Cov neeg nyeem feem ntau paub zoo txog lub tswv yim ntawm "laser", tsim los ntawm lus Askiv "laser" (teeb lub teeb los ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev tso hluav taws xob). Lasers tau tsim nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau nkag mus rau hauv peb lub neej, txawm tias lawv ua haujlwm hauv thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no feem ntau tsis pom rau tib neeg. Cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tau dhau los ua cov phau ntawv sau dab neeg thiab ua yeeb yaj kiab, uas cov lasers tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm cov neeg tua rog yav tom ntej.
Hauv qhov tseeb, lasers tau dhau los ntev, tau siv feem ntau yog kev tshawb nrhiav thiab phiaj xwm lub hom phiaj txhais tau tias, thiab tsuas yog tam sim no lawv yuav tsum siv lawv qhov chaw ua riam phom ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, tejzaum nws hloov pauv nws cov tsos thiab cov tsos ntawm cov tsheb sib ntaus.
Tsawg paub zoo yog lub tswv yim ntawm "maser" - tus xa tawm ntawm cov hluav taws xob sib nqus sib nqus nyob hauv thaj tsam centimeter (microwaves), uas nws qhov tsos ua ntej tsim cov lasers. Thiab tsawg leej tib neeg paub tias muaj lwm hom kev siv hluav taws xob sib xws - "saser".
"Beam" ntawm lub suab
Lo lus "saser" tau tsim zoo ib yam li lo lus "laser" - Suab Amplification los ntawm Stimulated Emission of Radiation thiab qhia txog lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntawm cov suab tsis sib xws ntawm qee zaus - lub suab laser.
Tsis txhob yuam kev saser nrog "lub suab tsom teeb" - thev naus laus zis los tsim cov lus qhia suab, raws li qhov piv txwv peb tuaj yeem nco qab kev txhim kho ntawm Joseph Pompey los ntawm Massachusetts Institute of Technology "Audio Spotlight". Lub suab tsom teeb "Lub Teeb Pom Kev" tso tawm ib lub nqaj ntawm nthwv dej hauv ultrasonic ntau, uas, sib cuam tshuam nrog tsis ncaj ncees nrog huab cua, ua rau lawv ntev mus rau lub suab. Qhov nqaj ntev ntawm lub projector suab tuaj yeem mus txog 100 meters, txawm li cas los xij, lub suab siv hauv nws txo qis sai.
Yog tias nyob hauv lasers muaj ib tiam ntawm lub teeb quanta - photons, tom qab ntawd hauv sasers lawv lub luag haujlwm yog ua los ntawm phonons. Tsis zoo li lub photon, lub xov tooj yog ib feem quasiparticle qhia los ntawm Soviet tus kws tshawb fawb Igor Tamm. Cov txheej txheem, phonon yog quantum ntawm kev txav ntawm kev siv lead ua atoms lossis quantum ntawm lub zog cuam tshuam nrog lub suab yoj.
"Hauv cov khoom siv crystalline, atoms nquag sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, thiab nws nyuaj rau xav txog qhov xwm txheej zoo li no qhov kev co ntawm tus kheej atoms hauv lawv - cov tshuab loj ntawm trillions ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam sib txawv ntawm qhov sib npaug sib npaug tau txais, kev tshuaj xyuas daws teeb meem uas tsis yooj yim sua. Qhov kev co ntawm cov atoms ntawm siv lead ua tau hloov los ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov suab tsis hauv cov khoom, cov quanta uas yog phonons. Phonon yog tus naj npawb ntawm bosons thiab tau piav qhia los ntawm Bose - Einstein txheeb cais. Phonons thiab lawv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuab hluav taws xob ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov tswv yim niaj hnub no ntawm lub cev ntawm superconductors, txheej txheem kev ua kom sov, thiab cov txheej txheem tawg hauv cov khib nyiab."
Thawj sasers tau tsim hauv xyoo 2009-2010. Ob pawg kws tshawb fawb tau nthuav qhia txoj hauv kev kom tau txais hluav taws xob laser - siv phonon laser ntawm kab noj hniav kho qhov muag thiab phonon laser ntawm hluav taws xob cascades.
