Tib neeg yeej ib txwm tseem ceeb heev rau hluav taws. Ntawm ib tus neeg, cov nplaim taws kub hnyiab, zoo li dej ntws, tseem ua rau muaj qhov ua rau neeg xav tsis thoob. Uas yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau cov lus thiab cov lus qhia.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus txiv neej ib txwm tau sim ua kom lub ntsiab lus, xav siv lub zog tua hluav taws rau kev ua tub rog. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev siv hluav taws hauv kev ua phem yog lub suab nrov Greek hluav taws, uas yog ib qho ntawm daim npav tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws Byzantine.
Nws tau tshwm sim tias hnub no peb paub yuav ua li cas thiab nyob qhov twg rab phom tau tsim, nrog rau foob pob hluav taws - hauv Suav teb. Muaj coob leej tau paub txog cov foob pob hluav taws thiab cov foob pob hluav taws los ntawm Is Nrias teb. Uas yog thawj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub teeb liab. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau yav dhau los tsis ntev los no lawv tau dhau los ua tus qauv zoo ntawm Christmas lossis Xyoo Tshiab. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, peb paub tsawg heev txog Greek cov hluav taws, cov mis thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg uas tseem yog qhov tsis paub meej rau cov kws tshuaj thiab keeb kwm.
Hnub no, tsuas yog kwv yees kwv yees qhov sib xyaw ua ke thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm kev siv hluav taws no rau lub hom phiaj tub rog tau paub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev paub muaj peev xwm tso cai rau peb hais tias Greek hluav taws yog qhov pom tseeb ua ntej ntawm niaj hnub napalm. Thiab cov tswv yim thiab cov hau kev ntawm nws siv yog tus qauv ntawm cov flamethrowers niaj hnub no.
Thawj qhov pom ntawm Greek hluav taws
Nws ntseeg tias thawj zaug cov nplaim hluav taws uas tsis tuaj yeem tua tau nrog dej tau siv los ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum ub.
Tej zaum thawj zaug siv hluav taws Greek yog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Delia, uas tau tshwm sim xyoo 424 BC. Kev sib xyaw ua ke sib xyaw tau siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Athenians thiab Boeotians. Qhov tseeb dua, thaum lub sijhawm Boeotians raug tua ntawm lub nroog Delium thaum ub, uas cov tub rog Athees tuaj txeeb chaw.
Cov Boeotians tuaj yeem siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua phem rau lub nroog, uas yog cov kav dej ua los ntawm cov cav ntoo hollow. Kev sib xyaw tau pub los ntawm cov kav dej nrog lub zog txaus kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ua phem rau ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv los ntawm Boeotians.
Cov kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg tias cov neeg Greek thaum ub tau siv hauv qee qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tua hluav taws, uas tuaj yeem suav nrog cov roj nyoos, leej faj thiab ntau yam roj. Tsis tas li, nws yog cov neeg Greek uas feem ntau yuav yog thawj tus siv cov qauv ntawm flamethrowers hauv kev sib ntaus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov flamethrowers ntawm cov xyoo ntawd tsis pov cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke. Lawv, zoo li zaj tsis txaus ntseeg, tau nplaim hluav taws nrog rau cov nplaim taws thiab hlawv coals.
Cov cuab yeej siv tau yooj yim yooj yim nrog lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws, uas tau xav tias tau ntim nrog cov hluav ncaig. Cua tau yuam mus rau hauv lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws nrog kev pab ntawm tshuab pa. Tom qab ntawd, cov nplaim taws tau tawg tawm ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm cov yeeb nkab tua nrog lub suab nrov nrov.
Nws tau ntseeg tias qhov ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv no tsis pub tshaj 5-15 meters. Tab sis rau kev ntes cov ntoo tiv thaiv los yog siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nkoj, thaum cov nkoj sib tshuam sib ze rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov kab no txaus.
Kev siv cov khoom sib xyaw tshwj xeeb hluav taws kub hauv hiav txwv tau piav qhia hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Ntawm Daim Duab ntawm Tus Thawj Coj" hauv 350 BC los ntawm Greek sau Aeneas tus Tactician. Leej twg, feem ntau yuav yog ib tus neeg ua nom ua tswv lossis tus thawj coj tub rog, yog thawj tus sau txog kev tawm tsam thiab kev ua tsov rog.
Hauv nws qhov kev sau, kev sib xyaw uas tsis tuaj yeem tua tau siv cov txheej txheem ib txwm tau piav raws li hauv qab no:
Rau kev hlawv ntawm cov yeeb ncuab nkoj, siv cov khoom sib xyaw tshwj xeeb, suav nrog cov teeb pom kev zoo, cov leej faj, cov ntoo ntawm cov ntoo ntoo, xyab thiab cab."
Nrog kev poob qis ntawm kev coj noj coj ua Greek thaum ub thiab kev poob ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb thaum ub, kev zais riam phom tau ploj mus rau qee lub sijhawm. Tshem tawm mus rau hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo kom rov tshwm sim nyob rau thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog.
Cov riam phom zais cia ntawm Byzantium
Qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 7 AD, Byzantine Empire tseem yog lub xeev zoo kawg nkaus. Tab sis nws maj mam poob nws thaj chaw, nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Cov Arabs ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau lub tebchaws.
Los ntawm 673 txog 678, rau tsib xyoos lawv tau thaiv lub peev - Constantinople - los ntawm thaj av thiab dej hiav txwv, sim ua lub nroog. Tab sis lawv raug yuam kom thim rov qab.
Lub tebchaws tau txais kev cawmdim los ntawm kev zais ntawm Greek cov hluav taws, uas nws tau txais nyob ib puag ncig tib lub xyoo. Qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb tshiab tau muab Byzantine lub nkoj ua kom zoo dua ntawm hiav txwv, yuam cov tub rog Muslim kom thim rov qab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Cov Neeg Asmeskas tau raug kev txom nyem swb. Ntawm thaj av, cov tub rog ntawm Arab Caliphate tau swb hauv Asia.
Raws li kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov neeg Arab, lub teb chaws tau poob ntau thaj av, tab sis tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cav ntau dua monolithic thiab sib koom ua ke. Tib yam siv rau nws lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas tau dhau los ua homogeneous. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev sib txawv ntawm kev ntseeg tau ploj mus hauv lub tebchaws.
Tus kws kho vajtse thiab kws kes duab vajtse Kallinikos hu ua tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm Greek cov hluav taws, uas tau pab ua kom lub neej nyob ntawm Byzantine Lub Tebchaws. Los yog Kallinikos, uas nyob hauv Syria Heliopolis kov yeej los ntawm cov neeg As Kiv (niaj hnub no lub nroog Baalbek hauv Lebanon).
Tus tsim kev sib xyaw sib xyaw ua ke yog Greek lossis Hellenized Jew los ntawm haiv neeg. Kwv yees li 668 Kallinikos tswj kom khiav mus rau Byzantium. Qhov twg nws pom qhov kev tsim tshiab, muab nws cov kev pabcuam rau Emperor Constantine IV. Ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm nws tus kheej, Kallinik nthuav tawm cov cuab yeej rau nws ntuav rau ntawd. Cov cuab yeej zoo li no tom qab tau teeb tsa ntawm Byzantine kev caij nkoj loj thiab caij nkoj - dromons.
Cov cuab yeej rau ntuav hluav taws raug hu ua siphon lossis siphonophore. Cov khoom suav nrog cov kav tooj liab, uas tuaj yeem kho kom zoo nkauj nrog zaj taub lossis zoo li lub taub hau zoo li no. Siphons tau muab tso rau ntawm lub lawj siab ntawm dromons.
Lawv nto tawm qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov hluav taws hauv qab qhov kev ua pa ntawm huab cua lossis tshuab pa, zoo li kws ntaus hlau. Qhov ntau ntawm cov Byzantine flamethrowers tuaj yeem ncav cuag 25-30 meters. Txhawm rau siv hauv tub rog, qhov no txaus. Txij li qhov sib xyaw sib xyaw ua ke, uas tsis tuaj yeem tua nrog dej, ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau qeeb, ntoo ntoo tsis zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Qhov sib tov txuas ntxiv mus hlawv txawm tias nyob ntawm cov dej, uas tsuas yog ntshai cov neeg sib tw ntawm Byzantines ntau dua. Kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm kev siv riam phom txawv txav qee zaum dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb dua li nws lub peev xwm rhuav tshem tiag.
Lub sijhawm dhau los, txawm tias siv tau cov cuab yeej siv tes tuav pov tseg cov khoom sib xyaw sib xyaw, hu ua cheirosyphon, tau tshwm sim hauv Byzantium. Cov duab ntawm cov cuab yeej no hauv cov ntawv sau tau muaj txoj sia nyob mus txog hnub no. Qee lub sij hawm tom qab ntawd, lawv tau pib ua kom muaj tes foob pob hluav taws los ntawm Greek, nrog rau cov nkoj tshwj xeeb, uas tau raug pov los ntawm catapults mus rau hauv cov nroog thiab cov chaw tiv thaiv.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias Greek hluav taws muaj ntau lub npe sib txawv hauv cov xyoo ntawd. Bulgarians, Russians thiab Arab (nrog rau lwm tus neeg sib tw ntawm Loos) hu ua qhov sib xyaw no sib txawv. Piv txwv li, "hluav taws ua kua", "hluav taws hluav taws", "hluav taws kub hnyiab". Kev sib xyaw ua ke "Roman hluav taws" kuj tseem siv tau.
Ib yam nkaus, qhov muaj peev xwm ua tau ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tau sib txawv hauv cov peev txheej sib txawv. Qhov zais cia tau ua tib zoo tiv thaiv hauv tebchaws Byzantine.
Hauv ntau qhov kev hwm, nws tseem nyuaj rau daws qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov hluav taws Greek los ntawm qhov tseeb tias hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm uas tau nqis los rau peb, los ntawm cov npe qub ntawm cov tshuaj, nws feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas lawv cov neeg niaj hnub no.
Piv txwv li, lo lus "leej faj" hauv cov ntaub ntawv txhais lus Lavxias tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yuav luag txhua yam khoom siv tau, suav nrog roj. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo tias feem ntau yuav muaj feem ntawm Byzantine txuj ci tseem ceeb riam phom yog roj av lossis asphalt, nrawm nrawm thiab leej faj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg tuaj yeem suav nrog calcium phosphide, uas tso tawm phosphine roj thaum sib cuag nrog cov kua, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cua.
Greek hluav taws ua rau Byzantine fleet invincible
Kev muaj cov hluav taws Greek thiab cov thev naus laus zis ntawm nws siv rau ntau pua xyoo ua rau lub nkoj ntawm Byzantine faj tim teb chaws muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv Mediterranean.
Xyoo 673-678, ua tsaug rau qhov kev tsim no, thawj qhov kev poob tseem ceeb tau ua rau lub nkoj Arab. Xyoo 717, dua li cov hluav taws Greek tau los pab Byzantines, uas swb cov tub rog Arab uas tab tom nyob puag ncig Constantinople. Tom qab ntawd, Byzantines siv siphon nqa tawm tsam Bulgarians thiab Rus.
Ntawm lwm yam, Greek cov hluav taws tso cai Byzantium kom ua tiav cov tub huabtais Igor kev tua ntawm Constantinople xyoo 941. Tom qab ntawd lub nkoj ntawm ntau lub nkoj ntawm Kiev tus tub huabtais tau hlawv los ntawm cov suab nrov thiab cov suab paj nruag. Thawj qhov phiaj xwm tsis ua tiav hauv 943 tau ua raws li thib ob. Twb dhau lawm thiab nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Pechenegs. Lub sijhawm no nws tsis tuaj txog rau kev ua tub rog. Thiab ob tog ua kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb hauv 944.
Yav tom ntej, kev siv hluav taws Greek txuas ntxiv mus. Tab sis kev siv cov khoom sib xyaw maj mam poob qis. Nws ntseeg tias lub sijhawm kawg hluav taws tau siv hauv 1453 thaum lub sijhawm tiv thaiv ntawm Constantinople los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Turkish Sultan Mehmed II Fatih.
Cov ntawv zoo li muaj qhov tseeb uas nrog rau kev faib dav ntawm rab phom thiab rab phom tsim los ntawm nws lub hauv paus hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia, Greek cov hluav taws tsuas yog poob nws cov tub rog tseem ceeb. Thiab qhov zais cia ntawm nws kev tsim khoom tau rov qab nyab xeeb tsis nco qab rau qee lub sijhawm. Txhawm rau rov qab mus rau thaj chaw sib ntaus sib tua hauv qhov tshiab thiab ntau yam txaus ntshai tshaj tawm tam sim no nyob rau xyoo pua 20th.
Txawm hais tias kev siv hluav taws Greek zoo npaum li cas, nws tsis tau ntseeg dhau los ua tus qauv rau txhua qhov sib xyaw hluav taws xob niaj hnub no thiab napalm.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom sib xyaw ua kom kub hnyiab tau xub nkag mus rau hauv cov dab neeg. Thiab tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau hom ntawv nyeem ntawm kev npau suav.
Cov qauv ntawm "hluav taws kub" hauv qhov paub zoo dabneeg dabneeg "Ib Zaj Nkauj ntawm Dej khov thiab Hluav Taws", uas tau ua yeeb yaj kiab los ntawm HBO channel hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub TV nrov tshaj plaws "Game of Thrones", tau pom tias yog hluav taws Greek.
