Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 2018, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Tebchaws Lavxias tau tshaj tawm tias Asmeskas lub dav hlau dav hlau tau foob pob lub nroog Hajin hauv Syria xeev Deir ez-Zor thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 8. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias kev tawm tsam koom nrog ob F-15 tus neeg tua phom-foob pob, uas siv mos txwv nrog dawb phosphorus. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov mos txwv phosphorus dawb, tseem hu ua Willie Pete (cov lus luv rau dawb phosphorus), raug txwv los ntawm 1977 Txoj Cai Ntxiv rau 1949 Geneva Convention - nws raug txwv tsis pub siv lawv thaum cov neeg pej xeem tuaj yeem raug teeb meem. Raws li Lavxias Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg, kev siv cov mos txwv zoo li no ua rau muaj hluav taws kub hnyav.
Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tiv Thaiv tau tsis pom zoo cov lus no los ntawm nws cov npoj yaig Lavxias. Pentagon tus cev lus Sean Robertson tau sau tseg tias cov tub rog nyob hauv thaj chaw tsis muaj cov mos txwv zoo li no. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm ob peb xyoo dhau los qhia, cov tub rog hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab nws cov phoojywg siv cov phom phosphorus nrog kev txaus siab ua ntu zus hauv kev tsis sib haum tub rog. Nyuam qhuav pib lub Rau Hli, pab pawg tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv hu nws US-coj tub rog ua haujlwm "ncaj ncees," thiab tias cov phom phosphorus tau siv tsuas yog rau kev zais, cov ntxaij vab tshaus thiab cim npe.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias Tebchaws Meskas thiab Israel tsis tau kos npe rau Txoj Cai Ntxiv rau 1949 Geneva Convention rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tsov Rog raug tsim txom xyoo 1977. Yog li ntawd nyob rau tiam 21st century, cov tub rog uas muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb no tsis maj mus koom nrog tej riam phom li no. Pentagon hais ntxiv tias phosphorus dawb yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm riam phom ib txwm muaj, thiab tsis yog riam phom tshuaj. Thiab qhov no yog li ntawd tiag tiag, cov khoom no tsis poob raws li Kev Pom Zoo ntawm Kev Txwv Tsis Pub Siv Tshuaj Txhaum Cai thiab Tebchaws Meskas yuav tsis tso tseg qhov pov thawj tshuaj, nrog ntau dua ib puas xyoo keeb kwm ntawm kev thov hauv kev ua tsov rog tsis ntev los no. Los ntawm kev tsis kam kos npe rau Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo Ntxiv rau 1949 Geneva Convention rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tsov Rog Tsov Rog, Tebchaws Asmeskas tej zaum yuav pom qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb rau yav tom ntej, uas feem ntau nws yuav nyuaj rau qhov txawv cov tub rog ntawm kev thaj yeeb. Thaum muaj teeb meem tib yam hauv Syria, cov neeg ua phem feem ntau nkaum tom qab cov pej xeem raws li kev tiv thaiv tib neeg, tso kev soj ntsuam thiab cov lus txib, tua txoj haujlwm ncaj qha hauv cov tsev nyob, hauv cov tsev nyob siab.
Phosphorus mos txwv yog hom mos txwv mos txwv uas muaj cov dawb phosphorus lossis cov tshuaj tua hluav taws raws li nws, sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj uas yog koom nrog pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tua hluav taws uas hlawv cov pa hauv huab cua. Muaj ntau hom phom mos txwv phosphorus, ntawm cov uas feem ntau yog cov phom loj, cov phom me, cov foob pob hauv av, nrog rau cov foob pob hluav taws thiab cov foob pob hluav taws thiab txawm tias yog cov foob pob tes. Tsis tas li, ntau zaus, dawb phosphorus tau siv los tsim kho cov cuab yeej tawg tawg.
Kev siv cov phosphorus dawb rau kev ua tub rog muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo keeb kwm. Nws tau siv thawj zaug rov qab rau xyoo pua puv 19 los ntawm cov neeg tua rog rau Irish kev ywj pheej tawm tsam pab tub rog Askiv. Tab sis qhov kev siv cov mos txwv loj heev tau dhau los tsuas yog thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum XNUMX, thaum cov tog neeg tsis sib haum xeeb tau siv lub foob pob tes, foob pob thiab foob pob hauv av uas muaj cov phosphorus. Cov foob pob hluav taws uas muaj cov phosphorus dawb tau nquag siv. Lawv feem ntau yog siv rau kev tua ntawm lub hom phiaj huab cua. Thiab xyoo 1916, cov tub rog Askiv tau txais lub foob pob tawg nrog cov phosphorus dawb ntawm lawv qhov kev pov tseg.
Cov riam phom tshiab, uas tau tshwm sim hauv tshav rog hauv ntau txaus, cuam tshuam rau cov tub rog, tsis yog nyob hauv thaj chaw qhib xwb, tabsis tseem nkaum hauv qhov av, ua kom muaj zog tiv thaiv, dugouts, txhais tau tias hlawv mus rau hauv av tsis yog tsuas yog cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv, tab sis kuj yog tag nrho cov kev sib hais haum.. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov tshuaj uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, dawb phosphorus sawv tawm tsis yog tsuas yog rau nws lub zog tshwj xeeb rau kev puas tsuaj, tab sis kuj rau qhov tseeb tias nws siv ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov yeeb ncuab - ntau tus tub rog tsis paub nws yog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas nws thiaj tuaj yeem tawm tsam tau.
Qhov kub hnyiab ntawm cov mos txwv mos txwv nrog tus nqi dawb ntawm phosphorus thiab cov khoom sib txuas yog 800-900 degrees Celsius. Cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntau ntawm cov acrid thiab cov pa luam yeeb dawb, txuas ntxiv mus kom txog thaum cov pa nkag mus los lossis tag nrho cov phosphorus raug hlawv tawm. Cov mos txwv zoo yog qhov zoo los tsoo cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov cuab yeej siv, thiab tseem ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntau qhov hluav taws kub thiab cais cov hluav taws uas cuam tshuam cov rog thiab txhais tau tias tua hluav taws thiab ua rau cov khoom puas tsuaj ntxiv rau cov yeeb ncuab, txwv kev pom kev hauv tshav rog thiab ua rau nyuaj rau txav. Ib qho ntxiv uas ua rau puas tsuaj yog cov pa lom thiab asphyxiant gases tsim nyob rau hauv foci ntawm dawb phosphorus hluav taws. Nws nyuaj heev rau tua cov phosphorus dawb - nplaim taws tiv taus dej tau zoo heev, tuaj yeem hlawv txawm tias nyob hauv dej.
Kuaj qhov tawg ntawm phosphorus foob pob hla USS Alabama xyoo 1921
Thaum nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog daim tawv nqaij, phosphorus ua rau mob hnyav, mus rau cov nqaij hlawv mus rau pob txha, qhov txhab zoo li mob heev rau tus neeg thiab feem ntau tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Yog tias qhov nqus tau sib tov nqus tau, lub ntsws tuaj yeem hlawv tawm. Txog kev kho cov qhov txhab ntawd, xav tau cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob zoo, uas, thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg raug tsim txom, lawv tus kheej tuaj yeem tau txais qhov txhab phosphorus. Kev siv cov mos txwv phosphorus muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab puas siab puas ntsws rau tus yeeb ncuab.
Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, kev siv cov phosphorus dawb txuas ntxiv mus. Yog li cov mos txwv ntawm Asmeskas cov tso tsheb hlau luam nruab nrab "Sherman" suav nrog cov pa luam yeeb uas muaj cov khoom no. Kev muaj peev xwm ntau ntawm kev siv cov mos txwv no tau qhia meej hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Rage". Tsis tas li, dawb phosphorus tau nquag siv ua ib qho ntawm cov kev xaiv rau sau cov foob pob tawg. Yog li Luftwaffe tau ua tub rog nrog 185-kg Hom C 250A aerial foob pob, nruab nrog 65 kg dawb phosphorus.
Tom qab ntawd, cov mos txwv nrog cov phosphorus dawb tau siv los ntawm Asmeskas thaum ua tsov rog hauv Kauslim, hauv Nyab Laj, thaum ua tsov rog hauv Iraq. Piv txwv li, xyoo 2004, Asmeskas Tub Rog Tub Rog tau nquag siv cov foob pob tawg dawb los rhuav tshem qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Iraqi lub nroog Fallujah. Tom qab ntawd cov vis dis aus ntawm tus yam ntxwv ua kua mis dawb-dawb nyob hauv thaj chaw hauv nroog thiab cov duab ntawm qhov kub hnyiab tau txais los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tau tshaj tawm. Thaum kawg, Pentagon tus cev lus, Lt. Col. Barry Vinable, yuav tsum lees tias siv cov mos txwv zoo li no. Raws li nws, dawb phosphorus tau siv ua riam phom, tab sis tsuas yog tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam.
Tib lub sijhawm, qee qhov, cov mos txwv nrog cov phosphorus dawb tau siv los ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog ob qho tib si los ntawm kev hem thiab hem lub hlwb kom txiav luam yeeb tawm ntawm cov chaw nyob. Barry Vinable piav qhia tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov hluav taws thiab cov pa luam yeeb muaj qhov txaus ntshai rau cov tub rog yeeb ncuab, yuam kom lawv tawm ntawm lawv cov chaw nyob hauv kev ntshai, pom lawv tus kheej hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntau yam riam phom. Cov neeg Amelikas tau ua haujlwm zoo ib yam hauv Syria, piv txwv li, thaum lub foob pob loj heev ntawm lub nroog Raqqa xyoo 2017, uas yuav luag tag lawm thaum lub sijhawm huab cua tsoo. Tom qab ntawd qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv cov mos txwv phosphorus tau lees paub los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub koom haum Human Rights Watch, ceeb toom txog kev ua txhaum cai ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau hais meej tias yuav tsis tso riam phom zoo li no.
A-1E lub dav hlau tua phom poob lub foob pob tawg thaum lub sijhawm Nyab Laj Nyab Laj, 1966
"Ua ntej, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom nkag siab tias riam phom tawg yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, muaj ntau yam thiab tuaj yeem tawm tsam yuav luag txhua hom phiaj hauv av," Tus xibfwb ntawm Academy of Military Sciences tau hais rau RIA Novosti cov neeg sau xov xwm. - Thiab cov neeg Amelikas tsis kam lees muab riam phom zoo. Qhov thib ob, nws kim heev thiab nyuaj rau tshem cov mos txwv qub nrog cov phosphorus dawb nrog lub neej txee tas - nws yooj yim dua rau "pov tseg" lawv hauv qee lub nroog hauv cov suab puam. Thib peb, Tebchaws Asmeskas tseem ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv txhim kho riam phom rau kev ua tsov rog yav tom ntej. Lawv siv cov phom phosphorus yog, qhov tseeb, tsuas yog kev sim hauv thaj av. Cov tub rog Asmeskas tab tom saib yuav siv cov mos txwv zoo li cas, yuav hloov kho thiab txhim kho lawv li cas, lawv siv tau zoo npaum li cas. Lawv qhia txog txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm kom dawb huv: koj tuaj yeem nqis peev ntau pua lab nyiaj daus las hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab cog lus, lossis koj tuaj yeem nqis peev ib lab hauv cov riam phom uas twb tau sim zoo thiab ua tiav hauv kev nqis tes ua, ua rau lawv lub zog puas tsuaj.
Sergei Sudakov rov qab hais tias Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau maj nrawm los pov tseg nws cov arsenals ntawm cov tshuaj ua tsov rog. Tebchaws Asmeskas npaj ua kom tiav qhov kev tshem tawm cov riam phom tshuaj tsuas yog xyoo 2023, thaum Russia ua tiav qhov pov tseg ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj riam phom uas tau txais los ntawm USSR rov qab rau lub Cuaj Hli 2017. Lub caij no, kwv yees li 10 feem pua ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tseem siv tsis tau hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Raws li Sudakov, cov neeg Asmeskas tuaj yeem tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev txwv cov mos txwv - yam tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem siv hauv "kev ua tsov rog loj" kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo dua li tus yeeb ncuab uas tau muab riam phom zoo li no. Tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg Amelikas tab tom ua piv txwv tsis zoo rau lawv cov phoojywg, uas tseem siv riam phom txwv. Tau ntau xyoo, cov mos txwv nrog cov phosphorus dawb hauv Middle East tau siv los ntawm Israel thiab UK.
