Ntawm lub rooj festive
hauv txoj kev paub tus miv zaum zaum -
siv lub xyoo laus …
Issa
Cov tib neeg sib txawv, kev coj noj coj ua sib txawv, kev coj noj coj ua sib txawv … Thiab miv nyob txhua qhov chaw zaum nrog lawv tus tswv ntawm lub rooj tib yam nkaus, ob hnub so thiab hnub ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, kuv tus miv tam sim no muaj nws cov quav ntawm lub rooj ua noj thiab zaum ntawm nws, xav paub: "Koj noj dab tsi!" Thiab nws tsis nug. Cov zaub mov hauv ob lub tais uas nws xaiv tau tos nws hauv pem teb. Thiab ua ntej nws muaj tus miv uas tau noj los ntawm lub ces kaum ntawm lub rooj … semolina thiab mis nyuj khov. Miv tsis noj qhov no, nws yog qhov phem rau lawv !!! Yog, tej zaum, nws tsuas yog nyob rau 19, 5 xyoos - rau cov miv, lub sijhawm ntau dua qhov tsim nyog …
"Pheasant thiab Chrysanthemums". Tsuba, kos npe los ntawm Tsubako Master Goto Mitsuakira, c. 1816-1856 Tag nrho saum npoo yog dai kom zoo siv cov txheej txheem nanako. Khoom siv: shakudo, kub, nyiaj, tooj liab. Ntev 7 cm; dav 6.5 cm; tuab 0.8 cm; qhov hnyav 124, 7 g (Metropolitan Museum, New York)
Qhov tib tsuba - thim rov qab.
Zoo, cov lus qhia no, zoo li cov ntawv piav qhia, ib zaug ntxiv qhia tias rau txhua qhov peb tsis sib xws, peb, tib neeg, "txhua tus los ntawm tib lub nkoj", sib npaug sib hlub, sib ntxub sib ntxub … kev coj noj coj ua. Rau cov neeg Nyij Pooj, qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev nyob ntawm lawv cov koog pov txwv yog qhov tsawg heev hauv txhua yam, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev kos duab.
Nws kuj tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv qhov txuj ci ntawm cov kws ntaus hlau tsubako. Cov thev naus laus zis uas lawv muaj yog ntau heev, lawv tau ua tiav lawv zoo kawg nkaus, tab sis … tib lub sijhawm, lawv txhua tus tau rhais mus rau ib lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb, yuav ua li cas kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws nrog qhov tsawg kawg ntawm txhais tau tias. Ntxiv mus, lawv yuav tsum ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li lawv tau ua neej nyob. Ntawd yog, hauv "qhov xwm txheej hnyav heev." Peb twb tau hais txog lub neej ntawm Nyij Pooj ntawm cov roob, cov hav xyoob ntoo tsis muaj zog, hav dej thiab roob hav, nrog rau cua daj cua dub, roob hluav taws tawg thiab av qeeg txhua hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, Tsubako masters tsuas yog nyuaj. Qhov tseeb yog tias lawv xav tau los tsim "daim duab tham" ntawm ib daim hlau ntawm qhov txwv me me. Ntxiv mus, tseem muaj qhov nyob ntawm nws. Yog li cov duab ntawm tsuba tau txwv tsis pub nyob hauv thaj chaw. Zoo, yuav muaj tsuas yog ib lub qhov rau cov hniav ntawm nws, txwv tsis pub muaj ntau li peb zaug ib zaug, thiab ntawm qhov loj me me. Thiab nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv qhov chaw seppadai. Ntawd yog, hauv txoj ntsiab cai (yog tias koj tsis coj yam txawv ntawm tsuba), qhov tsuas yog tshuav rau tus tswv yog qhov chaw dZi, uas yog nyob ntawm nruab nrab ntawm seppadai thiab mimi, yog ntug ntawm tsuba.
Tau kawg, ib tus tuaj yeem "hla ntawm ntug", ua kom "tsis muaj ntsej muag" tsuba (thiab peb twb tau pom zoo li hauv cov teeb meem yav dhau los ntawm lub voj voog), tab sis … txhua yam no tsis zoo. "Raug" yog qhov no: ntawm no yog ntug, ntawm no yog lub qhov rau cov hniav, kogaya thiab kozuki thiab … zoo siab tus tswv, qhia koj li txuj ci.
Cov duab tsuba tsis xwm yeem nrog cov duab ntawm zaj. Zam txhob ntxhib hammered nto. Lub sij hawm ntau lawm: XVIII caug xyoo. Khoom siv: hlau, kub. Ntev: 10.8 cm; dav 9.8 cm (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Qhov tib tsuba - thim rov qab.
Tias yog vim li cas nws yog cov txheej txheem ntawm tsuba kho qhov chaw uas tseem ceeb heev rau cov neeg Nyij Pooj. Ntawd yog, dua - "Kuv muaj txhua yam, zoo li txhua tus neeg, tsuba yog qhov ib txwm muaj thiab yooj yim tshaj plaws, tab sis thev naus laus zis ntawm nws qhov kev tsim yog xws li kuv … qhov zoo tshaj plaws, Kuv tuaj yeem them taus qhov ntawd!"
Yog li, cov tswv yim dab tsi ntawm tsub kho qhov chaw puas tau Japanese tsubako masters siv los tsim lawv cov txuj ci me?
• Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws yog cov txheej txheem mikagi - nws yog cov nplaim txhuam yooj yim, tab sis cov neeg Nyij Pooj tsis nyiam nws ntau dhau.
• Cov txheej txheem ntawm hari ("koob") yog ntau dua, yog li hais lus, lus Nyij Pooj. Nws lub ntsiab lus yog qhov kev kho saum npoo hauv qhov no zoo li nws tau raug hlais nrog rab koob.
• Sab saum toj ntawm naxi (“pear”) tau npog nrog qhov ntxhib thiab zoo ib yam.
• Gozame (straw lev ) - nto uas zoo ib yam los ntawm cov nyom.
• Cov txheej txheem kokuin ("foob") muab rau cov thwj cim rau ntawm qhov kub.
• Neeg nyiam heev thiab nyiam los ntawm Nyij Pooj yog lub tsuchime ("rauj"), uas yog, nqa cov cim ntawm kev forging.
• Yakite -sitate ("tua") - saum npoo tau tshwj xeeb yaj.
• Ishime ("pob zeb lis"), uas yog, ua haujlwm zoo li pob zeb, thiab hauv ntau qhov sib txawv, txhua tus muaj nws lub npe.
Ntawd yog, isime tuaj yeem sib txawv heev thiab txhua lub sijhawm tau txais qhov chaw tshiab.
• Piv txwv li, chirimen-isime yog thaum cov hlau saum npoo zoo li cov ntaub qhwv.
• Hari -isime - "nto nto tau txhaj los ntawm koob."
• Kava -isime - "kava" txhais tau tias tawv nqaij. Thiaj li, cov tsos ntawm lub ntsej muag zoo li nws yog ua los ntawm tawv.
• Tab sis daim tawv nqaij txawv. Yog li, gama -isime - ua raws cov tawv nqaij toad.
• Tsuchi -isime - lub ntsej muag muaj cov cim ntawm rauj.
• Tsuya -isime - cov kabmob uas muaj cov nplais ntawm cov ntse txis, thiab cov zawj yuav tsum ci.
• Orekuchi-isime, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj cov nplais nplais nto.
• Gozame -isime - braided nto.
Tsuba-mokko, dai kom zoo siv cov txheej txheem nanako. (Wolverhampton Art Gallery, Wolverhampton, Askiv)
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, txawm li cas los xij, yog nanako lossis "ntses caviar" txheej txheem, tseem paub hauv Is Nrias teb thiab Fabkis, tab sis tsis pom qhov twg mus txog qhov siab zoo li hauv Nyij Pooj. Nws tsis tshua muaj siv hlau (thiab nws yuav meej vim li cas tom qab!), Tab sis ntawm tsubas ua los ntawm cov hlau mos nws tuaj yeem pom ntau zaus. Nws lub ntsiab lus yog txhawm rau npog tag nrho saum npoo ntawm tsuba nrog qhov me me protuberances, zoo li ib nrab ntawm cov qe qe. Txog qhov no, muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntaus cim, uas tus tswv rov ntaus nrog rauj thiab yog li "npog" nrog cov hemispheres tag nrho saum npoo nws xav tau. Ntxiv mus, lawv txoj kab uas hla tuaj yeem yog 0.2 txog 1 hli. Nanako lawv tus kheej tuaj yeem npog tag nrho saum npoo ntawm tsuba, taug kev nrog nws hauv kab txaij, thiab tseem nyob ib puag ncig lossis rhombuses nrog cov kab lus piav qhia meej.
Lub khob tsuba tsawg heev, nco txog European khob rapier. Sab hauv pom. Lub sij hawm ntau lawm: XVIII caug xyoo. Khoom siv: hlau, lacquer, kub, nyiaj, tooj liab. Taub: 7.8 cm; tuab 1, 7 cm; qhov hnyav 56, 7 g (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Raws li tus neeg Nyij Pooj, qhov no yog qhov ntse heev, txawm hais tias yooj yim, txoj hauv kev los tsim lub tsub. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab tsim nyog ntawm cov nplua nuj samurai.
Rau nanakos pheej yig dua, siv ib lub thwj cim. Rau cov neeg hlub - ntau li peb. Thawj yog lub ntiaj teb, qhov thib ob - nws tob zuj zus, thiab, thaum kawg, lub thwj thij thib peb, qhov ntse tshaj, tau siv kom tau txais cov npoo zoo. Tab sis muaj ntau txhiab ntawm cov hemispheres ntawm tsuba, thiab txhua yam tau thov rau lub qhov muag!
Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau daimyo hauv xyoo pua 17th. lawv tuaj nrog tus qauv tsim rau tsuba, lub npe uas hais txog nws lub hom phiaj - daimyo -nanako. Hauv cov style no, ntawm tsubah, kab ntawm nanako kab txaij hloov nrog cov kab txaij ntawm cov hlau txhuam.
Cov txheej txheem nanakin kuj tau siv, thaum lub ntsej muag tau npog nrog ntawv ci kub thiab lub tshuab ua haujlwm tau ua rau ntawm qhov chaw npog. Tab sis cov neeg Nyij Pooj yuav tsis yog neeg Nyij Pooj yog tias tsuas yog qhov ntawd yuav ua rau lawv txaus siab. Tsis yog, cov nplaim paj tau pleev xim rau kom cov kub yaj hauv qhov chaw so, tab sis nyob rau saum toj ntawm lub ntiaj teb nws tseem nyob thiab yog li "qe" ntawm cov xim dub-violet ntawm shakudo alloy ci nrog kub kub ci!
"Falcon thiab Sparrow". Ib qho tseem ceeb tsuba, saum npoo uas ua piv txwv ntoo. Kos npe los ntawm Xib Hwb Hamano Masanobu. (Walters Art Tsev khaws puav pheej, Baltimore)
Tib tsuba yog rov qab.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov ntau heev, nrog rau saum tsuba npog nrog nanako nplej, ua haujlwm rau nws tsuas yog pib xwb. Sib cais thiab kos cov duab ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj, cov khoom thiab cov nroj tsuag kuj tau txuas rau nws.
Thawj txoj hauv kev ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm tsuba yog neko-gaki lossis "miv's claw" txheej txheem. Nrog cov cuab yeej ntse, cov cwj nrag tau ua rau saum tsuba lossis habaki, nrog rau sab nraub qaum ntawm kozuki tuav, maj mam nthuav dav thiab tob zuj zus, zoo li yog miv tau pov nws cov pob txha ntse rau hauv cov khoom no. Ntxiv mus, qhov uas lawv tau xaus thiab qhov chaw uas muaj qhov quav feem ntau nyob, nws tsis raug tshem tawm, tab sis sab laug. Thaj tsuas yog txhawm rau rov hais dua tias nws tsis yog tus tswv uas tau ua qhov no, tab sis … tus miv!
Yasurime kuj tseem yog kab oblique uas feem ntau tau siv rau ntawm rab ntaj ntawm rab ntaj Japanese. Tab sis ntawm tsubah, cov kab mob zoo li no tseem pom thiab tuaj yeem ua piv txwv, ua raws oblique dej nag, uas tau hu ua sigure.
Chrysanthemum hauv nag. Ntau lub sijhawm: 1615-1868 Khoom siv: hlau, sentoku, kub, nyiaj, tooj liab. Ntev 8, 3 cm; dav 7, 3 cm; tuab 0.8 cm; qhov hnyav 167, 3 g (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Peb yuav tsum tham txog cov txheej txheem kev xaws khaub ncaws, mukade-dzogan hauv kab lus kawg, yog li nws muaj peev xwm mus saib tau dua … Tab sis qhov tsuba no tsim nyog qhia txog nws hauv ntxaws Nws yog ua nyob rau hauv cov style Shimenawa ("mov nightingale hlua"). Tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ntseeg Shinto, nws txhais tau tias kev dawb huv thiab dawb huv. Tus kws tshaj lij Nyij Pooj tus thawj coj Takeda Shingen, uas tsis tau plam kev sib ntaus ib zaug hauv nws lub neej, suav tias cov hlua no yog cov khoom qub. Ib txwm, qhov no tau xav txog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tsubako, vim qhov uas "braided" tsubas tau tshwm sim, thiab txawm tias tau txais lawv lub npe - "Shingen" style. Lub sijhawm tsim cov tsuba no: XVII xyoo pua. Khoom siv: tooj liab thiab tooj liab. (National Museum of Design Cooper-Hewitt, New York)
