Geese: ha-ha-ha!
- Ua ntej kuv, thawj zaug kuv yuav qhia
Txog qhov kuv paub!
Issa
Yog li, peb cov ntaub ntawv kawg tau xaus nrog qhov tseeb tias tsuba yog ib feem ntawm rab ntaj lub mloog pob ntseg, thiab yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum haum thiab sib koom nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntaj ncej, hu ua kosirae los ntawm Nyij Pooj. Zoo, hnub no peb yuav tau paub nrog tsuba ntaus ntawv kom ntxaws. Ib zaug ntxiv, zaum kawg peb tau kawm tias muaj tsubas thiab tsis muaj qhov rau kogai thiab kogatana, tab sis qee qhov muaj qhov rau hlua hlua. Tab sis dab tsi ntxiv tau muab tso rau tsuba, raws li nws tau hu ua, yuav raug qhia tam sim no. Thiab dua li, peb yuav tau paub nrog ntau yam tsuba.
Raws li tau sau tseg, tsuba tsis yog tus neeg saib xyuas, tab sis so tes. Muaj tseeb tiag, hauv kev kos duab Nyij Pooj Nyij Pooj, muaj txheej txheem tsubazeriai, uas txhais tau tias "thawb tsuba rau ib leeg." Tab sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias tag nrho cov tshuab nrog rab ntaj tau ua kom raug rau tsuba thiab tau ua phem rau nws. Cov kab ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm ntaj ntawm tsubas yog qhov tsawg heev! Ntawd yog, nws txoj haujlwm yog txhawm rau tiv thaiv tus tswv ntawm rab ntaj kom tsis txhob ntog mus rau ntawm cov hniav, qhov ntawd yog txhua yam!
Koj tsis tuaj yeem tso lub tsuba rov qab rau hauv qhov chaw. Peb xav tau ob ntu ntxiv, hu ua seppa, uas nias ze rau ntawm qhov tsuba. Ib qho ntawm sab ntawm cov hniav, lwm qhov nyob ntawm sab tes. Lub hnab yas kaw ntawm lub hnab kaw tseem khaws tsuba ntawm cov hniav, tab sis nws tsis ncaj qha kov lub tsuba, yog li peb yuav tsis tham txog nws tam sim no.
Txij li thaum daim hlau sepp feem ntau tsis pom, lawv tsis tau dai kom zoo nkauj. Tsuas yog cov xwm txheej no thaum ntaj tati tsis muaj ob qhov zoo li, tab sis plaub. Ob qhov ntsiab lus ntawm o-seppa ("seppa loj") tau ntxiv thiab tom qab ntawd, rau ib qib lossis lwm qhov, tag nrho tsib yam lus no tuaj yeem kho kom zoo nkauj!
Hauv daim duab hauv qab no, koj tsuas yog pom ib qho tsuba. Tab sis muaj qee qhov piv txwv zoo li tsubas.
Hauv qhov chaw yeej yog tsuba. Sepp cov tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws tau pom nyob ntawm ntug ntawm sab xub ntiag thiab txoj hauj lwm ntxeev, nrog kev pab uas tsuba yuav tsum tau tsau rau ntawm cov hniav. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, muaj ob ntawm lawv - ob qhov sepps me me (qhia los ntawm obverse thiab thim rov qab!) Thiab ob o -sepps - loj (obverse nkaus xwb). Lub xub ntiag ntawm o-seppa yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tachi-hom ntaj. (Tokyo National Tsev khaws puav pheej)
Thiab tam sim no peb tab tom saib daim duab hauv qab no, uas qhia tau tias yuav ua li cas, yog tias kuv yuav hais li ntawd, tsuba nrog txhua lub ntsiab lus pom ntawm nws tau teeb tsa:
• Thawj - mimi - ntug ntawm tsuba. Nws tuaj yeem muaj cov duab sib txawv, tab sis ntau ntxiv tom qab ntawd.
• Seppadai - lus "qhov chaw rau seppa". Ntawd yog, qhov no yog ib qho txawm tias nthuav tawm, raws qhov sib xws rau qhov ntev ntawm ob lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm no ntawm tsuba, ob qho tib si los ntawm obverse thiab los ntawm rov qab. Feem ntau nws yog ntawm nws uas kos npe ntawm tus tswv tsuba nyob.
• Kogai-hitsu-ana-lub qhov rau kogai, feem ntau muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj ntawm plaub-petalled paj txiav hauv ib nrab. Nws yuav yog lossis tsis yog.
• Nakago -ana - hniav qhov. Nws yuav tsum tsim nyog, txwv tsis pub nws yog dab tsi ntawm tsuba.
• Udenuki -ana - ob txoj hlua hlua. Lawv tsis tau ua tas li, thiab txawm tias tsawg heev.
• Sekigane yog cov ntxig ua los ntawm cov hlau mos, nrog kev pab uas qhov ntev ntawm lub qhov rau cov hniav ntawm tsuba tau hloov kho rau tus ntaj tshwj xeeb, thiab nws yuav khov kho rau ntawm cov hniav. Feem ntau lawv pom nyob ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv hlau thiab qhov no hais txog lawv cov qub qub. Lawv tau tawg tom qab tsuba tau muab tso rau ntawm cov hniav, ua tsaug rau qhov uas nws tuav nws ruaj khov, tab sis tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm.
• Kozuka-hitsu-ana-lub qhov rau kozuki, tus tuav ntawm ko-gatan rab riam, uas muaj cov duab ntawm "ib nrab ntawm lub hli". Nws tseem tsis tau pom nyob hauv txhua lub tsubas. Ob qho ntawm cov qhov no kogai-hitsu-ana thiab kozuka-hitsu-ana muaj ib lub npe sib xws ryo-hitsu.
• Hira - nto tsuba nruab nrab ntawm ntug mimi thiab thaj tsam seppadai.
Cia peb mloog zoo rau qhov tseem ceeb "yam me me" xws li hnav rab ntaj Japanese. Tati, raws li peb paub, tau hnav rau sab laug ntawm txoj siv, nrog cov hniav nqes los. Qhov no txhais tau tias nws lub tsuba tuaj yeem pom feem ntau los ntawm sab xub ntiag, los ntawm sab ntawm tus tes tuav, thiab nws yog sab no uas nyob ntawm lub tsuba tseem ceeb. Tib lub sijhawm, nws sab laug pom tau zoo dua li sab xis, nyob ib sab ntawm lub cev.
Raws li, rab ntaj style katana muaj qhov rov qab. Cov hniav ntsia mus, tab sis rov sab laug ntawm cov hniav yog qhov tseem ceeb dua li sab xis. Thiab qhov no yuav tsum nco ntsoov thaum peb tso tsubas ntawm lub rooj saib. Ob lub tachi thiab katana yuav muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm sab laug. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, lub qhov nakago-ana yuav tsum saib nrog nws qhov taw qhia ntawm katana, thiab nqis, feem, ntawm tatei. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom paub tias ntaj twg koj tab tom saib tsubu los ntawm. Nrog rab riam, qhov xwm txheej yooj yim dua, txij li lawv txhua tus raug thawb rau hauv txoj siv nrog cov hniav tuaj. Thiab "qhov tseeb" ntawm no tsis yog tsuas yog cov duab nws tus kheej, tab sis kuj yog txoj haujlwm ntawm lub qhov (yog tias muaj) rau kogai thiab kozuki.
Cov ntug ntawm tsuba tuaj yeem yog (los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis): xwmfab - kaku (thawj ob qhov saum toj), puag ncig - maru (kawg rau saum), nrog lub nplhaib zoo li lub npoo ntawm lwm cov hlau (peb xaiv qis dua) thiab dote - nrog tuab los ntawm seppadai mus rau ntug (ploj lawm).
Tsuba form: 1- aoi-gata, 2- aori-gata, 3- kaku-gata, 4- nade-kaku-gata, 5- kikka-gata, 6- maru-gata, 7- tachi-tsuba, 8- tachi -tsuba, 9-tate-maru-gata, 10-mokko-gata, 11 -jiji-mokko-gata, 12-toran-gata
Raws li nws tuaj yeem pom tseeb hauv daim duab, cov duab ntawm tsuba tuaj yeem yog ib qho, kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua tiav yam tsis muaj lub ntsej muag, xws li! Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws, tsubas qub tshaj plaws (12) muaj ib lub duab, feem ntau tsubas muaj daim duab ntawm lub voj voos lossis lub ntsej muag oval, muaj rhombic thiab square tsubas, zoo li lub duab plaub, lub npe hu ua "plaub-petal" hauv ntau yam kev hloov. Thiab vim li cas qhov no thiaj li - nws nkag siab …
Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog, lub neej ntawm tib neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj, tau tswj hwm nruj me ntsis. Tab sis txawm tias tsis muaj kev tswj hwm, nws yuav tsum tau ua lub neej "zoo li txhua tus neeg." Thiab tib neeg tau sim ua lub neej "zoo li txhua tus neeg." Vim li cas? Vim tib neeg yog tsiaj txhu. Thiab kev xav ntawm lwm tus, "kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo", "koom nrog", "koom nrog pab pawg", "zoo li kev xav" yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau lawv. Peb paub tseeb tias muaj pes tsawg tus neeg zoo li no hauv zej zog - 80%. Qhov seem 20% tuaj yeem "thawb" tawm tsam zej zog, tab sis txawm tias lawv sim tsis txhob chim rau feem ntau ntawm qhov tsis tseem ceeb thiab saib tsis taus nws "ntawm cov neeg dag".
Nco ntsoov, tsis yog cov tub rog nyob nruab nrab thiab cov samurai hauv Nyij Pooj muaj ob lub tsho tiv thaiv zoo ib yam, tshwj tsis yog, ntawm chav kawm, koj suav tib yam "qiv cov cuab yeej" ashigaru. Tab sis lawv tsis yog neeg muaj koob muaj npe! Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg European zoo ib yam li cov espowlers, cov hauv caug hauv caug, lub kaus mom hlau, "tus tiv thaiv" ntawm lub xub pwg, cov hnab looj tes phaj … Txawm tias ntaj nrog sib txawv tuav thiab daim thaiv nrog cov cim sib txawv tau cia siab rau qhov zoo tib yam haubergs. Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob ob qho khoom siv sib npaug ua ke tsis muaj nyob ntawm cov uas tau nqis los rau peb, txawm hais tias muaj kaum ob ntawm lawv nyob hauv tib qho chaw. Tib yam mus rau samurai armor.
Ntawd yog, txhua tus neeg muaj peev xwm, txawm tias "neeg pluag", txawm tias nplua nuj, tau mob siab rau tas li … "kom zoo li txhua tus neeg", ua raws li kev coj ua dav dav, tau kawg, tab sis tib lub sijhawm los hais qhia lawv qhov qub, ua qhov me me.. "Kauj ruam ib sab." Puas yog nws yuav tsum muaj lub tsuba? Nov yog, tab sis txhua tus neeg nyob ze kuv tau tsuba siv cov txheej txheem nunome -zogan, thiab kuv yuav xaj kuv tus kheej siv cov txheej txheem sukashi - thiab cia lawv khib! Txhua leej txhua tus muaj banal maru -gata, thiab kuv yuav xaj nws zoo li … lub ntsej muag luag ntxhi - txhua tus yuav xav tsis thoob! "Kuv nyob hauv Edo thiab txhua tus phooj ywg kuv vwm txog Master Yoshioka's tsuba! Nws tsis yog kev khuv leej rau lawv kom them 100 koku ntawm mov rau nws txoj haujlwm … Zoo, txawm hais tias lawv kuv yuav mus rau Sab Qaum Teb, mus rau xeev Deva thiab xaj kom Shonai-style ntaj nce los ntawm tus tswv ntawm Funada los yog Katsurano!” Nov yog li cas lossis qee yam zoo li ntawd samurai tom qab ntawd xav thiab …
Zoo, tam sim no cia saib tsubas ntawm cov duab sib txawv, uas tau tham txog saum toj no. Thiab tsis yog cia li pom, tab sis paub txhua ntawm lawv me ntsis. Thiab kom pib nrog, cia peb rov nco dua ib zaug tias tsuba nws tus kheej, thiab futi, thiab kasira yuav tsum tau ua tawm hauv tib yam. Tab sis txoj cai no tsis yog ib txwm ua. Xaiv "Hares". Nws yuav yooj yim los kho ob lub futi thiab kasir hauv tib yam. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Thiab ntawm no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tsuba. Qhov tshwj xeeb hauv nws yog … ua los ntawm pob zeb, uas yog, Kuv xaj nws rau kuv tus kheej los ntawm b-o-l-w-th thawj. Jadeite thiab tooj liab tau siv los tsim nws. Ntau lub sijhawm: 1800-1805 Txoj kab uas hla 6, 4 cm; tuab 0.6 cm; qhov hnyav 53, 9 g (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Zoo, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tham txog qhov tsuba (obverse) yam tsis tau saib ua ntej, txij li peb yuav tau tham tsis tsuas yog (thiab tsis ntau!) Txog daim ntawv, tab sis hais txog thev naus laus zis ntawm nws kev tsim khoom, thiab zaj dab neeg txog cov thev naus laus zis tseem ua ntej peb. Tab sis txhua yam zoo ib yam - cia nws ua thawj daim ntawv, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd peb yuav saib cov ntsiab lus. Yog li txhua qhov kev hwm no yog ib txwm tsubam maru-gata. Muaj tseeb, tsis muaj seppadai. Cov ncauj lus no tsis nyob ntawm nws. Tab sis saib qhov txawv txawv tsim ntawm nws ib puag ncig. Nws yog dab tsi? Thiab qhov no yog ib hom txheej txheem txheej txheem hlau - mukade -zogan lossis cov centipede style. Nws lub ntsiab lus dag nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias ib lub xov tooj rov ua cov qauv ntawm tsuba, thiab nws tau tuav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw los ntawm ntau cov khoom siv, tseem ua los ntawm xaim! Ntxiv mus, hlau thiab tooj liab nkhaus hloov. Tsuas yog ib qho txheej txheem thiab tsis muaj kos duab! Tab sis … thawj thiab zoo nkauj, tsis yog nws? Lub sij hawm ntau lawm: lig XIX - thaum ntxov XX centuries. Khoom siv: hlau, tooj liab, tooj liab. Txoj kab uas hla 8, 1 cm; tuab 0.8 cm; qhov hnyav 141.7 g (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Tib tsuba yog rov qab.
Ntawm no yog daim duab qhia chaw. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Tsev Kawm Mito lossis ib ntawm nws cov ceg ntoo. Lub sij hawm ntau lawm: XVIII caug xyoo Khoom siv: tooj liab nrog tooj liab - shakudo, kub, tooj liab. Them sai sai rau qhov ua tiav ntawm tsuba. Nws tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov me me protuberances hauv nanako style - "ntses caviar", uas yuav tsum muaj txuj ci zoo. Zoo, kos duab thiab pleev xim kub kuj tseem muaj nyob ntawm no. Ntev 7, 3 cm; dav 7 cm; tuab 0.5 cm; qhov hnyav 133, 2 g (Metropolitan Museum, New York)
Tib tsuba yog rov qab.
Tsuba kaku-gata nrog cov hlais. Ua nyob ib ncig ntawm 1650 Cov khoom siv: hlau, nyiaj, kub, tooj liab. Ntev thiab dav 5, 6 cm; tuab 0.5 cm; luj 76,5g.
Qee tsubas yog qhov txawv tiag tiag. Ntawm qhov seppadai no nws nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov, tab sis zaj dab neeg ntawm sab xis kuj nkag mus rau nws thiab, yog li ntawd, lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws seppa yuav tsum tsis tsuas yog muaj qhov tsim nyog, tab sis kuj … "thais" hauv qab lub taub hau thiab tis ntawm cov yoov! Zoo, qhov zoo ntawm tsuba … ntau dua qhov txawv thiab vim li cas nws thiaj li tsis meej. Ntau lub sijhawm: 1615-1868 Khoom siv: hlau, kub, shakudo, tooj liab. Ntev 8, 3 cm; dav 7.6 cm; tuab 0.6 cm; qhov hnyav 130, 4 g (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
"Tsuba nrog lub thawv ntawm physalis." Cov kws ntaus hlau yooj yim, tab sis zoo nkauj npaum li cas. Cov neeg siv khoom, thaj, yog thawj qhov zoo. Nws yog qhov nthuav los saib cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus ncej ntawm rab ntaj: dab tsi ntawm lawv? Ua thaum kawg ntawm 16th - pib ntawm 17th caug xyoo. Khoom siv: hlau, tooj liab. Ntev 7, 3 cm; dav 7 cm; tuab 0.5 cm; qhov hnyav 65, 2 g (Metropolitan Museum, New York)
Tej zaum feem ntau laconic thiab zoo nkauj txiav tsuba ntawm Kamiyoshi tsev kawm ntawv style - "Crab", XIX caug xyoo. (Tokyo National Tsev khaws puav pheej)
Txhuv. A. Shepsa.
