm Baldwin txoj kev tuag. Feem ntau, nws tau txais kev kho kom zoo txaus, txij li nws yog tus neeg tseem ceeb tseem ceeb, tab sis raws li ib qho version, Kaloyan tau tua nws hauv kev npau taws heev. Raws li cov lus dab neeg Bulgarian, Baldwin tau sim ntxias Kaloyan tus poj niam (uas ib zaug ntxiv qhia tias tus neeg raug kaw hauv tsev loj cuj tau ua zoo heev, txij li nws txawm tau ntsib tus poj niam ntawm tus huab tais Bulgarian!), Thiab nws yog qhov tseeb tias huab tais khib. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Georgy the Acropolitan kuj tseem qhia meej txog qhov ntawd Kaloyan tau ua khob los ntawm Balduin lub taub hau, uas tau tshwm sim rau Emperor Nicephorus kuv plaub puas xyoo ua ntej. Raws li lwm qhov hloov pauv, Baldwin txhais caj npab thiab txhais ceg raug txiav tawm thiab muab pov rau qhov tsim txom hauv qhov koog hav zoov, thiab cov noog ntawm cov tsiaj tua nws thaum nws tseem muaj txoj sia nyob.

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Balduin's Tower hauv Veliko Tarnovo. Kev tsim kho xyoo 1930.

Tsuas yog thaum Lub Xya Hli 1206 lawv puas tau kawm txog Baldwin txoj kev tuag hauv Constantinople. Nws tau ua tiav los ntawm nws tus tij laug Henry, uas tau ua vaj ntxwv kav lub Yim Hli xyoo tib lub xyoo. Hauv Flanders, txij li nws kuj yog suav ntawm Flanders, ob tus ntxhais, Jeanne thiab Margarita, tau los ua Baldwin cov qub txeeg qub teg.

Pom zoo: