Effigies thiab breaststrokes qhia (Tombstones hauv kev kawm txog riam phom ntawm Western European cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 1170-1659)

Effigies thiab breaststrokes qhia (Tombstones hauv kev kawm txog riam phom ntawm Western European cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 1170-1659)
Effigies thiab breaststrokes qhia (Tombstones hauv kev kawm txog riam phom ntawm Western European cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 1170-1659)

Video: Effigies thiab breaststrokes qhia (Tombstones hauv kev kawm txog riam phom ntawm Western European cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 1170-1659)

Video: Effigies thiab breaststrokes qhia (Tombstones hauv kev kawm txog riam phom ntawm Western European cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 1170-1659)
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Peb paub li cas txog dab tsi uas ib zaug dhau ib zaug? Tom qab tag nrho, tsis muaj tib neeg nco yuav khaws qhov no? Cov keeb kwm yav dhau los tuaj yeem cawm: cov ntawv sau thaum ub, cov khoom cuav - cov khoom qub qub tau pom thiab khaws cia hauv cov tsev khaws khoom pov tseg thiab hauv ntau yam kev sau, hauv paus -nyem thiab duab puab ntawm phab ntsa thiab tombstones. Cov tom kawg yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Tab sis cov ntawv me me hauv cov ntawv sau, zoo li lawv yog, nthuav qhia peb nrog kev sawv cev ncaj qha ntawm tib neeg thiab khoom. Koj tsis tuaj yeem saib hauv qab lawv! Lub hauv paus-nyem kuj tsis yog qhov loj heev, tab sis cov duab puab yog qhov teeb meem sib txawv kiag li. Ib qho ntxiv, nws feem ntau nthuav tawm txhua yam uas nyob ib puag ncig tus kws kos duab thaum lub sijhawm nws tsim nws. Cov mlom ntawm Roman tus huab tais thiab Western European huab tais caij cov nees muaj zog tau nqis los rau peb, tab sis qhov kev txaus siab tshaj plaws rau kev kawm txog riam phom thiab cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog yog … effigii!

Dab tsi yog effigy (los ntawm Latin cov duab)? Tsuas yog cov duab puab dag ntawm lub qhov ntxa thiab ua los ntawm pob zeb lossis ntoo. Kuj tseem muaj lub mis mis - kos duab ntawm daim duab ntawm daim hlau tiaj tus. Feem ntau nws yog tooj dag. Hauv Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, cov duab puab no qhia txog tus neeg tuag dag thiab txhos caug, lossis sawv, thiab tau muab tso rau saum lub qhov ntxa ntawm cov tub rog, tus neeg sab ntsuj plig, lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm kev muaj peev xwm, lossis, piv txwv li, "poj niam muaj xwm txheej." Kuj tseem muaj kev paub ua khub zoo lossis ua rau lub mis tawg, piav txog tus txiv thiab tus poj niam (thiab, nws tau tshwm sim, thiab tus poj niam nrog ob tus txiv lossis tus txiv nrog plaub tus poj niam ib zaug, tau kawg, leej twg tuag ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv!). Cov duab ua ke ntawm cov txiv neej hauv cov ris tsho hnav kuj tseem paub. Pose yog tus yam ntxwv, tab sis nyob ntawm lub sijhawm thiab zam: sab tes xis tuaj yeem so ntawm qhov ntaj ntawm ntaj, thiab xib teg tau muab tais. Cov ceg tau piav qhia zoo li sawv ntawm tus tsov ntxhuav lossis tus dev, lossis daim duab tau txhos caug nrog ob txhais tes hauv kev thov Vajtswv, thiab txawm tias ib nrab tig mus rau tus saib.