Ib tsab qauv kho qhov muag resonator saser tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm California Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci Technology (Asmeskas) siv ib khub ntawm silicon kho qhov muag resonators nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tori nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm kwv yees li 63 micrometers thiab sab hauv txoj kab uas hla ntawm 12, 5 thiab 8, 7 micrometers, nyob rau hauv uas lub laser nqaj tau pub. Los ntawm kev hloov qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov resonators, nws tuaj yeem hloov kho qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qib no kom nws sib raug rau lub suab sib nqus ntawm lub kaw lus, uas ua rau tsim cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nrog zaus ntawm 21 megahertz. Los ntawm kev hloov qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov resonators, koj tuaj yeem hloov pauv zaus ntawm lub suab hluav taws xob.
Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Nottingham (UK) tau tsim cov qauv ntawm saser ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, uas lub suab dhau los ntawm cov superlattice uas muaj cov txheej sib txawv ntawm gallium arsenide thiab txhuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau lub atoms tuab. Phonons sib sau zoo li avalanche nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub zog ntxiv thiab tau cuam tshuam ntau zaus hauv cov txheej txheem superlattice kom txog thaum lawv tawm ntawm cov qauv hauv daim ntawv ntawm saser hluav taws xob nrog zaus ntawm txog 440 gigahertz.
Sasers tau xav tias yuav hloov pauv microelectronics thiab nanotechnology, piv rau cov lasers. Qhov muaj peev xwm tau txais hluav taws xob nrog qhov ntau ntawm terahertz ntau yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv sasers rau kev ntsuas qhov tseeb, tau txais cov duab peb-seem ntawm macro-, micro- thiab nanostructures, hloov kho qhov muag thiab hluav taws xob cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm qhov siab ceev
Kev siv tau ntawm sasers hauv kev ua tub rog. Sensors
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib ntaus ib puag ncig txiav txim siab xaiv hom kev ntsuas uas ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv txhua kis. Hauv kev dav hlau, hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej soj ntsuam yog cov chaw radar (radars), siv millimeter, centimeter, decimeter thiab txawm tias meter (rau hauv av raws li radar) wavelengths. Kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv av xav kom muaj kev daws teeb meem ntxiv rau kev txheeb xyuas lub hom phiaj tseeb, uas tsuas tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav hauv thaj tsam kho qhov muag. Tau kawg, radars kuj tseem siv hauv av thev naus laus zis, nrog rau kev tshawb pom qhov muag txhais tau tias yog siv hauv kev ya dav hlau, tab sis tseem, kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv qhov pom zoo ntawm qhov muaj feem thib siv ntawm qee qhov nthwv dej ntau, nyob ntawm seb hom kev sib ntaus ib puag ncig ib puag ncig, zoo heev pom tseeb.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm cov dej txwv txwv kev nthuav tawm ntau ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob feem ntau hauv cov kho qhov muag thiab radar, thaum dej muab cov xwm txheej zoo dua rau kev hla lub suab nthwv dej, uas coj mus rau lawv siv rau kev saib xyuas thiab kev qhia ntawm riam phom ntawm submarines (PL) thiab cov nkoj nto (NK) hauv qhov xwm txheej yog tias tom kawg tau tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab hauv qab dej. Raws li, hydroacoustic complexes (SAC) tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm submarines.
SACs tuaj yeem siv tau ob qho tib si ua haujlwm thiab tsis ua haujlwm. Hauv kev ua haujlwm nquag, SAC tso lub suab hloov suab, thiab tau txais lub teeb pom kev zoo los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab submarine. Qhov teeb meem yog tias tus yeeb ncuab tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas lub teeb liab los ntawm SAC ntau dua li SAC nws tus kheej yuav ntes lub teeb pom kev.
Nyob rau hauv hom passive, SAC "mloog" rau lub suab nrov uas tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub nkoj submarine lossis cov yeeb ncuab nkoj, thiab pom thiab cais cov hom phiaj raws li lawv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm hom passive yog tias lub suab nrov ntawm lub nkoj submarines tshiab tas li zuj zus, thiab dhau los piv rau lub suab nrov tom qab ntawm lub hiav txwv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev tshawb pom ntau ntawm cov yeeb ncuab submarines raug txo qis.
SAC kav hlau txais xov yog ntu ntu sib cais ntawm cov duab sib txawv, suav nrog ntau txhiab txhiab piezoceramic lossis fiber-optic transducers uas muab cov cim qhia suab.
Hais lus piv txwv, SACs niaj hnub tuaj yeem muab piv nrog radars nrog passive phased antenna arrays (PFAR) siv hauv kev ua tub rog.
Nws tuaj yeem kwv yees tias cov tsos mob ntawm sasers yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tsim kev cia siab SACs, uas tuaj yeem sib piv tau nrog radars nrog lub dav dav dav dav ntawm cov kav hlau txais xov (AFAR), uas tau dhau los ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub dav hlau sib ntaus kawg
Hauv qhov no, cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev cog lus SACs raws li Saser tso tawm hauv lub zog ua haujlwm tuaj yeem sib piv nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub dav hlau radars nrog AFAR: nws yuav tuaj yeem tsim lub teeb liab nrog cov qauv coj ncaj, kom ntseeg tau tias poob hauv directivity qauv rau jammer thiab self-jamming.
Tej zaum, kev tsim kho ntawm peb-dimensional hologram ntawm cov khoom yuav raug lees paub, uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv kom tau txais cov duab thiab txawm tias tus qauv sab hauv ntawm cov khoom nyob hauv kev kawm, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau nws qhov kev qhia paub. Qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob ncaj qha yuav ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov yeeb ncuab txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lub suab thaum SAC tab tom ua haujlwm txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lub ntuj thiab khoom cuav thaum lub nkoj submarine txav hauv dej ntiav, kuaj pom cov hiav txwv me me.
Nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias cov dej ib puag ncig yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua "suab nqaj" piv rau txoj kev huab cua cuam tshuam rau hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, uas yuav xav tau kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm siab laser qhia thiab kho kab ke, thiab txhua qhov xwm txheej nws yuav tsis yog zoo li "laser nqaj" - qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob laser yuav ntau dua.
Kev siv tau ntawm sasers hauv kev ua tub rog. Riam phom
Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias lasers tau tshwm sim nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lawv siv los ua riam phom muab kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub hom phiaj los ua qhov tseeb tsuas yog tam sim no. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias tib txoj hmoo tos rau cov sasers. Tsawg kawg, "lub suab phom loj" zoo ib yam li cov duab hauv computer game "Command & Conquer" yuav tau tos ntev heev, (yog tias tsim tau qhov no yog qhov ua tau).
Kev kos duab sib piv nrog lasers, nws tuaj yeem xav tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm sasers, yav tom ntej, kev tiv thaiv tus kheej tuaj yeem tsim tau, zoo ib yam hauv lub tswv yim rau Lavxias txoj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv huab cua L-370 "Vitebsk" ("Thawj Tswj Hwm-S"), tsim los tiv thaiv cov foob pob hluav taws tsom mus rau lub dav hlau nrog lub taub hau nyob sab hauv tsev siv lub khoos phis tawj-hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nres (OECS), uas suav nrog cov tshuab laser tso lub qhov muag tsis pom lub taub hau.
Nyob rau hauv lem, lub onboard tiv thaiv tus kheej system ntawm submarines raws li Saser emitters tuaj yeem siv los tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab torpedo thiab kuv cov riam phom nrog kev qhia ua suab.
lus xaus
Kev siv sasers raws li kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev ua tub rog ntawm kev cia siab rau submarines feem ntau yuav tsawg kawg ib nrab-lub sijhawm, lossis txawm tias muaj kev cia siab nyob deb. Txawm li cas los xij, lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev xav no yuav tsum tau tsim tam sim no, tsim lub hauv paus rau yav tom ntej cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm kev cia siab cov cuab yeej siv tub rog.
Hauv xyoo pua 20th, lasers tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav niaj hnub no thiab cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm. Thaum tig ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thiab 21st, tus neeg tua rog uas tsis muaj AFAR radar tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis thiab yuav qis dua nws cov neeg sib tw nrog AFAR radar.
Hauv kaum xyoo tom ntej, kev sib ntaus sib tua lasers yuav hloov pauv lub ntsej muag ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm thaj av, dej thiab huab cua. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias sasers yuav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg dua ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv qab hauv nruab nrab thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st.