Tus nqi ntawm effigia yog qhov siab heev, vim tias lawv tau khaws cia zoo, txawm hais tias qee qhov ntawm lawv tau ua tsis zoo rau qee lub sijhawm, lossis txawm tias yog kev siv zog ntawm cov neeg tsis tsim nyog. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov piv txwv tiag ntawm riam phom thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov cuab yeej ntawm XII-XIV ib puas xyoo. pom tsawg heev, cia ob peb. Tsuas muaj ib txoj hauv kev xa ntawv, muaj ob peb xeb "cov kaus mom loj", muaj tsuas yog peb rab ntaj hom felchen, txawm hais tias muaj ntau ntau cov ntaj uas ib txwm pom nyob hauv tib Thames. "Cov ris tsho dawb" tau muaj txoj sia nyob hauv cov lej loj dua, tab sis ntau ntawm lawv tau rov ua dua tom qab lawv lub sijhawm, yog li peb paub txog cov cuab yeej ua tub rog thaum ntxov feem ntau yog los ntawm cov ntawv me me los ntawm phau ntawv sau. Tab sis cov duab no tsawg dhau thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem pom dab tsi nyob ntawd. Thiab cov duab, txawm tias puas, tseem zoo li qub ntau dua li cov pej thuam ntawm cov tub rog sawv hauv cov nroog. Tom qab tag nrho, cov tub rog feem ntau raug faus hauv qab ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj, thiab nws yog qhov tseeb tias lawv cov duab kuj tseem nyob hauv qab lub ru tsev. Lub ru tsev tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm huab cua txawv txav, tab sis cov neeg hauv pawg ntseeg kuj tsis "ua phem" ntau heev, txawm hais tias nyob hauv Fab Kis tib yam, nyob rau xyoo ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Fab Kis Loj, ntau cov duab tau tawg txawm nyob hauv cov tsev teev ntuj thiab abbeys. Tab sis yuav luag txhua lub tsev teev ntuj Askiv tau khaws cia tsawg kawg ib lossis ob daim duab, thiab cov muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws muaj laj kab, vim lawv yog keeb kwm ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws. Thiab tsuas yog saib lawv, cov dab neeg Askiv ntawm riam phom zoo tau kawm, sib piv qhov pom nrog cov duab pob zeb. Cia peb "nug" ob peb qhov kev xav thiab kev zawm hniav thiab mloog lawv zaj dab neeg lom zem …

Nws ntseeg tias qhov muaj koob muaj npe ntxov tshaj plaws yog huab tais Edward II (1327), yog li ntawd cov neeg Askiv tau pib teeb tsa lawv hauv kev tso hla lub qhov ntxa ntawm tag nrho lawv cov neeg tuag. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb! Piv txwv li, tus kws sau keeb kwm Askiv xws li Christopher Gravett ntseeg tias qhov qub tshaj plaws yog cov duab William Longspy los ntawm Salisbury Cathedral, uas yog hnub tim li 1230 txog 1240.

Tom qab ntawd nws raug kev txom nyem, tab sis tau rov qab los nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19, thiab nws tsis muaj qhov phem dua. Tab sis muaj cov duab ntawm Robert Berkeley los ntawm Bristol lub tsev teev ntuj, 1170, Geoffrey de Mandeville, thawj pob ntseg ntawm Essex, 1185 (txawm hais tias nws tus kheej tuag hauv 1144!), William Marshal, pob ntseg thib ob ntawm Pembroke (ibid. - 1231) thiab ntau lwm tus, suav nrog cov tsis qhia npe, uas tau txiav txim siab ua ntej. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntau cov duab puab tombstone tau tshwm sim hauv XIII-XIV ib puas xyoo, thiab ntawm lawv peb pom cov tub rog nrog ntaj thiab ntaub thaiv npog. Qee leej muaj lawv lub taub hau so ntawm lub hauv ncoo tshwj xeeb, thaum lwm tus siv lub kaus mom hlau hloov. Tsuas muaj ib daim duab uas muaj lub taub hau npog nrog lub kaus mom hlau, thiab vim li cas nws thiaj zoo li ntawd, yog vim li cas tus neeg pleev duab tsis piav txog lub ntsej muag ntawm tus tuag tsis paub. Feem ntau ob txhais ceg nyob ntawm tus dev - lub cim ntawm kev mob siab rau, lossis ntawm daim duab ntawm tus tsov ntxhuav - lub cim ntawm tus tuag lub siab tawv.

Nws yog qhov zoo uas muaj ntau yam duab, vim tias lawv tau siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Christopher Gravett tau hais tseg hauv nws phau ntawv "Knights. Keeb Kwm Hais Lus Askiv "(Exmo Publishing House, 2010) thiab David Nicole hauv nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb" Riam phom thiab Armor ntawm Crusade Era 105-1350 "(thawj ntim uas tau mob siab rau riam phom ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Europe)).

Nws tsuas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas cov kws txua ntoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau hais meej txhua yam ntawm cov riam phom, thiab txawm tias yog ntiv nplhaib ntawm cov saw xa ntawv. Tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem sib piv tau yooj yim nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm, yog tias muaj, lossis nrog cov duab kos hauv cov ntawv sau.

Piv txwv li, daim duab ntawm Geoffrey (lossis Geoffrey) de Mandeville, txog qhov uas K. Gravett sau hais tias nws hais txog 1250. Nws tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb txawm hais tias hnub tau raug lossis tsis yog. Dab tsi yog qhov nthuav dua yog tias ntawm nws lub taub hau nws hnav tus yam ntxwv zoo heev "lub kaus mom kaus mom" nrog tus coj txawv txawv "puab tsaig" zoo ib yam li phaj hlau lossis tawv tawv siv tawv. Lub kaus mom hlau zoo ib yam nyob ntawm qhov me me piav qhia txog kev tua Thomas Beckett, lig dhau 12 lossis thaum ntxov xyoo pua 13th. Thiab ntawm no yog cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg: yog tias nws tau ua los ntawm cov hlau, tom qab ntawd … nws yuav tsis yooj yim tso lub kaus mom hlau no rau ntawm koj lub taub hau! Hmoov tsis zoo, daim duab no tau raug mob hnyav, thiab tsis muab cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no.

Effigies thiab breaststrokes qhia … (Tombstones hauv kev kawm txog riam phom ntawm Western European cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 1170-1659)
Effigies thiab breaststrokes qhia … (Tombstones hauv kev kawm txog riam phom ntawm Western European cov tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm 1170-1659)

Effigia (puag ncig 1270-1280) los ntawm Peshevor Abbey hauv Worcestershire kuj tseem tsis muaj npe, tab sis paub txog qhov tseeb tias hauv kev txiav lub tsho tiv no, lub hauv siab nrog lub khwb tau pom meej. Ntawd yog, lub sijhawm ntawd lawv twb tau hnav lawm, txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv tau ua yog tsis paub, vim nws tuaj yeem tsis yog hlau nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem yog tawv. Cov zaub mov zoo sib xws kuj tseem pom ntawm daim duab ntawm Gilbert Marshall, plaub Earl ntawm Pembroke (tuag 1241), uas tso cai rau peb xaus tias cov cuab yeej zoo li no tau nthuav tawm hauv tebchaws Askiv nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 13th. Ntawm lub hauv caug ntawm daim duab, cov hauv ncoo tau pom meej, uas txhais tau tias lub sijhawm ntawd lawv twb tau hnav lawm. Tab sis hauv tebchaws Denmark, txiav txim los ntawm cov duab puab ntawm Tus Neeg Birger (tuag 1327, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Uppsala) thaum lub sijhawm ntawd cov saw hlau xa xov tau zoo heev qub thiab tsis muaj daim phiaj ntxiv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas cov duab tso cai rau peb txiav txim siab qhov txiav ntawm cov saw xa ntawv. Ntawm qee qhov, piv txwv li, kab ntawm lub nplhaib ntawm lub tes tsho tau hla lub cev, tab sis cov ntawv xa nrog cov paj ntaub sib txuas kuj tau ntsib. Nws kuj yog qhov txaus siab uas qee zaum cov kws tshaj lij tau tshaj tawm cov ntsiab lus me tshaj plaws ntawm kev xaws, thiab qee zaum tsuas yog hais txog kab ntawm cov nplhaib, uas yog qhov laj thawj rau qee tus kws sau keeb kwm tuaj nrog txhua hom kev xav tsis thoob uas tau xa los ntawm tawv tawv, nrog cov nplhaib hnav ntawm lawv, thiab lwm qhov kev tsim qauv zoo sib xws ntawm lub hauv paus no. Niaj hnub no cov kws sau keeb kwm Askiv tau pom zoo tias tsuas muaj ib txoj hauv kev xa ntawv, txawm hais tias muaj ntau hom kev weaving, tab sis cov kws puab yog maj nrawm, lossis yooj yim dag, thiab hom "saw xa kev npau suav" tuaj txog.

Qhov kawg ntawm XIII xyoo pua. cov saw hlau uas tau txuas rau ntawm tes ntawm rab ntaj thiab rab riam nkag mus rau hauv lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, pom tseeb tias tus tub rog tsis tuaj yeem plam lawv. Feem ntau qhov rov qab sib txawv ntawm cov saw hlau tau txuas rau tus tub rog lub hauv siab. Tab sis cov lus nug yog - vim li cas? Thiab ntawm lub mis niam ntawm Sir Roger de Trumpington (Trump lub Koom Txoos hauv Cambridgeshire, DC 1326) peb pom tias los ntawm nws lub kaus mom hlau saw hlau mus rau … hlua hlua - thiab qhov no yog qhov piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm qhov zam no. Lub qhov cruciform tau ua rau ntawm lub kaus mom hlau, lub tog raj kheej zoo li "khawm" tau txuas rau qhov kawg ntawm txoj saw - nws nyob ntawm nws uas nws tau tuav tom qab tus tub rog!

Tsis muaj cov saw zoo li ntawm tus duab ntawm John de Abernon II (tuag 1327). Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, peb pom nws muaj cov saw hlau loj heev, uas qhia tias hauv qab nws yog … ntau yam tau muab tso rau. Tsis xav tsis thoob ntau tus tub rog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua (raws li qhov me me qhia rau peb!) Tsis tau hnav lub kaus mom hlau. Hauv qab lub kaus mom no, koj tuaj yeem yooj yim nkaum lub kaus mom me me uas zoo tshaj plaws!

John de Northwood (c. 1330, Minster Abbey ntawm Sheppey Island, Kent) muaj txoj saw rau nws lub kaus mom hlau txuas rau tus nuv ntawm nws lub hauv siab uas tawm los ntawm cov hlau paj ntoo. Hauv cov duab tom qab, cov rosettes no twb tau ua khub lawm, lossis cov saw hla los ntawm qhov qhib ntawm lawv lub tsho loj thiab twb muaj lawm, nyob hauv qab nws, lawv tau kho los ntawm tus tub rog ntawm cuirass. Vim li cas ntawm tus cuirass, thiab tsis yog ntawm cov xa ntawv? Tab sis vim tias tsis muaj qhov quav pom ntawm cov ntsiab lus txuas ntawm cov saw no! Nws yog qhov txaus luag uas txij thaum pib ntawm XIII xyoo pua. thiab txog thaum kawg ntawm XIV xyoo pua, cov saw no tau pom ntawm yuav luag txhua tus pej thuam, thiab txiav txim los ntawm cov duab puab, lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam cov tub rog ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees. Nyob ntawd, lawv lub koob npe nrov heev uas tsis muaj peb ntawm lawv, tab sis plaub, txawm hais tias nws nyuaj rau nkag siab tias vim li cas plaub thiaj xav tau. Nws tseem nyuaj rau xav txog yuav ua li cas tus txiv neej tuaj yeem sib ntaus thaum tuav rab ntaj nrog plaub-taw-ntev saw (thiab feem ntau yog kub!) Qhov ntawd nthuav los ntawm hilt ntawm nws ntaj mus rau lub qhov (socket) ntawm nws lub hauv siab. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tuaj yeem qhwv nws tus kheej nyob ib puag ncig nws txhais caj npab, nws tuaj yeem ntes ntawm nws lub taub hau nees lossis riam phom ntawm nws tus nrog sib ntaus. Ib qho ntxiv, cov saw hlau tuaj yeem yooj yim tangled hauv nws cov pob zeb? Tab sis, cov tub rog txawm tsis quav ntsej txhua qhov no, lossis paub yuav ua li cas thiaj li tsis yuam kev tag nrho cov saw no. Tej zaum lawv yuav muaj teeb meem ntau ntxiv nrog lub zipper ntawm lawv lub ris!

Ntawm lub mis mob stroke ntawm William Fitzralf, (tuag 1323) tsis muaj cov saw txuas, pom tseeb, hauv tebchaws Askiv lawv tseem tsis tau txais kev faib khoom, tab sis cov nplaim ntawm cov saw xa ntawm nws txhais caj npab thiab txhais ceg tau npog nrog cov hlau hlau, los ntawm qhov uas nws tsis nyob deb thiab rau cov cuab yeej "dawb"!

Cov pleev xim pleev xim ntawm Sir Robert du Beuys (d. 1340, lub nroog pawg ntseeg hauv Fersfield, Norfolk) tau paub tias yuav tsum tau npog nrog cov ntaub plaub mos mos. Thiab tom qab ntawd cov lus nug tshwm sim: dab tsi, thiab nws lub kaus mom hlau thiab hnab looj tes tau npog nrog cov ntaub paj ntaub, lossis lawv tsuas yog pleev xim zoo li ntawd? Thiab ntau tus fashionistas mus txog npog lawv cov cuab yeej yuav luag tag, ua rau pom cov ntaub zoo nkauj thiab kim!

Nws yog cov duab uas ua rau nws nkag siab tau tias cov tub rog tsis hnav ib lub kaus mom hlau ntawm lawv lub taub hau, tab sis feem ntau ob, ib qho nyob rau lwm qhov. "Lub kaus mom hlau loj" nrog qhov hlais rau lub qhov muag thiab qhov rau ua pa tau npog tag nrho lub taub hau, tab sis lwm qhov, ib qho kev pabcuam, thiab tom qab ntawd lub hauv paus, npog saum taub hau, yog li nws nyuaj heev rau ntaus tus tub rog nrog tshuab rau lub kaus mom hlau! Tom qab ntawd, lub hauv paus tau txais lub nraub qaum, thiab nws sab saum toj nthuav tawm mus rau sab saud, thiab nws tau txais lub ntsiab lus ywj pheej. Ntxiv mus, nws tuaj yeem yog lub hauv paus tau hnav tas li, thiab koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nees, cov tub rog tau pab tus tub rog kom tshem nws thiab muab "lub kaus mom hlau loj" nrog lub ntsej muag tsis zoo ntawm nws lub taub hau. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias tus tub rog tuaj yeem muaj ib daim duab ntawm lub tsho npab, tab sis daim duab lub kaus mom hlau tau teeb tsa tuaj yeem piav qhia qee yam sib txawv kiag li!

Raws li rau "lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub raj", cov duab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm pom tau tias lawv tsis txuas nrog rau lub kaus mom hlau nws tus kheej, tab sis rau qee yam zoo li lub log uas nyob saum nws. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lawv tau tsim los ntawm qee yam uas pom tau zoo heev, xws li papier-mâché lossis tawv tawv, tab sis lawv kuj yuav tsum muaj lub thav duab khov kho kom tsis txhob poob ntawm nws thaum dhia!

Duab
Duab

Qhov txaus siab, lub kaus mom kaus mom hauv qab tau txais cov tsom iav txawm tias ua ntej cov cuab yeej ua rog tau tsim los rau hauv kev zam, thiab cov tub rog tau txais cov hlau dab tshos uas tiv thaiv lub caj dab los ntawm kev raug hmuv nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. Los ntawm kev mob khaub thuas ntawm Sir Hugh Hastings (St. Mary lub Koom Txoos hauv Elsing, Norfolk), nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias lub puab tsaig - lub hauv paus loj thiab lub kaus mom kaus mom nrog lub visor tsau rau ntawm ob lub voj, nws tau hnav lawm hauv 1367, thiab qhov ntawd txhais tau tias Cov cuab yeej zoo li no yog qhov tsim nyog rau nws, tab sis nws tseem yog tus huab tais tus ntseeg, tus txiv neej tsis txom nyem thiab tuaj yeem xaiv. Qhov tseeb, lub pob tw tau nrawm dua nws txoj saw caj dab! Ntawd yog, qhov tshiab thiab tom qab ntawd nyob nrog qub!

Duab
Duab

Xyoo 1392, tooj dag lossis "tooj dag" - uas yog daim ntawv tiaj tiaj ntawm cov tooj dag, txuas rau qhov slab nrog cov duab ntawm tus tub rog so hauv qab nws, nkag mus rau kev xyaum ua kom zoo nkauj tombstones.

Kawm txog qhov ua tau zoo thiab ua rau lub mis tawg, ib tus tuaj yeem pom tias qhov piv txwv ntawm riam phom qhia rau lawv feem ntau yog sawv cev rau ib daim ntawv, uas yog, tsis muaj "kev tsim khoom loj" ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog, txawm hais tias, tau kawg, saw xa nrog lub kaus mom tuaj yeem zoo ib yam li ib leeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog, muaj pov thawj tias tib neeg kev npau suav yeej tsis paub txwv. Yog li, hauv tus tub rog Bernardino Baranzoni (c. 1345 - 1350) los ntawm Lombardy peb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv tsis yog tsuas yog siv lub xov tooj ntawm tes -bretash, tab sis kuj yog cov xov tooj luv luv aventail dai ntawm lub kaus mom hlau. Vim li cas nws thiaj xav tau nws? Tom qab tag nrho, nws lub caj dab twb tau npog los ntawm cov saw xa ntawv?! Nws cov saw xa ntawv muaj lub tes tsho uas dav, zoo li lub tsho ntev, rau lub luj tshib, tab sis hauv qab lawv ib lub tsho ntxiv tuaj yeem pom, nqaim, nrog rau lub luj tshib pawm, uas yog, nws hnav khaub ncaws ntau txheej!

Piv txwv li, John Betteshorn (tuag 1398, Mere, Wildshire) muaj "cov cuab yeej dawb" ntawm nws ob txhais ceg thiab txhais caj npab, lub kaus mom hauv lub hauv paus nrog lub saw xa ntawv aventail, tab sis lub cev nws tus kheej tau npog nrog ntaub lossis tawv, tab sis dab tsi nyob hauv nws Alas, tsis txhob pom.

Ntawd yog, dua, cov duab pom tseeb qhia tias muaj ib lub sijhawm thaum cov tub rog hnav "liab qab" cov saw hlau xa xov, tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib hnav lub tsho tshaj sab rau lawv, tom qab ntawd nws muaj cov khaub ncaws, uas nws tau coj los kaw rau qee yog vim li cas, thiab "lub sijhawm ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau hauv ntau txheej txheej", uas thaum kawg tau hloov pauv los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog "tsho dawb". Tab sis ntawm no, ib yam, txhua yam tsis yooj yim li. Ntau tus tub rog txuas ntxiv hnav khaub ncaws nyiaj ntsuab txawm tias dhau los ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej zoo nkauj Milanese!

Ib qho ntawm qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem pom dua hauv tebchaws Askiv, hauv pawg ntseeg hauv Kangsington, txawm hais tias zoo li tsis muaj dab tsi tshwj xeeb txog nws. Tab sis daim duab ntawm tus tub rog tsis paub no tau hnav khaub ncaws ntawm tus npisov hla nws cov cuab yeej. Thiab tom qab ntawd cov lus nug tshwm sim: nws puas hnav qhov no txhua lub sijhawm, lossis nws puas tau dhau los ua tus txiv plig ua ntej nws tuag, thiab nrog cov khaub ncaws ntawm nws uas lawv xav hais txog qhov no? Alas, peb yuav tsis tau txais cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no.

Xyoo 1410 peb pom cov duab uas qhia peb cov tub rog uas tsis muaj ib daim ntaub ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej ntxiv lawm. Tab sis yog tias "cov ris tsho dawb" twb muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, tom qab ntawd zoo ib yam, lub hauv siab ntawm John Wydeval (d. 1415) qhia peb paub yam qub ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm caj npab thiab ib zaug ntxiv aventail chainmail mantle … hauv qab mantle ntawm tag nrho cov hlau daim hlau! Nws hnav khaub ncaws zoo ib yam ntawm nws lub taub hau, tab sis hauv qab nws lub taub hau muaj "lub kaus mom loj loj" uas tuaj yeem hnav tau zoo nyob saum lub hauv paus!

Kev haus luam yeeb ntawm Richard Beauchamp, Earl ntawm Warwick, yos rov qab rau xyoo 1450, qhia peb tag nrho "cov cuab yeej dawb" ntawm Milanese tus qauv. Nws lub taub hau yog lub kaus mom kev sib tw "toad lub taub hau", dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub kaus mom thiab tus hmuv lub taub hau. Armor ntawm William Wadham (tuag 1451) Flemish ua haujlwm. Lub xub pwg nyom sab laug yog qhov loj dua li sab xis thiab mus hla lub cuirass, thiab qhov no ua pov thawj tias cov tub rog tsis siv daim thaiv ntxiv lawm! Richard Quatermain (d. 1478) muaj lub luj tshib sab laug loj rau ntawm nws cov cuab yeej, uas tseem lees paub qhov no.

Duab
Duab

Knights 'swords on effigies and breaststrokes feem ntau pom tias dai ntawm rab ntaj txoj siv taug obliquely, thiab rab ntaj ntawm "armor dawb" tau piav qhia zoo li nws tau yooj yim riveted rau lub phaj "tiab" kom nws yuav tsis ploj hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej. Thaum xub thawj, thaum nws yog kev coj ua rau cov tub rog hnav txoj hlua ntawm lub duav, rab riam dai rau ntawm nws. Peb pom qhov no hauv daim duab ntawm John de Lyons hauv 1350, thiab nws muaj rab riam dai ntawm nws txoj siv, ntawm txoj hlua, uas pom tau zoo heev. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd, nws tau tso tseg thiab hloov pauv nrog txoj hlua khi, thiab rab riam tau txuas ncaj qha mus rau phaj "tiab".

Zoo, lub npe nrov tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Askiv yog, yam tsis muaj kev poob siab, duab puab ntawm Edward, Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Wales, tus tub hlob ntawm King Edward III, npe menyuam yaus "Tus Tub Dub", uas tuag thaum xyoo 1376 thiab raug faus hauv Canterbury Cathedral. Qhov txaus siab, cov ntaub thaiv npog dub nrog peb lub pliaj plaub muag daj pom ntawm nws sarcophagus. Qhov no yog qhov hu ua "kev tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb", tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev sib tw, thiab nws yog rau nws, thiab tsis yog tag nrho rau cov xim dub ntawm nws cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, uas nws tshuav nqi keeb kwm ntawm lub npe menyuam yaus no. Ntxiv mus, lawv tau siv tsis pom, vim nws hnav lub paj ntaub jupon uas muaj paj ntaub nrog Askiv tsov thiab Lily Fabkis!

Duab
Duab

Kuj ceeb tias, cov xa ntawv txuas ntxiv tau siv los ua kev tiv thaiv tom qab. Yog li, ntawm lub mis ntawm John Leventhorpe hauv 1510 (St. Helena Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj, Npis Sov, London), cov saw xa daim tiab tau pom meej, pom los ntawm hauv qab tassettes - daim hlau txuas rau lub cuirass los tiv thaiv tus ncej puab. Thiab hauv txhua qhov kev hwm nws cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv zoo heev niaj hnub no thiab tam sim ntawd koj hnav cov saw xa rov qab rau qee qhov laj thawj!

Duab
Duab

Ib txoj saw zoo li daim tiab tau pom ntawm lub mis ntawm 1659 los ntawm Alexander Newton ntawm Broughworth Lub Koom Txoos hauv Suffolk! Thiab ntxiv, yog tias ib qho "Walloon ntaj dai ntawm nws tus ncej puab ntawm ob txoj hlua, tom qab ntawd …" rab raum lub raum "(nrog ob lub pob hauv qhov chaw ntawm tus neeg zov) feem ntau yuav cia li daig rau nws cov saw daim tiab! Thiab xyuam xim rau lub xyoo! Txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm ua rau lub mis tawg, piv txwv li, Edward Filmer 1629 (East Sutton, Kent), cov cuab yeej ua rog, raws li txoj cai, tsuas yog npog tus ncej puab, thiab hauv qab peb pom lub ris thiab khau siab cavalry!

Duab
Duab

Qee qhov kev ntaus lub mis qhia peb cov tub rog nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej siv cuirassier tag nrho hauv "peb lub hlis twg", uas yog, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv hauv caug, thiab hauv qab ntawm lawv txhais taw lawv rov muaj khau khiab. Ntxiv mus, cov neeg tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv feem ntau loj heev los npog "plump, paj rwb puv lub ris!

Duab
Duab

Cov duab rov qhia dua tias ntau tus tub rog hnav khaub ncaws nyiaj ntsuab hla lawv cov cuab yeej. Thawj lub tsho loj, tom qab ntawd jupont luv dua, thiab feem ntau npog nrog cov duab tshaj tawm.

Piv txwv li, Richard Fitzlewis (d. 1528), piav qhia txog kev mob lub mis hauv lub Koom Txoos ntawm Ingrave, Essex, nrog plaub tus poj niam ib zaug tau qhov txawv ntawm qhov no! Nws rov hnav dua "cov ris tsho dawb", tab sis nrog daim tiab saw, tassettes thiab caftan tsis muaj qhov phem dua li ntawm Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dub, txhua tus tau dai nrog nws lub tsho ntawm nws tsev neeg. Muaj kev zawm hniav nyob rau lwm lub tebchaws, piv txwv li, lub mis loj ntawm Lucas Gorky (d. 1475) hauv Poznan Cathedral hauv Poland, thiab Ambroise de Villiers (d. 1503) hauv Abbey ntawm Notre-Dame du Val hauv Fab Kis, thiab nws kuj tau qhia hauv kev hnav khaub ncaws heraldic!

Feem ntau, kev kawm paub cov cuab yeej zoo nyob hauv Western Europe yam tsis tau kawm paub meej txog cov duab zoo nkauj thiab lub mis zoo li cov khoom siv niaj hnub no tsuas yog ua tsis tau.

Pom zoo: